2 Chapter 1 Appendices Template

1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the rationale of the study, research objectives,
research hypotheses, review of related literature, theoretical framework,
conceptual framework, schematic diagram, significance of the study, scope and
delimitation, and definition of terms.
Rationale of the Study
INSTRUCTION: For descriptive – correlational research, please follow the
4 – paragraph rule. For descriptive – comparative research, please follow the 3 –
paragraph rule. Read the Guidelines in Thesis Writing in writing the Rationale of
the Study.
Do not forget to recognize authors through parenthetical or narrative
citations. Make use of transitional devices to make your discussion alive and
engaging. Ensure to provide reference entries to all your citations in APA format
in the reference page
Research Objectives
Generally, this study aims to (investigate/examine/determine) (possible
relationship between IV and DV) (possible influence of IV on DV) (whether DV
differs when respondents are grouped into ________).
Specifically, this study aims to:
San Agustin Institute of Technology

Valencia City, Bukidnon
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1. Identify the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age
1.2. Gender
2. Determine the level of __________ of the respondents.
3. Determine the level of __________ of the respondents.
4. Find out whether DV differs when respondents are grouped into:
4.1. Age
4.2. Gender
5. Examine if IV has a significant relationship with DV
6. Investigate whether IV (best predict/influence) DV
Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:
Ho1: There is no significant difference of the DV of the respondents when
grouped according to age and gender.
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between IV and DV.
Ho3: The IV does not (predict/influence) the DV. Or, IV has no significant
influence on DV
Review of Related Literature
This section presents the review of related literature which has a
significant bearing on the conduct of the present study. The discussion in this
section is organized according to the variables of the study which include: first IV,

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second IV, and DV. This is immediately followed by the correlation between
measures, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and schematic
diagram.
1st Independent Variable
INSTRUCTION: Define and discuss your first IV her in 300 – 400 words
organized in 3 or 4 paragraphs. Cite research studies that made use of this
variable and your dependent variable. Do not forget to recognize authors through
parenthetical or narrative citations. Make use of transitional devices to make your
discussion alive and engaging. Ensure to provide reference entries to all your
citations in APA format in the reference page.
2nd Independent Variable
Dependent Variable

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Correlation between Measures
This section presents several studies that focused on the same variables
as the present study. Some of these studies revealed that these variables are
associated and some found these variables have no significant relationship.
INSTRUCTION: Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis Writing for an example
discussion of Correlation between Measures.
Given the existence of the abovementioned studies, the present
researchers are motivated to investigate on the relationship on the same
variables in another research locale with another group of respondents. This is to
validate or nullify the results of the previous studies using the result of the
present study.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the following theories: Theory 1 (Author, Year),
Theory 2 (Author, Year), and Theory 3 (Author, Year).
The first theory to which this study is anchored on is ____________.
(Discuss the theory. Highlight the connection of the IV and DV. Anchor your
study to this theory. Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis Writing for an example
discussion).

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The second theoretical backbone of this study is ____________. (Discuss
the theory. Highlight the connection of the IV and DV. Highlight the connection of
the IV and DV. Anchor your study to this theory. Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis
Writing for an example discussion).
The third theory to which this study is anchored on is ____________.
(Discuss the theory. Highlight the connection of the IV and DV. Anchor your
study to this theory. Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis Writing for an example
discussion).
This study is anchored on these theories since the nature and relationship
of the variables in this study are explained by these theories. One important
objective in the conduct of this study is to validate or nullify these theories by
testing the research hypotheses formulated for this study.
Conceptual Framework
This study involves (three/two) variables of which (one/two) (is/are)
independent and the other is dependent. The independent variable(s) (is/are)
____________ and the dependent variable is ____________.
Independent Variable refers to….. (Define it conceptually or theoretically.
Make sure to insert citations to establish credibility of your definition and
discussion).

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Meanwhile, dependent variable refers to… (Define it conceptually or
theoretically. Make sure to insert citations to establish credibility of your definition
and discussion).
Schematic Diagram
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable

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Figure 1. Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the

independent and dependent variables of the study.
Significance of the Study
Generally, this study is significant to its beneficiaries since it will provide
valuable information on the relationship of independent variable and dependent
variable of the study. Moreover, it will inform the readers and recipients of this
study on whether independent variable is a significant predictor to dependent
variable. Specifically, this study is beneficial to the following recipients:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. This study will be beneficial to the __________
since…. (Please refer to the Guideline in Thesis Writing).
Scope and Delimitation
The main objective of the study is to determine whether independent
variable can significantly predict the dependent variable of the respondents.

