tC AccoRDANCE weTH the oral traditions of China, the founders af Chinese civitiza- tion were Huangdi and Fu Xi, These legendary rulers like Dai Hao, were all buried in ghiu (burial mounds). The presence of this mound culture in China supports the traditions of burial of elects in mound tornbs, ‘The skeletal remains from southern China are predominately negroid. (Chang 1964, p.370) The people practiced single burials In northern China the blacks founded many civilizations, The three major empires of China were the Xia Dynasty (62205-1765 B.C), Shang/ Yin Dynasty (c.1700-105 BC) and the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou dynasty was the first dynasty founded by the ‘Mongotoid people i China called Hua (Who-aa). “The founders of Xia and Shang came from the Fertile African Crescent by way of Iran. According to Chinese legends the first man Pan Gu, used a hammer 18,000 years ago to make man. the Chinese legends designate various culture heroes as the inventors af vacious aspects of Chinese civilization. ‘Ihe Chinese term for emperor is Di, Huang Di (Yellow Emperor), is the Chinese culture hero credited with introducing boats, carts ‘chariots, the bow and arraw, ceramics, wooded houses and writing, Chinese civilization began along the Yellow river. Here the soil was fertile and black Chinese farmers grew millet 4000 years ago, and later soybeans. They also raised pigs and cattle. By 3500 B.C.,the blacks in China were raising silkworms andl making silk ‘The culture hero Huang Di is a direct link of Affica, His name was pronounced in old Chinese Yuhai Huandi or Hu Nak Kunte. He was supposed ta have arrived in China from the west in 2282 B.C, and settled along the banks of the Loh river in (Clyde Winters, “Blacks in Ancient China: froin httpftipoaa.cornubiancks te_aneient_chinathim. Lacs i ANCIENT CORA) 179Shansi. This transliteration af Huandgi, to Hu Nak Kunte is interesting because Kunte is acommion clan name among the Manding speakers. The Africans or blacks that founsted civilization in China were often called lin bblack headed people” by the Zhou dynasts, ‘Ihis term bas affinity 10 the Sumer Akkadian term sag- gig-ga “black headed people” ‘These fi min are associated with the Chinese cultural hero Yao. In the Annals of the Bamboo Books, we learn that Yao devised a calendar to help ate agrarian work through proper use of ritual and music and cfeated a rudimen. lary government, The Annals of the Bamboo Books, makes it clear that Yau “he united and harmonized the myriad states [of his dominion}, and the {li min) black headed poople were reformed by his cordial agreement” We also read that Shun, the successor of Yao, distinguished by his reputation as an obedient devated son, noted to : “Ki [that] the Black headed people are suffering the distress of hunger’ To help relieve the people Shun gave his throne over to Yu, the founder of the Shang Dynasty. Yu, in the Annals of the Bamboo Books. is reported to have noted that”... when a sovereign gives response to the people, he is kind, and the Black headed people cherish him in their heart.” We know very little about the sounds of anc ‘was different from Old Chinese and Middle Chinese and the modern Chinese dialects (Ramsey 1987, pp.137-138) This results from the fact that the Chinese dynasties weee founded by diverse ethiate groups e.g., Xia and Shang li (ie., Black Shang} were founded by Dravidian and Manding speakers, Shang-Yin was founded by classical mongotoids, and the Zhou by the contemporary Chinese.) ‘This explains the difference in pronun, ciation for Ancient Chinese spoken by the Xia and Shang peoples and Old and Middle Chinese ar a variant there of, which was probably spoken by the Zhou people. The Shang characters compare favorably to theancient Proto-Saharan script used by ‘nt Chinese because Ancient Chinese the {larappans in the Indus Vatley andl the Mandling script used in the aneient Sahara and Crete. Winters ([985c) outlined the spread ofthe Proto-Saharan script to Harappa, and throughout Saharan Africa and Asia by the Dravidians and Manding, Evidence of Chinese writing first appears around 2000 B.C. as pottery marks. The shell-and-bone characters represented writing they were not pictures. The Shang symbols compare favorably with ancient Manding symbols, Although their are dif ymbols they have the same meaning and shape. This