Forces Statics &

Dynamics
:

Notes and

examples of
each case
 Introduction :

This will be of / statics

summary
a
:

~
Dynamics
↓ Connected Bodies

In these we'll be Newton's laws of motions

using
:
,

1st law object moving

: An object at rest will
stay at rest ,
and an with constant
velocity will
constant unbalanced force the
continue to move with
velocity ,
unless an acts on
object .

2nd law acceleration of object depends the of the amount

The mass
object and the
:
an on

of force applied . IF =
ma

3rd law :
Whenever one
object exerts a force on another
object ,
the second
object exerts an

an
equal and
opposite force on the
first .

To
begin with
solving questions , always draw force diagram forces
represent the
acting
to
-> a

on the object .

-> Forces required to be sketched :

1) weight
=

massegravity (always acting downwards

parallel to the vertical)

9 8 ms-2 C 2) Normal contact force (R) (always acting perpendicular the surface]
g =
.
to

3) Friction (MR) where

M is the coefficient of friction that's always
between o and & (0
>M-31)
,
,
and R is the normal contact force . Friction
always acts
parallel to surface .

NB : ·
M
tells how
rough the surface is : 0
being too smooth (no friction) and I
being too
rough (friction

at its maximum) . Both 8 and I are ideal cases .

· Friction is the force opposite to the direction of motion .

4) Tension (a
'pulling' force) acts
away from
the particle .

direction of motion
>
5) Thrust (a
'pushing' force) acts towards the particle .

E 1) a
g
.

will be there if the 8

FM Fi
(forwarde
=

-
C
N Tension is the
force transmitted
:

surface is
rough .

(always opposite to the

motion)
Vw through a
rope , string or wire .

mg
=

(assumed
an
object
to be a
particle ,
i e .

having
its
weight acting at one point)
 Pr
>Ex
NB : . smooth surfaces - no friction

2) -X
·
Rough surfaces => there's frictional force
FR ↳ ~

I O
acting parallel the surface direction to
O to in
opp
.

Rough
X
e

surface motion
my
.

-> Find the resultant force in the

following cases :

M R
Resultant force is the sum of all

(horizontally
TON
a) C
3N
c -
- , b) <
q1N
->
4N
3 forces acting in one direction

↓on alone and alone)

V V
vertically .
This tells us

Newton's 2n law of motion should

horizontally 10 +(-3) 7N
horizontally YN+ that
:

->
= :

1 +7-6) 5N 5Nt
vertically =
: -

be applied (used) in two directions that are

ION
d

6N I ↑2N
C) < - 7 d) < >
perpendicular to each other
(horizontally
tor
V v and
vertically or
along the surface and

horizontally
:
- GN
,
GN -
vertically
:
2 +1-8) =-GN , perpendicular to the surface) .
Take
GN ↓

vertically : ION ↑ care to never

group forces in different

directions together !
The forces acting at

an
angle have to be
resolved to find
horizontal/vertical
using soh cah toa
,
their
corresponding
·

sinc= · cosO
= components . This will be done
by using
pythagoras theorem as follows :

I
X
sinc FsinO COSO
y=
=
=

= - a

F F

=
x =
FrosO < 7

C
W

of and force F
⑧Note that F is the resultant X
y .
As
you
can notice
,
is
acting at an

force its the horizontal i I can't consider

The resultant will
always be between
angle to . . e

corresponding components .
it as neither a horizontal force , nor as a

vertical For this

F
one .
reason
,
we use
pythagoras
IsinO

checking : 18 theorem to
find its horizontal and vertical
FCOSO

using pythagoras
2 = (FcosOl+ (FsinO components .

I certe
E

F2 F2058 F sinO

- as
=
+

F
2
F2(cos20+sin20) (1) · horizontal
 From identities
trigonometric :
sin? &+ Cos20= 1 -

then
,
(1) becomes :
F = F2(1)

F2 =
F2 U or F =
F .

Find the resultant force of the

following Step 1 Resolve all the forces acting at an
angle from thehealt
:

->
:

10sin307CON
& &

on I
&

I-130
-
M 8 Sin 10
cir -
bS
a) d S
-
- > <[ -
I -> 7
10COS 30 8 COS 10 <N

ow
V ge Note that after we resolved the
-

( -
x10c0s30 +( -2) =
6 66N.
(
- >) 2 + ( -
820S10) =
-
5 88N
.
force into its
corresponding
(4) 10sin30 =
5 N (4) 8 Sin 10 + 2-3) = -1 61N . horizontal and vertical components ,

or the components that are

perpendi-
each other
cular to
,
we no
longer

N
a use the force itself to find the

a
2N a
8N
Asinzo
I- > d) 4N I- >1200s40 resultant
C) L < -
> < < > ,
only its components .