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Hence, the variables being studied in this study are delimited to independent
variable and dependent variable only. (If you have demographic profile, discuss
what your demographic profile consists of.)
This study will be conducted this second semester school year 2020 –
2021 at (locale) among (respondents).
Definition of Terms
The variables in this section are defined operationally for a better
understanding of this study.
Independent Variable. In this study, it refers to ……… (Define this
variable operationally or how this variable is used in this study).
Independent Variable. In this study, it refers to ……… (Define this
variable operationally or how this variable is used in this study).
Dependent Variable. In this study, it refers to ……… (Define this variable
operationally or how this variable is used in this study).

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Chapter 2
METHODS
This chapter presents the research design, research locale, population
and sample, research instrument, scoring procedure, data collection, statistical
treatment, and ethical consideration.
Research Design
This study employs a quantitative approach using a descriptive –
correlational research design. This design is… (Definition or discussion about the
descriptive and correlational research design. Insert citation…). The researchers
opted to use this design since the researchers aim to: (1) describe the data
gathered from the respondents, (2) investigate possible relationship between
independent variable and dependent variable of the respondents, and (3) seeks
to examine whether independent variable can significantly influence the
respondents’ dependent variable.

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Research Locale
This study will be conducted at San Agustin Institute of Technology
(SAIT), Fr. Caroselli St., Valencia City, Bukidnon. This school is a private
Catholic institution founded by an Italian missionary priest, Fr. Manlio Caroselli
S.J. in 1960. The school has elementary, high school, and college departments.
(…more description……more description… more description… more
description… more description… more description… more description… more
description… more description… more description… more description… more
description… more description…
Figure 2. Map of the Research Locale

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Population and Sample
The respondents of the study will be the__________________. The
researchers intend to choose them as the respondents of the study since the
focus of the present study is on the ________________. (Non-probability
sampling / Probability sampling) will be employed to determine the sample of the
study. Using (Slovin’s Formula / Raosoft – an online sample size calculator), the
researcher will randomly select 184 respondents out of 350 total populations.
INSTRUCTION: Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis Writing to get a grasps
on the types of sampling procedures.
Research Instrument
The instrument used in this study is an adapted questionnaire from the
study of Author (2014) entitled Training Participation: Predictor to Clinical
Competence among Midwives in Valencia City, Bukidnon. (Though adapted, this
questionnaire was slightly modified and translated in Cebuano for the
respondents who prefer to answer in vernacular). (The first part of the
questionnaire consists of a demographic profile in terms of age, gender, and
religion). The second part aims to measure the level of independent variable of
the respondents. Meanwhile, the third part intends to measure the respondents’
dependent variable. The researchers will have this questionnaire validated and
tested with its reliability after all the corrections will be incorporated after the
proposal defense.

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Scoring Procedure
The respondents will be able to answer the questionnaire for independent
variable using a five-point Likert scale. Below is a tabular presentation of the
scale to be used with its limits, description, and interpretation.
Scale Limits Description Interpretation
5 4.21 – 5.00 Always This means that the level of policy

implementation is always observed.
4 3.42 – 4.20 Frequently This means that the level of policy

is frequently observed.
3 2.61 – 3.40 Sometimes This means that the level of policy

implementation is sometimes
observed.
2 1.81 – 2.60 Seldom This means that the level of policy

implementation is seldom observed.
1 1.00 – 1.80 Never This means that the level of policy

implementation is never observed
at all.
The respondents will be able to answer the instrument for the dependent
variable using a five-point Likert scale. Below is a tabular presentation of the
scale to be used with its limits, description, and interpretation.
Scale Limits Description Interpretation
5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree This means that the level of

academic performance of the
respondents is extremely high
4 3.42 – 4.20 Agree This means that the level of

respondents is high
3 2.61 – 3.40 Neutral This means that the level of


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respondents is not high nor low.
2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree This means that the level of

respondents is low.
1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree This means that the level of

respondents is extremely low.
Data Collection
The researchers will ask permission from the ______________ by writing
a communication letter at the onset of the study. If given the permission, the
researchers will immediately ask for the consent of the respondents and their
adviser for the conduct of the study. After retrieving the questionnaires, the
researchers will tabulate the answers of the respondents. This tabulation will then
be sent to the statistician for the statistical analysis of the data. Interpretation of
the result will be done as soon as the researchers received the result of the
statistical analysis.
Statistical Treatment
The following descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to answer
the research objectives of this study:
Frequency Count and Percentage will be used to analyze the
demographic profile of the respondents.
Mean and Standard Deviation will be used to determine the level of
_______________, ________________, and ________________.