suggest a genetic relationship between these seripts because sve know that the present pronunciation of the Chinese symbols probably bas little relationship to the ancient pronunciation of Chinese spoken in Xia and Shang times when these characters were first used. This cognation of scripts supports the proposed Drav and Manding migration and settlement of ancient China durin ferent contempotury pronunciations for these Nia times,ante min the velp en ted ded the she to he BLACKS IN ANCIENT CHiN the identification of the first hero of China, Hu Nok Kunte as a member of the Kunte clan of the Manding speakers af Africa is supported by the close relationship between the Manding languagesand Chinese, Even though we do not know the ancient 1s many Chinese and Manding words share anal tum for Chinese, pronunciation of many Chinese ogy andl suggest & Manding subst Chinese and Manding share many typological features. These features include redu plication for emphasis and the use of sufixes to form words: In Chinese the -2i suffix, is oined to many nouns eg, 0 qizi # ‘wife's O tizi # ladder’ and 0 jinzi # ‘gold’, This -2i, suffix corresponds to tite Manding wse of S ‘that, that one, those’ e.g, Kye sithat man The suffix -tou isused to form place wordse.g.,litou # ‘inside’ and 0 giantou # front’ In Manding the word Sor place was -ta. The Chinese -r suffix is used to form nounse., (hua # 'to paint’ and Q huar # “picture. ‘This corfesponsds to the Manding sullix -ra which transforms verbs into nouns, e.g 0 kyi # ‘to send!’ and 0 kyira # "messenger. There is also some analogy between Chinese and Manding pronouns Language 1 You he,she Chinese wo nite Manding ne oni, ia “These languages also share the intetogative pronouns: Chinese English Manding oho# who, whieh, what Qa# In addition to cognate writing and grammatical features the Chinese and Mandi share many lexical items. Below we compare Chinese and Manding terms. The Chinese torms are written in the Pinyin (phonetic alphabet) which is popular in China today. There ate numerous examples of phonetic correspondence between Chinese and Manding de/=t ‘Chinese English Manding i bend down ti ‘negation suffix da to cut down, destroy te “negative particle «taj to alter ta ‘to put in! dy sot toll da hill, hillock te-mbo di Supreme Ruler tigiSURVEY OF AFRICAN MUSIC de/=d da greatsnoble dya, da di child di da big dya.ti ‘several b=/=b bu ‘negative’ bu ‘to be in decrease bo to break bo, bu ‘to give a blow ban great ba b=/=p | bi to press, make impression pe white, clean po | d=/=b j «lo-cat bo, bu | h=/=0 | ho ‘everywhere’ o ‘void’ ho who, which, where 0 flat fa‘kill’fe'to be void? sols shan ‘mountain sande ‘the sky region near water’ sa loose sa to die’ su ‘to pound’ --- st'to mix’ su to stick sus ke/sk kan stem ka, kala Ku to cut open, rip up kulo ‘to soften’ yol=y « yu abundant, excessive yo ‘perfect e wa hollow wo L n=/=m te Au women musu st miu eye ny PB ma mother na o-/=0 a de cut bo, a bo ‘break’ -»-- bo ‘to five a blow! rou flesh soro.LACKS IN ANCIENT COR a=laa da big dya da great da sa ta loose’ ---s0 to die? ban great ba ta mother ma ose soto grind sr yw abundant’ --- yo ‘perfect’ au rot tol docut bu itt cow ni xin “heart” dichild di iu give di i "breast da ‘to destroy’ te ‘negative particle” tien cultivated field de-o u bu ‘negative’ bu ‘to be decreased nu woman must du earth dugu lw house tu Above we have compared forty-six cognate Chinese and Manding terins. Th terms can be divided into three sets of cognate items, (1) words in both languages with equivalent sneanings with full correspondence, (2) words with consonants showing as- similation and (3) words with equivatent meanings but lacking similar phonetic valwes, Using thiscriteria we find that the cognate rate for corresponding Chinese and Manding ems are the following percentages 54% of the terms show full corcespandence; 30 % chow cognate terms with alternating consonants e.g, d=/=t. p=/ab , and ete and 15 percent of these terms afe unrelated. ‘The analogy between the Manding and Chinese languages suggest that Manding is a substratum of Chinese. This also supports the view that same early sulers of China came from the Kunte clan and! were Manding speakers.“SURVEY OF AFRICAN MUSIC BIBLIOGRAPHY ly China? Budlern of tee School of Orvental an ‘Allan, $. 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