PIA B - Basic - Module 1.3 (MATHS) Geometry

PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS
Category –B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry
MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.3
GEOMETRY
ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B Basic/M1/01 Issue 04, Rev. 00
1.3 July 2022
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ISO 9001 – 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

1.3-i July 2022
CONTENTS RELATION BETWEEN RADIANS AND DEGREES ...................................................... 18

TYPES OF ANGLES....................................................................................... 20
BASIC GEOMETRIC DEFINITIONS ................................................................. 1 PROPERTIES OF ANGLES AND STRAIGHT LINES ................................................... 20
SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS ........................................................ 5 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.2 ...................................................................... 23
TO FIND THE CENTER OF A GIVEN CIRCLE ........................................................... 5 TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES ............................... 25
TO BISECT THE GIVEN ANGLE AOB .................................................................. 5
THE NOTATION FOR A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE ................................................ 25
TO DRAW THE INSCRIBED CIRCLE FOR A GIVEN TRIANGLE ....................................... 6
THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS........................................................................ 25
TO DRAW A HEXAGON GIVEN THE LENGTH OF A SIDE ............................................ 8
THE SINE OF AN ANGLE ............................................................................... 26
TO BLEND AN ARC IN A RIGHT ANGLE ............................................................... 9
THE COSINE OF AN ANGLE ............................................................................ 30
TO DRAW AN ARC FROM A POINT TO A CIRCLE OF RADIUS ‘R’ ................................. 9
THE TANGENT OF AN ANGLE ......................................................................... 34
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION .................................................................. 10
SUMMARY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN TABULAR FORM ...... 38
NATURE AND USE OF GRAPHS .................................................................. 11
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.3 ...................................................................... 39
USE OF GRAPHS ........................................................................................ 11
RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES ............................................. 42
NOMOGRAMS ........................................................................................... 12
CONVERTING RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES ..................................... 43
QUESTION: WHAT WOULD BE THE DISTANCE WITH 250 KNOTS AND WITH
................................................................................................................. 13 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.4 ...................................................................... 44
3 HOURS? ................................................................................................. 13 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS ......................................................... 44
GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS ....................................................... 14 TABLE OF NATURAL FUNCTIONS…………………………………………………………….46
GRAPHS OF STRAIGHT LINES/LINEAR FUNCTIONS ............................................... 14
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS ............................................................... 15
GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE WAVES ............................................................. 16
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.1 ...................................................................... 17

SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY........................................................................... 18
RADIAN MEASURES .................................................................................... 18

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1.3-iii July 2022
BASIC GEOMETRIC DEFINITIONS We put two points in order to name the line as line AF. However,
there are an infinite amount of points. You can also name it line FA.
POINT: A point is a location in space. It is represented by a dot.
Points are usually named with an upper case letter.A point is an LINE SEGMENT: A line segment is part of a line. The following
exact location in space. It describes a location but has no size. figure shows a line segment. A line segment has two endpoints.
Examples are shown below: The endpoints in the following line segments are A and F. Note
that a line has no endpoints.
RAY: A ray is a collection of points that begin at one point (an

endpoint) and extend forever in other direction. The following
figure shows a ray.
LINE: A line is a collection of points that extend forever. The

figure shown below is a line. The two arrows are used to show
that it extends forever.
ANGLE: Two rays with the same endpoint is an angle. The

following figure is representing an angle.

1.3-1 July 2022
PARALLEL LINES: When two lines never meet in space or on

a plane no matter how long we extend them, we say that they
are parallel lines. The following figure shows parallel lines.
PLANE: A plane is a flat surface like a piece of paper. It

extends in all directions. We can use arrows to show that it
extends in all directions forever. The following figure is a plane.

1.3-2 July 2022
INTERSECTING LINES: When lines meet in space or on a

plane, we say that they are intersecting lines. The following are
intersecting lines.
VERTEX: The point where two rays meet is called a vertex. In

the angle above, point A is a vertex.
(iv) Chord: A chord is a straight-line segment that links any two

points along the edge of a curve.
CIRCLE: A circle can be defined as the set of all points that are
equidistance from a fixed point is called the radius.
(i) CENTER OF THE CIRCLE: Circles are defined by the value

of their radius and their center. The
(ii) RADIUS OF A CIRCLE: is the defined as the straight-line DIAMETER :The diameter of a circle is a line segment that
distance from the center of the circle to passes through the center of the circle and has its endpoints on
the circle. All the diameters of the same circle have the same
(iii)THE EDGE OF THE CIRCLE: The diameter of a circle is a length.
line segment that passes through the center of the circle and
has endpoints that lie on the circle.

