Class : VIII Subject: Science

Unit No # 2 Properties Of Materials

(Page No # 51)
Ans:1 6 (six)
Ans: 2 4 (Four)
Ans: 3 6 (Six)

Atomic Number=5
Mass Number= 11
Number of electrons= 5
Number of Protons= 5
Number of neutrons=Mass Number – Number of protons
11-5=6

Number of neutrons = 6

Ans.4
Magnesium (Mg)
Atomic Number 12
Mass Number=24
Number of protons=12
Number of neutrons=12
Number of electrons=12

Mg=2,8,2

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII Subject: Science
Ans.5 Aluminium

Ans:6
Fluorine (F)
Atomic Number 9
Mass Number=19
Number of protons=9
Number of electrons=9
Number of neutrons= 19-10 = 10

F= 2,7

Ans:7
The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons in both models. In the Rutherford
model, the electrons are all shown in one cloud around the nucleus. In the model we
use today, the electrons are shown arranged in different shells or energy levels
around the nucleus. In the model we use today, each shell can contain up to a
particular number of electrons.
Topic 2.2 Trends in groups withinthe Periodic Table

Ans:1The metals (except Aluminium) are found on the left side of the table.
Ans:2The boiling points decrease as you go down the group.
Ans:3It is lower than 777 °C.
Ans:4eight more electrons
Ans:5The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
Ans:6All have an outer shell containing one electron.
and an inner shell containing two electrons.
Ans:7This group of metals could be called Group 1 because there is one electron in
the outer shell.
Ans:8 The atoms get larger and the reaction with water gets more violent as the size
Prepared By: Uzma Saeed
 Class : VIII Subject: Science
of the atoms increase.
Ans:9non-metals
Ans:10Melting points increase as you go down the group.
Ans:11The colour gets darker as you go down this group.
Ans:12Boiling points increase as you go down the group.
Ans:13The melting point of iodine would be higher than −7 °C and boiling point
higher than 59 °C.
Ans:14 Iodine would be less reactive than bromine.
Ans:15 7
Ans:16 The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
Ans:17The atoms are similar in that they all have 7 electrons in their outer shell.
Ans:18Because the atoms of each element has 7 electrons in its outer shell.
Ans:19The melting points increase as you go down this group.
Ans:20The size of the atoms increases as you go down this group.
Ans:21The outer electron shells are all full and have 8 electrons (other
than helium, which only has 2 electrons).
Ans:22The atoms of each element have 8 electrons in their outer shell.
Ans:23The melting- and boiling points of krypton will be higher than those
of argon.

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII Subject: Science
Topic 2.3 Why elements react toform compounds

Page:65

Ans:1 2,8,1

Ans:2 2,8

Ans: 3 Cl
Ans:4 Cl−
Ans:5 Diagram should have three shells, with electron structure 2,8,8, and a
nucleus.

Ans:6 Diagram should have two shells, with electron structure 2,8, and a nucleus.

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII Subject: Science

Ans:5 and 6 .

Ans:7.Potassium can lose an electron more easily because the outer electron
is a long way from the nucleus and the positive electrostatic charges on the protons,
so it is easier for the electron to escape from the potassium atom.
The outer electron in the lithium atom is closer to the positive electrostatic forces,
so it is more difficult for it to escape.
Ans:8Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine because it can gain an electron
more easily because the outer shell of electrons is further from the electrostatic
charges between the electrons and the protons.
Page No:66
Ans:9

.
Ans:10 the metal calcium (Ca) and the nonmetal chlorine (Cl) form the ionic compound
calcium chloride (CaCl2). In this compound, there are two negative chloride ions for each
positive calcium ion.
Ans:11 CaCl2
Ans:12 CaO
Ans:13 carbon dioxide, methane, water, hydrogen chloride and ammonia.
Ans:14
Prepared By: Uzma Saeed
 Class : VIII Subject: Science

Ans:15An ionic compound, because the compound is formed from a metal

and a non-metal.
Ans:16 methane CH4; carbon dioxide CO2; nitrogen N2.

Topic 2.4 Simple and giant structures

Page No:75 and 76
Ans:1 An ionic bond is formed when atoms lose or gain an electron (or
electrons) but a covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons.
Ans:2 ionic bond
Ans:3 A molecule is the name given to a particle with more than one
atom where the atoms share at least one electron in a covalent bond.
Ans:4 A macromolecule is a giant molecule. Examples are silicon dioxide,
diamond or graphite.
Ans:5 Ionic, because it has high melting- and boiling points and it is a
compound formed from a metal and a non-metal.
Ans:6 A simple molecule with covalent bonds. It has low melting- and
boiling points. Also credit the fact that it is formed from two non-metals so
must have covalent bonds.
Ans:7 A gas
Ans:8 They have high melting points because they are ionic compounds.
The electrostatic forces between the ions in these compounds are very
strong so, in order to melt the solids, a great deal of energy is need to break
these bonds.
Ans:9 They are composed of simple molecules; the forces within the
molecules are strong, but the forces between the molecules are weak, so less
energy is needed to melt them.
Page No :77
Ans:10Copper sulfate has ionic bonds. It has formed a giant structure of
crystals and is made from a metal and a a non-metal.
Ans:11 This substance has ionic bonds because it has very high melting- and
boiling points.

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII Subject:
Science
Ans:12Silicon dioxide is hard and has a very high melting point; these are
not properties that are expected of a substance with covalent
bonds.
We know that silicon dioxide must have covalent bonds because it is formed
from two non-metals so that silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure.

Page No:82

Check your Progress

2.1 a Below 180 °C and above 63 °C

b Below 883 °C and above 688 °C c hydrogen
d More bubbles of gas and more heat will be generated than with
lithium, but less than with potassium.
e Lithium 7; sodium 23; potassium 39;
rubidium 85
f The number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

g.

2.2 A. Diagram should be the same as in the question, but with one
additional cross in the outer shell .

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII Subject:
Science

b A fluorine ion is more stable than a fluorine atom because the outer
(highest energy level) shell of electrons is full.
c F−
2.3 a ionic
b covalent
c covalent
d ionic
e ionic

2.4 CH4
2.5 a The strong electrostatic forces between the positive sodium ions and
the negative chlorine ions.
b The melting- and boiling points of sodium chloride will be high
because the electrostatic forces are strong.

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed

 Class : VIII
Subject: Science

Prepared By: Uzma Saeed