Objectives

Introduction
FOUNDATION OF METHEMATICS LECTURE 10 Subtraction
Complex Numbers
Addition

Multiplicati
Objectives on
Dr. Sanjaya Thilakarathne
Department of Engineering Technology
Complex
Division Conjugate

Argand
Diagram

Number Systems Complex Number System

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Question 1: Write down two examples of the following: Reals Pure Imaginary
1. Natural numbers
Rationals 𝑖, 2𝑖, −7𝑖, etc.
2. Positive integers
3. Negative integers (Can be written as fractions)
4. Integers Integers
5. Rational numbers which are positive and (…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)
not natural numbers
6. Rational numbers which are also Irrationals
integers Whole (Cannot be
7. Irrational numbers (0, 1, 2, …) written as a
fraction)
8. Real numbers
Natural 𝜋, 𝑒
9. Real numbers which are natural
numbers, integers, and rational numbers
(1, 2, …)
10. What type of numbers are represented
in the gap between set Z and set N i.e.Z \
N?

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 To see a complex number we have
Once upon a time… to first see where it shows up
Solve both of these

1  no real solution x 2  81  0 x 2  81  0
x 2  81 x 2  81
x  9 Uhoh…….what
do I do here?

Since all number belong to the

Um, no solution???? Complex number field, C, all number
can be classified as complex. The
x   81 does not have a real Real number field, R, and the
answer. imaginary numbers, i, are subsets of
this field as illustrated below.
It has an “imaginary” answer. Complex Numbers
a + bi

To define a complex number we have to Real Numbers Pure Imaginary Numbers

create a new variable. a + 0i 0 + bi

This new variable is “ i “

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 Complex Numbers are written in A Little History 
the form a + bi, where a is the real Math is used to explain our universe.
When a recurring phenomenon is seen
part and b is the imaginary part. and can’t be explained by our present
mathematics, new systems of
mathematics are derived.
a + bi In the real number system, we can’t
take the square root of negatives,
real part therefore the complex number system
was created.
imaginary part
Complex numbers revolutionized
computer graphics

-In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do -The imaginary numbers consist of all numbers bi,
not have square roots. where b is a real number and i is the imaginary unit,
with the property that i² = -1.
-Imaginary numbers were invented so that negative
numbers would have square roots and certain -The first four powers of i establish an important
equations would have solutions. pattern and should be memorized.
-These numbers were devised using an imaginary
unit named 𝒊. Powers of i
i1  i i 2  1 i 3  i i4  1
i  1

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 i4  1
Powers of i
1.) Find 𝑖23  i
i  i
3
i 2.) Find 𝑖2006  1
3.) Find 𝑖37 i
i  1
2

1
Divide the exponent by 4
No remainder: answer is 1. 4.) Find 𝑖828
remainder of 1: answer is i.
remainder of 2: answer is –1.
remainder of 3:answer is –i.

Powers of i Simplify. -Express these numbers in terms of i.

1. Simplify 𝑖 11 . 5. Simplify 4𝑖 3 + 7𝑖 9 3.)

1.) 5  1 5  i 5
Which answer is correct: Which answer is correct:
1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖 11𝑖 3𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 11

4.)  7   1 7  i 7
Explain: Explain:

2. Simplify 𝑖 33
2.)
6. Simplify 3𝑖 5 2 .
Which answer is correct: Which answer is correct:

99  1 99 = 𝑖 9 11
1 𝑖 −1 −𝑖 −9 − 9𝑖 6 9
Explain: Explain: 3.)
5.)

 3i 11
3. Simplify 𝑖 16 + 𝑖 10 + 𝑖 8 − 𝑖 14 .
Which answer is correct:
0 1 2 𝑖
Explain:

4. Simplify 𝑖 12 . 3𝑖 2 . 2𝑖 8
Which answer is correct:
6𝑖 −6 − 6𝑖 6
Explain:

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 You try…
Try It Out
6. 7  i 7
Write these complex numbers in standard
form a + bi
7.  36  6i
9  75
8. 160  4i 10 16  7

5  144
 100

Multiplying Complex Numbers

9. 47i  2  94i
a + bi
10. 2i  5  2i  1 5  2i  i 5
 2i 2 5  2 5 real imaginary
11.  3  7  i 3  i 7  i 2 21 The complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi,
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
unit. The real part is a, and the imaginary part is bi.
 ( 1) 21  21

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 Find the conjugate of each
Conjugate number…
-The conjugate of a + bi is a – bi 8) 3  4i 3  4i
-The conjugate of a – bi is a + bi
The product of conjugates is the real number a2 + b2. 9) 4  7i 4  7i
(a + bi)(a – bi) = a2 – b2i2
= a2 – b2(– 1)
10) 5i 5i
= a2 + b2
Example: (5 + 2i)(5– 2i) = (52 – 4i2)
11)6 6
= 25 – 4 (–1) Because 6  0i is the same as 6  0i
= 29

Product of Conjugates

When adding complex numbers,

add the real parts together and
Adding & Subtracting add the imaginary parts together.
Complex Numbers imaginary part

(3 + 7i) + (8 + 11i)
real part

11 + 18i

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When subtracting complex numbers, Add or Subtract
be sure to distribute the subtraction 12.
7.) 7i  9i  16i
sign; then add like parts.
13.
8.) (5  6i)  (2  11i)  3 5i
(5 + 10i) – (15 – 2i)
14.
9.) (2  3i)  (4  2i)  2  3i  4  2i
5 + 10i – 15 + 2i
 2  i
–10 + 12i