1.3-3 July 2022
ARC In the above diagram, the line containing the points B and C is a
An arc is a part of a circle. tangent to the circle.
It touches the circle at point B and is perpendicular to the

radius. Point B is called the point of tangency.
In the above diagram, the part of the circle from B to C forms an

arc.An arc can be measured in degrees.
In the circle above, arc BC is equal to the ∠BOC that is 45°.
TANGENT
A tangent is a line that touches a circle at only one point. A
tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.
The point of tangency is where a tangent line touches the circle.

1.3-4 July 2022
SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS 2. To Bisect the Given Angle AOB
1. To Find the Center of a Given Circle

From Figure shown below, it can be seen that with center O, we
set out equal arcs to cut the arms of the angle at A and B. With
Figure (a) below shows the circle, with three well-spaced points centers A and B we set out equal length arcs to meet at C. Then
A, B and C marked on its circumference. Bisect the chord line OC bisects the angle.
between one pair of points, say AB. Figure (b) shows the circle
with the second pair of points BC bisected. The point of
intersection at O is the center of the circle.

1.3-5 July 2022
3. To Draw the Inscribed Circle for a Given Triangle
The largest possible circle that can be drawn interior to a plane

figure. For a polygon, a circle is not actually inscribed unless
each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle
Figure (a) below shows the given triangle ABC with ∠A and ∠B
both having been bisected and the bisectors extended to meet
at O. In Figure (b) a perpendicular is constructed from O to cut
AB at D. Then with center O and radius OD draw the inscribed
circle of the triangle ABC.

1.3-6 July 2022
NOTES

1.3-7 July 2022
4. To Draw a Hexagon given the Length of a Side
Draw a straight line AF equal to the given length of the side.

With centers A and F, draw the arcs of radius AF to intersect at
O. With the center O draw a circle of radius OA to cut the arcs
at B and D (Figure (a) below). With centers B and E, draw arcs
of radius AF to cut the circle at C and D, respectively (Figure
(b)). Finally join the points on a circle to obtain the required
regular hexagon (Figure (c)).

1.3-8 July 2022
5. To Blend an Arc in a Right Angle 6. To Draw an Arc from a Point to a Circle of Radius ‘r’
Set out faint intersecting lines at right angles, for the desired Set out radius R from P and radius R + r from O to meet at C
arc. From corner A, set out AB and AD equal to required radius
(Figure (a) below). From C draw an arc radius R to touch the
R. From B and D set out arcs of radius R, to intersect at
O(Figure (a) below). From O draw an arc radius R to blend with circle and point P (Figure (b)). It is also straightforward to blend
the straight lines (Figure (b)). Finally erase unwanted an arc from a point to blend with the far side of a circle. In this
construction lines and darken with appropriate grade pencil. case, set out radius R from P and radius R−r from O. Then from
C draw an arc of radius R to touch the circle at P

1.3-9 July 2022
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Charts and Graphs are pictorial representations of data. They

enable us to quickly visualize certain relationships, complex
calculations and predict trends. Furthermore, charts allow us to
see the rate and magnitude of changes.
Information is presented graphically in many different forms.

Graphs are often found in the form of bar charts, pictographs,
broken line graphs (or continuous curve graphs) and the circular
or pie chart. Another type of graph that we will meet in aircraft
maintenance is the Nomogram.

1.3-10 July 2022
NATURE AND USE OF GRAPHS Use of Graphs
Many of the graphs that we will meet will conform to a standard We will find many graphs which produce a straight line, which
layout of two variables displayed on adjacent axes, normally may, or may not pass through the origin. A graph of this type is
vertical and horizontal. This layout is described as Cartesian formed when load is plotted against extension for an ‘elastic’
and usually has the two axes, labeled x and y which intersect at material subjected to a tensile test.
the zero point.
For such a graph, it is evident that the load value is directly

proportional to the extension that the load produces.

