Green and Pink Doodle Hand Drawn Science Project Presentation

LESSON 7: STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS OF
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES -
ENZYMES
Green and Pink Doodle Hand drawn Science Project Presentation Page 1 of 60
-help break large molecules into
smaller pieces that are more
easily absorbed by the body.
-help bind two molecules together
to produce a new molecule.
-highly selective catalysts
Peeling, bruising, or cutting fruits
cause them to release enzymes like
polyphenol oxidase (PPO, phenolase)
that, with the presence of oxygen
(oxidation) in the surrounding air,
goes into chemical reactions of plant
compounds. These chemical reactions
produce brown pigments through the
process of enzymatic browning
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OCCUR IN
TANDEM AND IT OCCURRED WHEN PEELING OR
CUTTING FRUITS RESULTING TO AN ENZYMATIC
BROWNING. BECAUSE OXIDATION AND
REDUCTION USUALLY OCCUR TOGETHER,
THESE PAIRS OF REACTIONS ARE CALLED
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS, OR
REDOX REACTIONS.
THINK OF PEOPLE PASSING BALLS BACK
AND FORTH, AND THE BALLS ARE BALLS
OF NEGATIVITY. SO IF I'M HOLDING THE
BALL, I'M REDUCED. IF I PASS YOU THE
BALL, YOU GET REDUCED, AND I
BECOME OXIDIZED. THE PASSING OF
THE BALL WAS THE REDUCTION-
OXIDATION REACTION.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION
(REDOX) REACTION
-type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of
electrons between two species.
-any chemical reaction in which the oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by
gaining or losing an electron.
EXAMPLE:
When rusting happens, oxygen steals electrons from
iron. Oxygen gets reduced while iron gets oxidized.
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
IN ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Enzymes are protein macromolecules.
They have a defined amino acid
sequence and are typically 100-500
amino acids long.
They have a defined three-
dimensional structure.
Enzymes are catalysts.
They act as a catalyst to a chemical or biochemical
reaction, with a defined mechanism.
They increase the speed of that reaction, typically by
106 -1014 times faster than the rate of the uncatalysed
reaction.
They are selective for a single substrate. o They speed
up rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy
(Ea).
They are stereospecific, meaning the reaction
produces a single product.
NOMENCLATURE
TYPICALLY ADD “-ASE” TO NAME OF SUBSTRATE
E.G. LACTASE BREAKS DOWN LACTOSE (DISSACHARIDE OF
GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE)
Enzymes based upon the class of organic chemical reaction catalyzed:

1. Oxidoreductases - catalyze redox reactions;
dehydrogenases, oxidases, peroxidases, reductases
2. Transferases - catalyze group transfer reactions;
often require coenzymes
3. Hydrolases - catalyze hydrolysis reactions
4. Lyases - lysis of substrate; produce contains double
bond
5. Isomerases - catalyze structural changes;
isomerization
6. Ligases - ligation or joining of two substrates with
input of energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis; often
called synthetases or synthases
ENZYME COMPONENTS
APOENZYME
• an inactive enzyme, activation
of the enzyme occurs upon
binding of an organic or inorganic
cofactor.
• enzymes that lack their
necessary cofactor(s) for proper
functioning
• a protein
ENZYME COMPONENTS
AHOLOENZYME
• active forms of apoenzymes.
(apoenzyme plus cofactor)
• DNA polymerase and RNA
polymerase are examples
ENZYME COMPONENTS
COFACTOR
• mostly metal ions or small
organic molecules, inorganic and
organic chemicals that assist
enzymes during the catalysis of
reactions
• nonprotein component (e.g.
magnesium, zinc)
ENZYME COMPONENTS
COENZYME
• non-protein organic molecules
that are mostly derivatives of
vitamins soluble in water by
phosphorylation
• organic cofactor (Eg: NADH,
FADH)
TERMINOLOGY:
CATALYST - A SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A
CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED
ENZYME - A BIOLOGICAL CATALYST (USUALLY A
PROTEIN)
SUBSTRATE - THE REACTANT MOLECULE THAT AN
ENZYME WORKS ON
ACTIVE SITE - THE PART OF THE ENZYME WHERE
THE SUBSTRATE BINDS
SUBSTRATE COMPLEX - FORMED WHEN THE
SUBSTRATE MOLECULE COLLIDES WITH THE
ACTIVE SITE OF ITS ENZYME
ENDOENZYMES – INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES
EXOENZYMES - EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES
ACTIVATION ENERGY - THE MINIMUM ENERGY
REQUIRED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION
TRANSITION STATE - THE INTERMEDIATE
STAGE IN A REACTION IN WHICH THE OLD
BONDS BREAK AND NEW BONDS ARE FORMED
HOW ENZYME WORK:
OXIDATION/REDUCTION
REACTIONS
Oxidation-reduction reactions are also called REDOX
reactions.
All redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons

from one atom to another.
Spontaneous redox reactions are generally

exothermic, and we can use their released energy as
a source of energy for other applications
Redox reactions are comprised of two parts, a

reduced half and an oxidized half, that always occur
together.
Reduced half -gains electrons and
the oxidation number decreases,
Oxidized half -loses electrons and

the oxidation number increases.
OIL RIG, meaning "oxidation is loss" and
"reduction is gain,"
LEO says GER, meaning "loss of e- = oxidation"

and "gain of e- = reduced." There is no net
change in the number of electrons in a redox
reaction.
can be defined as the
addition of
oxygen/electronegative
element to a substance
or removal of
hydrogen/
electropositive element
from a substance.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLES:
CO2 IS REDUCED TO GLUCOSE, AND H20 IS OXIDIZED TO

