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Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
• Circuit is completed by connecting the • The current completes the circuit by getting
resistors one after the other. divided into each branch.
• Effective resistance is increasing. • Effective resistance is decreasing.
• Current is same for all resistors. • Current is different for each resistor.
(Current is divided, I = I1+I2)
• More current is flowing through the resistor
with low resistance and less current is
flowing through the resistor having high
resistance. (I1 = V/R1, I2=V/R2)
• Voltage is different for each resistor • Voltage is same for all resistors. (Supply
(Supply voltage is divided V = V1+V2) voltage (V))
• Resistors having high resistance gets
more voltage and low resistance gets
less voltage. (V1 = IR1, V2=IR2)
• Effective resistance, R = R1+R2 • 1/R = 1/R1 +1/ R2
• If resistors of the same value are • Effective resistance, R = R1R2 / (R1+R2)
connected, R = r X n, • If resistors of the same value are connected,
(r = Value of one resistor, n = Number R=r/n
of resistors)
• When bulbs are connected in series, • When bulbs are connected in parallel, more
bulb with less power (having more current is flowing through the bulb with
resistance) gets more voltage. So it more power (having less resistance). So it
glows with more brightness than the glows with more brightness than the bulb
bulb with high power. with low power.
• When resistors are connected in series, • When resistors are connected in parallel,
the resistor having high resistance, the resistor having low resistance, gets
gets more voltage and heated more. more current and heated more.
Incandescent lamps • In normal voltages, the filament becomes white hot and
gives out light. Such bulbs are the incandescent
(glowing with heat) lamps.
Filament - • Tungsten.
Properties of Tungsten- • High resistivity.
• High melting point.
• high ductility.
• ability to emit white light in the white hot condition.
Bulb is evacuated - • To avoid oxidation of tungsten filament.
Bulb is filled with inert gas or • To reduce the vaporisation of the filament.
nitrogen at low pressure -
Discharge lamps- Discharge lamps are glass tubes fitted with two electrodes
• Sodium vapour lamp
• Arc lamp
• Fluorescent lamp
• CFL
• To increase the strength of the • Increase the number of turns in the solenoid.
magnetic field produced in a • Increase the current.
current carrying solenoid- • Place a soft iron inside the solenoid as its core.
• Increase the area of cross section of the soft iron
core
• To increase the induced emf • Increase the number of turns in the solenoid.
produced in a coil by • Increase the strength of the magnet.
electromagnetic induction- • Increase the speed of motion.
• Factors influencing the direction • Direction of current.
of force experienced on a current • Direction of magnetic field.
carrying conductor, when it is
placed in a magnetic field -
• Factors influencing the direction • Direction of magnetic field.
of induced current produced in a • Direction of motion.
conductor by electromagnetic
induction -
DC Motor& DC Generator
DC Motor DC Generator
AC Generator& DC Generator
AC Generator DC Generator
• Consider two coils of wire kept side by • The change in magnetic flux due to the
side. When the strength or direction of flow of an AC in a solenoid will generate
the current in one coil changes, the a back emf in the same solenoid in a
magnetic flux around it changes. As a direction opposite to that applied to it.
result, an emf is induced in the secondary This phenomenon is known as the self
coil. This phenomenon is the mutual induction
induction
• Working principle of transformer is • Working principle of inductor is self
mutual induction. induction.
Inductor Resistor
• Inductors are coils used to oppose the • Resistors are conductors used to include
changes in electric current in a circuit. a particular resistance in a circuit.
• Working principle is self induction. • Works with the heating effect of electric
current.
• Works only in AC circuits. • Works on both AC and DC circuits.
• There is no energy loss in the form of • Energy is loss in the form of heat.
heat.
Household Electrification
• Safety Fuse. • Protects us and the appliances from danger when an excess
current flows through the circuit.
• Works making use of heating effect of electric current.
• MCB • Used in the place of a fuse wire branch circuits.
(Miniature • It is Automatic.
Circuit Breaker) • Works making use of heating and magnetic effects of electric
current.
• ELCB (Earth • ELCB helps to break the circuit automatically whenever there is a
leakage circuit current leak due to insulation failure or any other reason.
breaker) • Nowadays RCCB, which ensures more safety than ELCB is made
use of.
• Three pin Plug • Ensure safety in devices having metal body.
and Earthing
Precautions for • Never handle electric equipments or operate switches when the hands are
avoiding electric wet.
shock- • Insert plug pins into socket and withdraw them only after switching off.
• Wear rubber footwear while operating electric devices.
• Do not fly kites near electric lines.
• Do not use table fan to dry hair.
First aid to the • Raise the temperature of the body by massaging.
person, who gets • Give artificial respiration.
electric shock- • Massage the muscles and bring them to the original condition.
• Start first aid for the functioning of the heart. (Apply pressure on the
chest regularly)
• Take the person to the nearest hospital immediately.