1.3-11 July 2022
If we plot a graph, which represents the compression of a gas in Nomograms

a closed cylinder, it takes the form as shown. If the temperature
The need to show how two or more variables affect a value is
of the gas remains constant during the compression, then
common in the maintenance of aircraft. Nomogram also known
Pressure x volume = Constant, produces a curve known as a
as an alignment chart is a special type of graph that enables us
Hyperbola.
to solve complex problems involving more than one variable.
Most Nomogram charts contain a great deal of information and

require the use of scales on three sides of the chart, as well as
diagonal lines. In fact, some charts contain so much
information, that it can be very important for you to carefully
read the instructions before using the chart and to show care
when reading information from the chart itself.
Illustrated below is a graph of three variables, distance, speed

and time, the resulting distance can be extracted from the graph
at the point where these two dashed lines meet. A speed of 75
knots for 2 hours would result in a distance of approximately
150 nautical miles.

1.3-12 July 2022
Question: what would be the Distance with 250 knots and with
3hours?

1.3-13 July 2022
GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS Example: Draw the graph of the equation 2x  y  4  0 .
Graphs of Straight Lines/Linear Functions The given equation in the form of function can be written as
y  2x  4
The equation having one degree is called Linear Equation; for
example, 2x  y  5  0 is a linear equation of two variables. If we In this equation, ‘ x ’ is the independent variable and ‘ y ’ is the
solve this equation for ‘ y ’ we get y  5  2 x , which is said to be dependent variable. The following table shows some values of
the Linear Function, in which ‘ x ’ is said to be the independent ‘ x ’ and their corresponding values of ‘ y ’ with respect to the
and ‘ y ’ is the dependent variable. For plotting the graph of an above function.
equation, first it should be converted into its equivalent function
form and then we assign some values of independent variable
to get the corresponding values of the dependent variable, in x 0 1 -1 2 -2 3
order to get the ordered pairs, by which the curve of the given
equation passes, and can be plotted. y = 2x – 4 -4 -2 -6 0 -8 2
The plotting of graph of straight line / linear function can be Depending upon the ordered pair shown above, the graph of the
understood by considering an example as follows. given equation is shown below.

1.3-14 July 2022
For plotting the graph of a parabola, we need to find its vertex

and some ordered pairs. The vertex of the parabola is the point
 b  (b 2  4ac ) 
from where the parabola turns, and is given by  , .

 2a 4a 
2
Example: Draw the graph of the function y  x  3 x  2 , taking
values of independent variable ‘ x ’ between 0 to 4.
2
The given quadratic function is y  x  3 x  2 , in which a  1 ,
b  3 and c  2 . By putting these values in the formula of the
vertex we get 1.5,0.25 .
The following table shows the values of ‘ x ’ between 0 to 4 and

their corresponding values of ‘ y ’ with respect to the given
Graphs of Quadratic Functions
function.
As we have studied earlier, a quadratic equation is a second

degree equation. Thus a quadratic function is of the form x 0 1 2 3 4
y  ax 2  bx  c , in which ‘ x ’ is the independent variable, ‘ y ’ is
y = x2 – 3x + 2 2 0 0 2 6
the dependent variable, and ‘ a ’, ‘ b ’ and ‘ c ’ are constants. The
graph of a quadratic function is always a ‘Parabola’. If ‘ a ’ is
positive then parabola opens upwards and if ‘ a ’ is negative then
parabola opens downwards. Depending upon the vertex and the ordered pair shown above,
the graph of the given function is shown below.

1.3-15 July 2022
Graphs of Sine and Cosine Waves
Alternating voltages and currents are often represented by sine

and cosine waves. These are the result of plotting the path of a
rotating output along a straight axis.
The only difference between them is that the sine wave always
has its zero value at the start and completion of each rotation.
The cosine wave however, begins and finishes its rotation with
the output at its maximum value.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.1
1. Draw the graph of the equation x  y  3  0 .
2. Draw the graph of the equation 3 x  y  1  0 .
Draw the graph of the function y  x  4 x  12 .

2
3.
Draw the graph of the function y   x  7 x  18 .

2
4.

