elephant, giraffe, lion, hippopotamus, emu, echidna, dingo, kangaroo, koala, platypus

ostrich, rhino

carnation, daisy, rose, tulip, lily gum, maple, oak, pine, palm

apple, pear, mango, banana, durian eggplant, broccoli, courgette, zucchini, carrot

coat, claw, beak, fauna, fur, branch, flora, petal, root, thorn,
Feathers, hide, horn, paw, twig, trunk, vegetation
Predator, scales, trunk

animal

human

nature
animal
natural

natural
human
semi-arid insects
spiders
snails
vegetation

burrows/dens roots

den

T
T
F

F
 1 crops
2 geneticall
modified
3
eradicate

4 agriculture 5 insects
6 pesticides 7 soil 8 vegetation

9 habitat 10 become resistant to 11 ecological

vulnerable balance 12 endangered

repercussions

become resistant

endangered
extinct

genetically modified
disastrous

ecological balance

agriculturally
ecological ecologically
evolution evolutionary

extinction become

natural naturally
genes/genetics genetically
 B

D
 commercial

astronauts launch

simulator

atmosphere
weightlessness explorers
outer

a reality propel
undergo in excess of

gravity float
acclimatise
re-entry

xploration

tmospheric

ravitational
nderwent

imulates
 Earth oceans
cloud
thunderstorms

Pluto
solar system

rings moons

rotates
surface

atmosphere

sustain
shuttle

composition

atmospheric horizon

cosmos
galaxy
galaxy
gravity
meteor
horizontal
lunar
moon

meteor
solar universe
star
horizontal
Earth
universal
universal
Solar
 F unmanned

F inevitable

T uninhabited

planet
universe solar
system
space
land

satellites

debris

float
space station

outer
 A

C
 I
A C C E S S S S
Q T P
U S C R O L L
I R A
O P E R A T E Y
P M
K E Y B O A R D E
D A M
F U N C T I O N
A R
Y

c
 hairdryer
word processor
blender
calculators
dishwasher

processor and calculator

No
No

Yes
No

Yes
 speculated surpassed

digital
device, gadget

monitor
prototype

virtual cyber
cutting-edge

wireless connection
remote control

labour-saving
cyber space

automatic pilot
silicon chip

use
gadgets/appliances/devices technological/digital/computer
to latest
connection computerisation

programs by
US JP US US Italy Italy UK

A
A
B

B
A

A
B

2. local, 3. globally, 4. multicultural, 5. multinationals, is dominated by, 6. merge, 7. exotic...icons

8. national identity, 9. cultural diversity, 10. have a monopoly power

cultural
ethnicity

global
modernization

multiculturalism
national
urbanization
 yes

yes no
yes
no

yes yes

look back and understand = with the benefit of hindsight

firmly believe in # are sceptical about
population = demographics; figures = statistics
countries = societies; total = absolute
percentage = proportion; dwindle # increase
work less = are less productive

take into account = factor in; the effect = influence

 in
for percent
percentage to (approximately)

trends population
compounded
ageing
challenges present
elderly
factors rates
migrating
declining implications

A B D
E D E
F C B
F A C
 work, traffic
time

face, deal with, cause, tackle, address, raise, resolve, present, identify

facing
address resolve, deal with, tackle
caused
raised addressed/tackled
resolve
presented

find a solution; overcome a difficulty,

solve/resolve a problem, remedy a situation,
resolve an issue or problem, reach or find a compromise
find a solution solved/resolved the problems
found a solution to the problems
overcame this difficulty
reach/find a compromise
 long-term
short-term
one-sided
short-sighted

double-edged

5 4 1 7,8 5,6

1,3,7 7 1,2
 inhabitants
developing nations
urbanisation
overpopulation
infrastructure
slums

compete competitive
exclusion exclude
inclusion included
isolation isolated
poverty
take responsible
tolerance tolerate

ompeting
overty
solated

olerant
nclude xclude

ake esponsibility
espobsile
oor
 clothing/clothes/apparel
building materials
metal

paper

raw materials
the poor

industrialisation
 fuel

dust
private dust-yard(s)
cinders
contractors

sea
 useful useless
impossible possible
unlikely likely

pointless conceivable unattainable liable improbable

worthwile futile feasible impracticable probable questionable
advantageous fruitless viable unfeasible doubtful
achievable

ecosystems
environmental
 emissions acid
greenhouse exhaust

drought
biodiversity
contaminated

deforestation erosion
fertilizers

waste

immune
vital pervasive
unprecedented inexorably, inevitably
devastating chronic
insoluble taxing

pollution in danger of
erosion contamination

sustainable

at risk
recyclable
disposal
pollutants
irrelevant
unreasonable

irresponsible
irrepairable
irreversible
irreplaceable
unrelated
 A

A
ng

NG

Y
 retail unskilled, monotonous
hospitality demanding, exhausting
building physical, manual
advertising rewarding

wages
redundant
workplace
shift work
staff
retire
overtime
earn/are paid
salary
job satisfaction

unemployed
employees
Unemployment
employed
employer
 arket
onsumers/customers

ackaging
rend
redibility
ersuade
rand
roducts
 skills earn
job career work/jobs
workplace advertising money
career advertisement work
profession/occupation economic retirement
Crimes: arson, burglary, fraud, kidnapping, murder, smuggling
Petty crimes: pickpocketing, vandalism
Swearing is offensive but is not a crime
Dumping toxic waste is a crime according to Vietnamese Law
Crime of causing environmental pollution
(Article 235)

False
False

True
True
True

True
 ommit criminal
deterrent deterrent
enforcement enforceable
offence offensive
prevent preventable
, imprisonment, prisoner imprison imprisoned
punish punishable

criminal
enforcement
commit
criminal/punishable deter

prevented

D
A
E
B
 non-violent, drug-related, petty, strict, harsh, tough, existing
victimless, random

commit, combat, solve, be involved in, obey, break, enforce, pass, abolish, abide,
be tough on introduce

biding
trict
gainst
ine
ombat
revention

bove

bolished

petty criminals prevent

actions imprison in protected
punishment offences more serious passing
fine criminals/prisoners solve deterrent
- violent games and television shows
- criminal activities: drug trafficking, human trafficking
- lack of access to education

- education
- more jobs
- strict control on media content