↓ziosco
-

↓ 140°>12N
n
In
L 20°
FN
12sin40

( - > 1 +
2 - 7sinzo) = -1 39N .
1 - >) 1220540 +
(-4) =
5 19N
.

(4) 2 +
1 -
7C0S 20) = -
4 58N
. (4) 8 + ( - 12 sin 40) = 0 28 7N
.

*
Equilibrium
-
:

· Resultant force is the sum of forces acting on a

particle .
Think about it as a
single force that
gives the

same result as all of the forcus combined .

For instance like force horizontal

,
in
part a in the example above
,
6 66. is one
acting in the

direction on this object .

· If the resultant turned out to be O

,
that means the object is in
equilibrium (forces from both sides canceled

each other ,
or in other words, the forces balanced themselves) .
When the forces unbalance each other like the

examples above , we
say
that the
object is not in
equilibrium and it's
moving
in the direction of the

resultant we obtained with a constant acceleration .

 An object has mass of yug is held in equilibrium by two light inextensible
strings with forces (20x 9) N +

(20x 9)
+

<(10x 11)+

Eg .
and (10x + 11) N

Since all forces are

acting in the vertical direction and the
object is

49
in
equilibrium ,
we
get :

(4)(20x 9) (10x 11)

4g 0 what could do also is since
=

you
+ + + :

30x
49-20 you
know that the
object is in
=

x
1 0 64
equilibrium that means forces in
= =
.

directions balance
opposite will
,
so :

This example is an
example of equilibrium in 1D . (20x 9) + +
(10x +
1) =

49
-> Equilibrium cases in 2D will be the case when the => x = 0 .
64

is both directions
resultant
horizontally vertically
zero in and

or in
any
two directions perpendicular to each other .

if acting left any forces

words balance
In other
any forces
will
,

acting right any forces acting upwards any forces acting

And will balance
,
.

downwards .

The
Eg
:
A
particle of mass
2kg is suspended in the air
by three
strings as shown in the
diagram below .

F
-(4x +
2) N particle is in
equilibrium .
Find .

(x 7)N>
+
> FN

add the it
don't forget to
weight it won't be the
diagram have always add
:

on to

g you
to
.

> To find F
,
remember that F is a force so we'll be
using
Newton's laws to be able to find it .
In

this the particle is in 2D resultant in the horizontal direction be O ,

case
equilibrium ,
i .
e the will

as well as that in the vertical direction will be 0 .

So
,

( -
F -
(x +
7) =
0

F =
(x 7/N
+

-o
To find F we need to find x
,
So :

to
the weight
or in other words the force (9) 4x +
2 -

2g
=

(x 7)N balances F 4x 2 (or 2x+2/N

2g the
=
+ . +

4x =

29 -
2 balances the
2g)

: F =
x +
7 -
F =
4 4 . +
7 =

1
A Newton's Second law of motion :

This will
mostly be used in these sections .

-o when do we use F =
ma

motion involved
- To set up equations when is .

Sometimes need to use SWVAT find acceleration to then use F ma

you to
=
.
-

How to solve problems SUVAT and F

using ma :
=

->

Step1 :

Sketch a
diagram representing all forces acting on the
particle and the
positive direction [the
positive direction will always be taken as the direction of motion .
If the partile is
moving to the
right
,

the
right will be taken as positive and the left as
negative and rice versa .

Step? Use F the appropriate SUVAT equation When two

particles are involved need to
you
:
=
ma or .

construct
equations for each
separately .

solve simultaneous
Step3 Solve the
equations using algebra You
may
sometimes
equations in harder
:
.

questions .

E First in statics worksheet :

g question
:

-> .

Step 1 Determine the horizontal and vertical directions where which need F to
to
apply ma
: =

you .

In this case these will be :

,

vertical

horizontal
Step 2
--
:
Check if there are
any forces that need to be resolved . In other words
, find the horizontal and

vertical
components for each force acting at
angle from the horizontal/vertical Recall we do this
:

an .

because we have to use Fima in two I

directions ONLY !