1.3-17 July 2022
SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRY But the angle at the centre subtended by a semi-circle is 180
and hence
Radian Measures
 radians  180ο
We have seen that an angle is measured in degrees. There is ο
however another way of measuring an angle. In this second 1 radian  180  57.3 ο

system the unit is known as the radian. Referring to
It is worth remembering that
ο 0
0  180 radians
ο 
60  3 radians
ο 
45  4 radians
ο 
90  2 radians
ο 
Relation between radians and degrees 30  6 radians
If we make the arc AB equal to a semi-circle then,
Length of arc = r
r
Angle in radians = 
r
1.3-18 July 2022
Example: Find the angle in radians subtended by an arc 12 cm Now

long whose radius is 4 cm.
ο
0.18  0.18  60 minutes  11 minutes
length of arc
Angle in radians  Angle=7211'
radius of circle
12

4
 3 radians
Example: Express an angle of 1.26 radians in degrees and Example: Express an angle of 104 in radian.
minutes.
Angle in radians
  angle in deg rees

180
Angle in deg rees
180  angle in radians

   104

180  1.26 ο 180
  72.18
  1.815 radians

1.3-19 July 2022
Types of Angles
Properties of Angles and Straight Lines
An acute angle is less than 90; a right angle is equal to 90;
and a reflex angle is greater than 180. An obtuse angle lies
(1)The total angle on a straight line is 180. The angles A and B
between 90 and 180.
are called adjacent angles. They are also supplementary.
(2) When two straight lines intersect the opposite angles are
equal. The angles A and C are called the vertically opposite
angles. Similarly the angles B and D are also vertically opposite
angles. An obtuse angle lies between 90 and 180.
Complementary angles are angles whose sum is 90, whereas

supplementary angles are angles whose sum is 180

1.3-20 July 2022
(3) When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then: Example: Find the angle A shown in Fig.
(a) The corresponding angles are equal a=l; b=m;
c=p; d=q.
(b) The alternate angles are equal d=m; c=l.
The interior angles are supplementary
d + l = 180; c + m= 180.
ο ο ο
B  180  138  42
B  A corresponding angles 
ο
A  42
(4) Conversely if the two straight lines are cut by a transversal

the lines are parallel if any one of the following is true:
(a) Two corresponding angels are equal.
(b)Two alternate angles are equal.
(c) Two interior angles are supplementary.

1.3-21 July 2022
Example: In Fig. the line BF bisects ABC. Find the value of c  b alternate angles : BZ || EY 
the angle  . 
b  38ο since c  38ο 
a  d alternate angles : XD || BZ 
ο

d  80 sin ce a  80ο 
ABC  b  d  80ο  38ο  118ο
FBC  118ο  2  59sin ce BF bi sec ts ABC 
b    59
ο
38    59ο
ο
  59ο - 38ο  21ο
The lines AX, BZ and EY are all parallel because they lie at
right-angles to the line XY.

1.3-22 July 2022
(b)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.2.
1. Find the angle in radians subtended by the following

arcs: (a) arc = 10.9cm, radius = 3.4cm
(b) arc = 7.2m, radius = 2.3m
2. Express the following angles in degrees and minutes:
(a) 5 radians (b) 1.73 radians
(c)0.159 radians
3. Express the following angles in radians:

(a) 83 (b) 189 (c) 295 (c)
4. Find ‘x’ in the following figures:

(a)
(d)

1.3-23 July 2022
(e) (c)
5. Find ‘A’ in the following figures:

(a) 6. In the figure below, find a, b ,c& d:
(b)

1.3-24 July 2022
TRIGONOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, USE OF TABLES
The Notation for a Right-angled Triangle
The sides of a right-angled triangle are given special names.

The side AB lies opposite the right-angle and it is called the
hypotenuse. The side BC lies opposite to the angle A and it is
called the side opposite to A. The side AC is called the side The Trigonometric Ratios
adjacent to A.
Consider any angle 0 which is bounded by the lines OA and
OB as shown. Take any point P on the boundary line OB. From
P draw line PM perpendicular to OA to meet it at the point M.
Then
MP
the ratio is called the sine of AOB ;
OP
OM
the ratio is called the cosine of AOB ;
OP
and
When we consider the angle B the side AB is still the MP

the ratio is called the tangent of AOB .
hypotenuse but AC is now the side opposite to B and BC is the OM
side adjacent to B.

