0 COMPARING TWO TREATMENTS

The manner in which sample data are collected i called an experimental

design or sampling design In this chapter we introduce two experimental

designs that are most fundamental to a comparative study

I independentsamples and 2 a matched pairs sample

Independent Random SamplesFrom Two Populations

Sample
summaryStatistics
Xii Xan r Xn

II If I
Xi I
from population I Xi s

Yi 72 r 7h2
I It
If i 522 Y
Frompopulation 2

To make confidencestatements or to test hypotheses we

specify a statistical
model for the data

Statistical Model IndependentRandom Samples

1 Xi X2 Xni is a random sample of size n from

population 1
whose mean is denoted
by M and standard deviation by Oi
2 41 I 72 Y na is a random sample of size na from population 2
whose mean is denoted
by M and standard deviation by 02
3 The samples are independent In other words the responsemeasurements
under one treatment are unrelated to the response measurementsunder
the other treatment
 LargeSamplesInference About Difference of Two Means

We are interested in makinginferences about the parameter

µ jus Mean of population 1 Mean of population 2

When the samplesizes are larger no additional assumptions are required

Estimation
Inferences aboutthedifference Mi Mz are naturallybasedon its estimate I T
the differencebetween the samplemeans when bothsamplesizes n and n z are
and I are each approximately normal and their difference t
large I t is
approximately normal with

Mean Variance standard Error

TT Mi Mz war
Fito
S E CI TI
yappy
NOI Becausethe entities I and I
vary in repeatedsampling andindependently
of each other the distancebetween them becomes more
variable than the
individual members This explainsthe mathematical fact that
thevariance
of the difference I F equals the sum of the variances of
T and T

When n and ha are bothlarger the normal approximation remains

valid
if 02 and 022 are replacedbytheir estimators

Si
EI IR sa II Yi TI
nz 1
We conclude that when the sample sizes n and na are large

2 I T Mi Mo is approximately Nco ri
r
 Large samples confidence interval for Mi Mz

when ni and na are

greater than 30 an approximate
too a a to confide
interval for me ma is given by

437
I T 2
2 12 I 7 242
http
where 2212 is the upper 412 point of Nco 1

Inferences From Small Samples Normal Populations with

EqualVariances

SmallSamplesAssumptions

1 Xi x2 Xn is a randomsample from NCmi o

2 41142 r r 7h2 is a random sample from NCMa o
Note O is the samefor bothdistributions
3 Xi x2 r xn and Yi 42 renz are independent

Estimation

Mean of CX F ECE T Mi MZ
var CI ti
of of 02
Itf
PooledEstimator of the Common 02

S pooled É Xi IF IT Yi 5 2
h 1 Si ne 1 522
hit na a nit n z z
 Employingthe pooledestimator stood for the common or we
obtain a
Student's t variable that is basic to inferences about Mi
Mz

T XT Mi Nz

spooled

has student's t distribution with

ni tha 2 degrees of
freedom