When multiplying complex numbers,

use the distributive property and
simplify.
Multiplying & Dividing (3 – 8i)(5 + 7i)
Complex Numbers
15 + 21i – 40i – 56i2
15 – 19i + 56 Remember,
i2 = –1

71 – 19i

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 Multiplication of Complex Numbers in the
form a + ib
The product of two complex numbers is defined as:
(3 + 𝑖) (1 + 2𝑖) 1 + 2𝑖
OR
(a + bi)(c + di ) = (ac – bd ) + (ad + bc)i 3 1 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖(1 + 2𝑖)
3 + 6𝑖 + 𝑖 + 2𝑖2 𝑖 2 = −1 3 3 6𝑖
3 + 6𝑖 + 𝑖 + 2(−1)
3 + 6𝑖 + 𝑖 − 2
1. Use the FOIL method to find the product. −1 + 7𝑖 +𝑖 𝑖 2𝑖 2
OR
2. Replace i2 by – 1. 3 +7𝑖 +2𝑖2
(3 + 𝑖) (1 + 2𝑖)
3 + 7𝑖 + 2(−1)
3. Write the answer in the form a + bi. 3 +6𝑖 +𝑖 +2𝑖2 3 + 7𝑖 − 2
3 + 6𝑖 + 𝑖 + 2(−1) −1 + 7𝑖
3 + 6𝑖 + 𝑖 − 2
−1 + 7𝑖

Product of Complex Numbers

To divide complex numbers, multiply 7 + 2i (3 + 5i)

the numerator and denominator by 3 – 5i (3 + 5i)
the complex conjugate of the
2
complex number in the denominator 21 + 35i + 6i + 10i
of the fraction. 9 + 15i – 15i – 25i2
11 + 41i
7 + 2i The complex conjugate of
21 + 41i – 10 34
3 – 5i 3 – 5i is 3 + 5i. 9 + 25

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 Simplify: 5  3i
Problem
2 i
𝒁𝟏
If z1 = a + bj and z2 = c + dj then find the value of : 5  3i • 2  i Multiply the numerator and
𝒁𝟐  denominator by the conjugate of 2 + i.
2i 2 i

z1 a  bj 10  5i  6 i  3i 2 In 2 + i, a = 2 and b = 1.
  a2 + b2 = 22 + 12
z2 c  dj 2 2  12
Multiply with
a  bj c  dj the conjugate 10 i  3(–1) Replace i2 by –1 and simplify.

  of 4 1
c  dj c  dj denominator 13  i
(ac  bd )   bc  ad  j 
5
 Write the answer in the form
c2  d 2 13 1
  i a + bi.
5 5

REMEMBER: i² = -1

Simplify: 7  9i
6i
Multiply

7  9i • i Multiply the expression by
i
i
.
1) 3i  4i  12i 2  12(1)  12
6i i
7i  9i 2


7i 2  7 2 i 2
6i 2

7i  3(–1)
6(–1)
Replace i2 by –1 and simplify.
2)  49( 1)  49
3  7i 1 7
    i Write the answer in the form a + bi.
6 2 6

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 Multiply
You try…
3)
7i 12i  84i 2  84( 1) 5) 4  3i 7  2i 
 28 8i 21i 6i
2

 84  28  29i  6i 2
4)  11i 2   112 i 2  121( 1)  28  29i  6( 1)
 28  29i  6
 121  22  29i

You try… You try…

2  i 3  10i 
5  7i 5  7i 
6)
7)
 6  20i  3i  10i 2
 6  17i  10i 2  2535i 35i 49i
2

 6  17i  10 1  25  49(1)

 6 17i 10  25  49

 16 17i  74

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 Divide…
12) Warning
5  9i 1  i 5  5i  9i  9i 2
 Consider 16  49
1 i 1  i 1 i  i  i2
It is tempting to combine them
14  4i 14  4i
   7  2i
16  49  16  49  4  7  28

1  i2 2
 The multiplicative property of radicals only
works for positive values under the radical sign
 Instead use imaginary numbers
16  49  4i  7i  4  7  i 2  28

Simplify and write in standard

Try It Out form
Use the correct principles to simplify the 3i
a)
following: 1 i a ) 1  2i
3  121 2  4i b) 
4 2
 i
b)
3i 3 3
4  
81  4  81  4  i3 c) 
1 21
 i
c) 12 26 26
i  5i 7
3   3 19
2
144  i
3 1 i d)
d)  10 10
43
1  3i 1  i

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 The complex number z = a + bj is plotted as a point with
coordinates z(a,b).
 Re (z) x – axis
 Im (z) y – axis

Argand Diagram Im(z)

b z(a,b)

Re(z)
O(0,0) a

Modulus of Complex Numbers Example

The modulus of z is defined by
Find the modulus of z:
r  z  a 2 b 2
a) z  23j
b) z  3  4 j
Im(z)

b z(a,b)

Re(z)
O(0,0) a

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The Properties of Modulus
Argument of Complex Numbers
i) z  z The argument of the complex number z = a + bj is defined
as
ii ) z z  z 2
b
  tan 1  
a
iii ) z1 z 2  z1 z 2
2nd 1st
z z QUADRANT QUADRANT
iv ) 1  1 , z 2  0
z2 z2 90    180 0    90

v) z  z
n n 180    270 270    360

3rd 4th
vi ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 QUADRANT QUADRANT

Find the argument of the

following complex numbers:

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 Example
Find the arguments of z:

a) z  2 j
b) z  3  5 j
c) z  1 j
d) z 2j

Polar form of a complex

number

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Thank You

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