1.3-25 July 2022
The Sine of an Angle
The abbreviation ‘sin’ is usually used for sine. In any right- Example: Find by drawing a suitable triangle the value of sine
angled triangle the sine of an angle 30.
side opposite the angle


hypotenuse
BC
sin A 
AC
AB
sin C 
AC

1.3-26 July 2022
Draw the lines AX and AY which intersect at A so that the angle Example: Find the length of AB in the figure shown:
ο
YAX  30 as shown. Along AY measure off AC equal to 1 A
unit (say 10cm) and from C draw CB perpendicular to AX.

Measure CB, which will be found to be 0.5 units (5cm in this
C
case).
B
ο 5
Therefore sin 30   0.5.
10 AB is the side opposite ACB. AB is the hypotenuse since it is
opposite to the right angle.
Although it is possible to find the Sine of the angles by drawing, Therefore

this is inconvenient and not very accurate. Tables of sine have
been calculated which allow us to find the Sine of any angle.
Part of this table is shown on page 29 below: AB ο
 sin 30
BC
To find Sin 12, the Sine of an angle with an exact number of ο
AB  BC  sin 30  80  0.5
degrees is shown in the column headed 0. Thus sin12 =
0.2079.  40 mm

1.3-27 July 2022
Example: Find the length of AB in the figure shown: Example: Find the angles CAB and ABC in  ABC which is
shown below:
B
60mm
20 mm
30°
A C
C B
BC is the side opposite to BAC and AB is the hypotenuse.
AC 20
BC sin B    0.5
 sin 30 AB 40
AB From the sine tables
BC 60  B  30
AB  
sin 30 0.866 A  90  30  60
 69.28 mm

1.3-28 July 2022
Trigonometry
0o 30o 45o 60o 90o
Function
1/√2= √3/2
Sin 0 1 / 2 = 0.5 1
0.707 =0.866

1.3-29 July 2022
The Cosine of an Angle

The cosine of an angle may be found by drawing, the
construction being similar to that used for the sine of an angle.
In any right-angled triangle the cosine of an angle
However, tables of cosines are available and these are used in
side adjacent to the angle a similar way to the table of sines except that the mean
 differences are now subtracted.
hypotenuse
AB
cos A 
AC
BC
cos C 
AC
The abbreviation ‘Cos’ is usually used for Cosine.

1.3-30 July 2022
Example: Find the length of the side BC in the figure given Example: Find the length of the side AC in the figure given
below: below:
A
C
28 cm
45°
B C
B A
AB is the side adjacent to BAC and AC is the hypotenuse.
BC is the side adjacent to BCA and AC is the hypotenuse.
AB
 cos 60 
AC
BC AB 28
 cos 45 AC    56 cm
AC cos 60 
0.5
BC  AC  cos 45  120  0.707
 84.84 mm

1.3-31 July 2022
Example: Find the angle 0 shown in the figure below: Question: Find the AngleA in the figure given below:
45°
B A
Question: Find the length of the side BC in the figure given

below:
Since  ABC is isosceles the perpendicular AD bisects the base

BC and hence BD=15mm.
BD 15
cos 0    0.3
AB 50
0  72 32'
ο

1.3-32 July 2022
Trigonometry 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

Function
√3/2 1/√2= 1/2=

Cos 1 0
=0.866 0.707 0.5

1.3-33 July 2022
From the table of tangents the tangents of angles from 0 to 90

The Tangent of an Angle can be read directly.
In any right-angled triangle, For example:
The tangent of an angle
side opposite to the angle tan 45  1


side adjacent to the angle
BC
tan A 
AB
AB
tan C 
BC
The abbreviation ‘tan’ is usually used for tangent.

1.3-34 July 2022
Example: Find the length of the side AB in the figure shown: Question: Find the length of the Angle A in the figure shown:
AB is the side opposite C and AC is the side adjacent to  C. Question: Find the length of the Angle B in the figure shown:
Hence,
AB
 tan C
AC
AB
 tan 45
AC
AB  AC  tan 45  40  1
 36.02 mm

1.3-35 July 2022
Example: Find the length of the side BC in the figure shown than divide. Whenever possible the ratio should be arranged so
below: that the quantity to be found is the numerator of the ratio.
A
32
30°
B C
There are two ways of doing this problem:
AB AB
(a)  tan 30  or BC 
BC tan 30 
32
Therefore BC   55.46 mm
0.577
(b) Since C  30 
A  90  30  60
now
BC
 tan A or BC  AB  tan A
AB
BC  32  1.73  55.36 mm
Both methods produce the same answer but method (b) is

better because it is quicker and more convenient to multiply
1.3-36 July 2022

Function
∞
Tan 0 1 /√3 =0.577 1 √ 3 =1.73
(Infinity)