In the above both F the tension to be resolved So :

example ,
and in the
string need .

e
Tcosco

↑
-f
The
diagram was :
~T separate diagrams for understanding :

it
T
30°

=C0830
&
I
,
29

When we're
using F=ma ,
the
diagram will be like :

we

the
no
longer need

original forces acting -

Y W

tag
Tsin30 Flosso

Sanite.
angle from the
at an axes :

- F =

ma (9) TC0s30
+Fsin30-29 =
0 a
re
FC0S30 Tsin3O 0 Tcos30 +Fsin30
2q
= =

FCS30 = TSin30 use (1) to find Enr F from (1)

-
F
I )
Tcosso+/ in I sin3o
Gg
= =

Tcos30+ T tansosin30
29
=

T)c0S30 +
tanbosin30) =

Gg
T =

Pansusin

=
T 16 97N

Tananso
=

.
=
17 ON . : F

I =
9 8N
.
 E From
g2 Dynamics sheet :
:

-> .

rect with M!
The objcontact Recall when 0
there's
:
a =

in L ->
is so
object is at with
surface & moving a

rest not
a
1
a 0
moving constant
speed
~ Friction MR
=
=

-
Lequilibrium)

& =

a)
a
Step 1 Force
diagram
:

:
->

↑a
P

120
Fs -

↑
~30g
Step 2 :
Resolve the forces acting at an
angle :

pri
P
zo ,

Log posso
-- > <
-

e
I

i
*
PCOS2O -F

20 g
0
E->
=

Plos 20 -

MR =
0

PLOS20 0 4R 0
eng
=
.
_

B
P 1 P
508 inc * P 109 2N 109N
= =

= .
=

,
b) -
> New
diagram :

Note that :
150

Due to the
change [ -
↑2
Gog
F1
in the
magnitude of

the tension R and F

,

will
change : · R will
change because the vertical
component of the tension changes and R is
sharing it two !
F will
change because F
MR and R
already changed Note that
is constant per surface
=
· . .

a a
-
> -
>

->
Resolving :

Resinzo
For
.

=
-
I
200
e =

] &-

dog
F 50coszo
1 1
no motion in the

vertical direction

ei
NB
:
F =
ma won't be 8, (- 150C0s20 -

F= Ma i (4) R1 = 150sin
20_30g
=
↑
8

it's mentioned 4R , (1)

since in the 150C0S20 0 ma R
30g 150sin20(2)
= =
.

,
- -

question that when the tension Find R, to continue ! o

will accelerate!
changed ,
the
object From (21 ,
(1) becomes :

150 20S20 -0 .

4 [30g-150sin20] =
30 a

1 46ms-
2
a
=

E Inclined plane
g
:
:

- .

This doesn't differ from the

questions before in
anything except in
determining the two

where
perpendicular axes
you
need to
apply
F=ma at !
 E stizelosa-z
we

to
do this

simply not
ieas that'

round our
4
answer to 8
, Friction
->
and end
up
in This means that the

answers that object is about to move but

aren't accurate -- it didn't more

yet ,
we

enough ! call it
limiting equilibrium ,

where Friction =

MR is at its

maximum .

Step 1 Force
Diagram we will extend the force to make it easier in
resolving
:
: :

----
MN

Fire
a
-

~
The axes

will be :

L
Therefore :

The
only force acting at an
angle

-
-- from the axes is the
weight so :

ErgI =
ro
sich W
· bosglost
↳

S
Now
,
we will
simply use F =
ma
along the
plane
--" and I to the plane" .,
so :

about
- moving
to move I not : a
=
0

along the
plane 4-F 0
5gsinc 0
:
=

- .

4 MR 0
59(5) 0
=
- -
.

MR 4 0
59))
=

- .

M
=

xg(E) (1)

we need to find R to continue ,

so

no motion in I direction

perpendicular to the
plane :
B-0 .

5gcoss= o
R =
0
5g(Z)
.
=
3 92N(2)
.

(2) in (1) :

u
=

2595) =
0 .
270 This will remain the same until

the surface is
changed !
b) When YN is removed , the particle will slide down the therefore friction will
change
plane ,
now

its direction to the motion here , won't

and will act
opposite . Note that over R
change since

the 4N doesn't have a t

component that would affect R !

a
-
↳ (1) R=0 .

5gcos= 3 92N .

"
F
o-
that
...
F
note
along the plane 0
5gsinc
we
:
ma
=

-gsint
.
-

-Do
5gcoss .

follow the direction 0

59(5) MR 0 5a
=
.
. -

of motion .
In this case
,

0
5gsinx will be tre , 0
5g() 0 270/3 92) 0 5a
=
.
. . . .
-

unlike in part (a) where it :. a =

3 .
76ms-2

was -ve because the particle

about to the
was move
up plane .
* Cases with friction :
There will be some
questions where
they don't
specify the direction of motion and
you
have to

conclude how will it move

by simply doing a small
comparison between all forces acting on the

particle alone and friction alone .

If :

that the
·
MR) IF means
object won't move

·
MR
=
IF that is the
limiting equilibrium case and the
particle will be about to move

·
MR <IF that means the
object will move in the direction of IF
(following the direction
assumed in the
question)