RELEASE O2
CAN BE DEFINED AS
REMOVAL OF
OXYGEN/ELECTRONEGATIVE
ELEMENT FROM A
SUBSTANCE OR ADDITION OF
HYDROGEN/
ELECTROPOSITIVE ELEMENT
TO A SUBSTANCE.
*oxidation occurs when an atom’s oxidation state
increases during a reaction
*reduction occurs when an atom’s oxidation state
decreases during a reaction
what is an oxidizing and
reducing agent?
• Oxidizing agent: a reagent which increases
the oxidation number of an element of a
given substance. These reagents are called
oxidants. It contains the element that is
reduced.
• Reducing agent: a reagent that lowers the
oxidation number of a given element. These
reagents are also called reductants. It
contains the element that is oxidized.
Determining the
Factors Affecting
Enzyme Activity
- affected by a variety of factors, such
as temperature, pH, concentrations
and inhibitors.
- work best within specific

temperature and pH ranges, and sub-
optimal conditions can cause an
enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a
substrate.
DETERMINANTS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING
ENZYME ACTIVITIES
A. Temperature: Raising temperature
generally speeds up a reaction, and
lowering temperature slows down a
reaction. However, extreme high
temperatures can cause an enzyme to
lose its shape (denature) and stop
working. Most enzymes have an optimum
temperature, near normal body
temperature at which they catalyze a
reaction most rapidly.
B. pH (abbr. power of hydrogen or
potential for hydrogen): Changing the
pH outside of this range will slow
enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can
cause enzymes to denature. Even small
pH changes can alter 52 the electrical
charges on various chemical groups in
enzyme molecules, thereby altering the
enzyme’s ability to bind its substrate
and catalyze a reaction. Enzymes
catalyze a reaction most rapidly at an
optimum pH, near neutral.
C. Substrate concentration: Increasing
substrate concentration also increases
the rate of reaction to a certain point.
Once all of the enzymes have bound,
any substrate increase will have no
effect on the rate of reaction, as the
available enzymes will be saturated and
working at their maximum rate. At the
saturation point, the reaction will not
speed up, no matter how much
additional substrate is added. The
graph of the reaction rate will plateau.
D. Enzyme concentration: Increasing
enzyme concentration will speed up
the reaction, as long as there is
substrate available to bind to. Once
all of the substrate is bound, the
reaction will no longer speed up, since
there will be nothing for additional
enzymes to bind to. The higher the
concentration of an enzyme the
greater should be the initial reaction
rate. This will last as long as substrate
is present.
E. Enzyme Inhibitors (Inhibition):
o Competitive inhibitor: A molecule similar in structure to

a substrate can bind to an enzyme’s active site and
compete with substrate
Noncompetitive inhibitors: Attach to the enzyme at an
allosteric site, which is a site other than the active site
distort the tertiary protein structure and alter the shape
of the active site
Feedback inhibition: Regulates the rate of many
metabolic pathways when an end product of a
pathway accumulates and binds to and inactivates
the first enzyme in the metabolic pathway, product
(usually ultimate product) of a pathway controls
the rate of synthesis through inhibition of an early
step (usually the first step), conserves material and
energy by preventing accumulation of
intermediates
IPASA MO
SAGOT niya
1.) WHAT ARE THE TIPS TO
REMEMBER IN REDOX
REACTION?
2.) WHAT ARE THE TWO PARTS
OF REDOX REACTION?
3.) IT IS A REAGENT WHICH INCREASES
THE OXIDATION NUMBER OF AN
ELEMENT OF A GIVEN SUBSTANCE
4.) Is a type of enzyme fighting
off germs called
5.) Involves a
transfer of electrons between
two species.
6.) What is the part of the
enzyme that substrate binds?
7.) What is called the
intermediate stage in a reaction
which the old bonds break and
new bonds form?
8.) Is defined as the removal of
oxygen/electronegative
element from a substance?
9.) Is defined as the removal
of oxygen/electronegative
element from a substance?
10.) Give 2 factors affecting
enzyme activities

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LESSON 7: STRUCTURES

Enzymes based upon the class of organic chemical reaction catalyzed:

All redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons

Spontaneous redox reactions are generally

Redox reactions are comprised of two parts, a

Oxidized half -loses electrons and

LEO says GER, meaning "loss of e- = oxidation"

CO2 IS REDUCED TO GLUCOSE, AND H20 IS OXIDIZED TO

- work best within specific

o Competitive inhibitor: A molecule similar in structure to

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