1.3-37 July 2022
Summary of the Trigonometric Functions in Tabular Form

Function
Sin 0 1 / 2 = 0.5 1 / Ӷ2 = 0.707 Ӷ3 / 2 =0.866 1
Cos 1 √3 / 2 =0.866 1 / √ 2 = 0.707 1 / 2 = 0.5 0
∞
Tan 0 1 / Ӷ3 =0.577 1 Ӷ3 =1.73
(Infinity)

1.3-38 July 2022
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.3. 4. Find the angles marked 0 in the following figures:
1. Use the tables to write down the values of:

(a) sin 45 (b) sin 60
2. Use the tables to write down the angles whose sines

are:
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.707
3. Find the lengths of the sides marked ‘x’ in the following

figures:
5. In  ABC,  C=90,  B=30 and AC=10cm. Find AB.
6. In  ABC,  B=90, A=60 and AC=0.86 m. Find BC.

7. Use the tables to write down the values of:
(a) cos 45 (b) cos 60
8. Use the tables to write down the angles whose cosine

are:
(a) 0.5 (b) 0..866

1.3-39 July 2022
9. Find the lengths of the sides marked x 11. In  ABC,  C=90,  B=30 and BC=2.4cm. Find AB.
12. Calculate  BAC and the length BC in the figure below:
13. Calculate BD, AD, AC and BC in the figure below:
10. Find the angles marked 0 , the triangles being right

angled:
14. Use tables to write down the values of:

(a) tan 45 (b) tan 30
15. Use tables to write down the angles whose tangents are:
(a) 1.732 (b) 1

1.3-40 July 2022
16. Find the lengths of the sides marked ‘y’ in the triangles 18. In  ABC,  B=90,C=45 and AB=3.2cm. Find BC.
being right-angled:
19. In  ABC, A=60, B=90 and BC=72cm. Find AB.
17. Find the angles marked , the triangles being right-

angled:

1.3-41 July 2022
RECTANGULAR AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES
A point on a graph can be defined in several ways. The two

most common ways use either rectangular or polar co-
ordinates.
Rectangular co-ordinates use two perpendicular axis, normally

labeled x and y as shown in the figure below, where any point P
is identified by its horizontal distance along the x-axis and its
vertical distance up the y-axis. Polar co-ordinates give the
distance r, from the origin O and the angle θ of the line, joining
the origin and the point P with the x-axis.
Thus, for example, the point (4,−3) has the rectangular or

Cartesian co-ordinates for the point, i.e. 4 units to the right
along the x-axis and 3 units in the negative y direction, i.e.
downwards (figure (a) below). The point (25  128o) gives the
polar co-ordinates for the point P, that is 25 units in magnitude,
from the origin, at an angle of 128o, measured anticlockwise
from the horizontal x-axis (figure (b) below).

1.3-42 July 2022
Converting Rectangular and Polar Co-ordinates
A useful skill is to be able to convert rectangular to polar co-

ordinates and vice versa. This is particularly helpful, when
dealing with sinusoidal functions and other oscillatory functions
that you may meet in your later modules.
Consider the figure below, which shows a set of rectangular and

polar axes combined.
Then to convert rectangular to polar co-ordinates, we use

Pythagoras theorem and the tangent ratio to give:
y
r  x 2  y 2 and   tan 1
x

1.3-43 July 2022
To convert polar to rectangular co-ordinates, we use the sine Example: Convert the polar co-ordinates (150  90o) into
and cosine ratios to give: rectangular co-ordinates.
y  r sin  and x  r cos It is given that r  150 and   90  .

Example: Convert the rectangular co-ordinates (-5,-12) into
polar co-ordinates.
Now, x  r cos   150 cos 90   (150)(0)  0
It is given that x  5 and y  12 .
and y  r sin   150 sin 90   (150)(1)  150
Thus, the given point in rectangular form can be written as

Now, r  (5)  (12)  25  144  169  13
2 2
(0,150).
 12 12
and   tan 1  tan 1  67.4 
5 5
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.4.
1. Calculate the polar coordinates of the following points:

As the point (-5,-12) lies in the third quadrant, therefore
(a) (6,7) (b) (-4,3)
  180   67.4   247.4  . Thus, the given point in polar form
can be written as (13  247.4o). 2. Calculate the rectangular coordinates of the following
points:
(a) (5,30o) (b) (8,150o)

1.3-44 July 2022
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.2 11. 2.77cm

12. Angle BAC = 92o , BC = 8.75cm
1. a. 3.2 radians b. 3.1 radians 13. BD = 4.5cm, AD = 2.1cm,
2. a. 280o 26′ b. 99o07′ c. 09o07′ AC = 2.4cm, CD = 1.1cm,
3. a. 1.45 b. 3.29 c. 5.15 BC = 5.6cm
4. a. 20o b. 35o c. 65o 14. a. 1 b. 0.577
d.80o e.140o 15. a. 60o b. 45o
5. a. 100o b. 65o c. 54o 16. a. 5cm b. 14cm c. 4cm
6. a. x = 70o b. x = 70o c.x = 110 17. a. 59o b. 16o c. 22.69o
d. x = 110o 18. BC = 3.2cm
19. AB = 36cm
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.3
1. a. 0.707 b.0.866 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.4

o
2. a. 30 b. 45o
3. a. 4cm b. 9.526cm c.20cm 1. a. r =√85, Ө=49o24′ b. r =5, Ө=126o52′
4. a. 22.39 o
b. 41.8o c.49.21o 2. a. (4.33, 2.5) b. (- 7, 4)
5. 20cm
6. 74.47cm or 0.7447m
7. a. 0.707 b. 0.5
o
8. a. 60 b. 30o
9. a. 9.5cm b. 2.47cm c. 4.8cm
o
10. a. 61 b. 69.33o c. 53.33o

1.3-45 July 2022

1.3-46 July 2022

PIA B - Basic - Module 1.3 (MATHS) Geometry

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PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS

Category –B Sub Module 1.3 – Geometry

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CONTENTS RELATION BETWEEN RADIANS AND DEGREES ...................................................... 18

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.1 ...................................................................... 17

RADIAN MEASURES .................................................................................... 18

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RAY: A ray is a collection of points that begin at one point (an

LINE: A line is a collection of points that extend forever. The

ANGLE: Two rays with the same endpoint is an angle. The

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PARALLEL LINES: When two lines never meet in space or on

PLANE: A plane is a flat surface like a piece of paper. It

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INTERSECTING LINES: When lines meet in space or on a

VERTEX: The point where two rays meet is called a vertex. In

(iv) Chord: A chord is a straight-line segment that links any two

(i) CENTER OF THE CIRCLE: Circles are defined by the value

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It touches the circle at point B and is perpendicular to the

In the above diagram, the part of the circle from B to C forms an

In the circle above, arc BC is equal to the ∠BOC that is 45°.

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SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS 2. To Bisect the Given Angle AOB

1. To Find the Center of a Given Circle

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3. To Draw the Inscribed Circle for a Given Triangle

The largest possible circle that can be drawn interior to a plane

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ISO 9001 – 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

4. To Draw a Hexagon given the Length of a Side

Draw a straight line AF equal to the given length of the side.

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ISO 9001 – 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Charts and Graphs are pictorial representations of data. They

Information is presented graphically in many different forms.

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NATURE AND USE OF GRAPHS Use of Graphs

For such a graph, it is evident that the load value is directly

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If we plot a graph, which represents the compression of a gas in Nomograms

Most Nomogram charts contain a great deal of information and

Illustrated below is a graph of three variables, distance, speed

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ISO 9001 – 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

GRAPHS OF EQUATIONS/FUNCTIONS Example: Draw the graph of the equation 2x  y  4  0 .

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For plotting the graph of a parabola, we need to find its vertex

The following table shows the values of ‘ x ’ between 0 to 4 and

As we have studied earlier, a quadratic equation is a second

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Graphs of Sine and Cosine Waves

Alternating voltages and currents are often represented by sine

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.3.1

1. Draw the graph of the equation x  y  3  0 .

2. Draw the graph of the equation 3 x  y  1  0 .

Draw the graph of the function y  x  4 x  12 .

Draw the graph of the function y   x  7 x  18 .