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Independent Sample T-test / Paired Samples T-test will be used to
determine whether there is a significant difference in terms of DV when
respondents are grouped according to ___________.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) plus Tukey will be used to determine
which among the ________ differs.
Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Analysis will be used to
examine whether a significant relationship exists between the IV and DV.
Simple Linear (or Multiple) Regression Analysis will be used to
investigate whether the IV predicts / influence / affect the DV.
Ethical Consideration
The researchers will make sure that ethical protocols in the conduct of the
research will be observed. Permission from the school principal and classroom
adviser and consent from the respondents will be sought first before the conduct
of the study. Respondents will be fully informed on the objectives of the study
and the possible risks entailed in the conduct of the study. Respondents will be
encouraged to participate in the study but will never be coerced to do so if they
refused to. In other words, the researchers will ensure that all respondents who
will answer the questionnaires will participate in the study voluntarily. The
researchers will ensure that privacy and confidentiality of the personal
information of the respondents will be properly observed. No personal
information from the respondents will be divulged. No data in the study will be

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falsified and fabricated. Any form of deceit must be avoided. To assure originality
of work, the researchers will have their manuscript examined by a plagiarism
software. All these ethical issues must be avoided and all ethical protocols will be
observed by the researchers to come up with a quality and ethically-bound study.
Chapter 3
RESULTS
This chapter presents the result of the study organized according to the
sequence of the research objectives and the variables being studied. The results
are presented in tabular and textual form.
1st Independent Variable
(NOTE: In case your first IV is Demographic Profile)
Table 1.1 presents the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
gender. The table shows that 38 (38%) of the respondents are males and 62
(62%) are females.

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Table 1.1
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage
Males 38 38
Females 62 62
100 100
Table 1.2 presents the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of
age. The table presents that most respondents are 19 years old comprising 26
(26%) of the total number of samples. This is closely followed by respondents
who are 25 years old and above comprising 25 (25%) of the total number of
samples. Meanwhile, 15 (15%) of the respondents are 18 years old, 13 (13%)
are 16 years old and below, 11 (11%) are 20 years old, and 10 (10%) are 17
years old respectively.
Table 1.2
Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Age

Age Frequency Percentage
16 years old & below 13 13
17 years old 10 10
18 years old 15 15
19 years old 26 26

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20 years old 11 11
21 years old & above 25 25
100 100
Level of Second Independent Variable
Table 2 presents the Level of Financial Wellness of the respondents with a
total mean of 3.00 and a standard deviation of 0.61 described as “moderate”
which means that … (state the interpretation from the scoring procedure). It must
be noted that the indicator / item “financial literacy” got the highest mean of 3.51
with a standard deviation of 0.69 described as “high”. Meanwhile, “financial
behavior” got the lowest mean of 2.64 with a standard deviation of 0.73
described as “moderate”.
Table 2
Level of Financial Wellness

Indicator Mean SD Description
Financial Literacy 3.51 0.69 high
Financial Stress 2.87 0.80 moderate
Financial Behavior 2.64 0.73 moderate
3.00 0.61 moderate

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Level of Dependent Variable
INSTRUCTION: Follow the example above. Introduce the table, present
the overall mean, standard deviation, description, and interpretation. See your
interpretation in your scoring procedure. Present only the highest and lowest
items / indicators with their mean, standard deviation, and description. Do not
indicate the interpretation for each of the items / indicators anymore.
Interpretations will only be used for the overall mean. It is the interpretation (from
your scoring procedure) that you will expound in Chapter 4.
Correlation Analysis between Independent Variable

and Dependent Variable
Table 4 presents the correlation analysis between the independent and
dependent variable of the study. The independent variable of the study is
____________ while the dependent variable is ____________. Both of these
variables were initially measured using mean and standard deviation. To
examine the relationship of these variables, Pearson product – moment
correlation analysis was used.
The table further shows that the correlation coefficients of independent
variable is _____ with p-values of _____ respectively. Moreover, the degree of
correlation of this variable with the dependent variable which is ___________ is
very low. This simply means that this independent variable has (a / no) significant
relationship with the dependent variable. Therefore, the first null hypothesis
that states “____________” is rejected/accepted.

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Table 4
Correlation Analysis between Independent Variable and Dependent

Variable
Dependent Variable: Level of Maturity
Independent
Variable Correlation p-value Degree Interpretation
Coefficient
Family Support 0.123 0.249 Very Low Not Significant
Regression Analysis between Independent Variable

Table 5 presents the regression analysis between the independent and
dependent variables of the study. Regression analysis was done to determine
whether the independent variable which is ________________ influence the
dependent variable which is _________________. Based on the analysis, the
independent variable is (a / not a) significant predictor of the dependent variable.
In other words, (state your IV) affects the (state your DV) of the (state your
respondents). Therefore, the second null hypothesis that states
“____________” is rejected/accepted.
Table 5
Regression Analysis between Independent Variable and Dependent

Variable
Dependent Variable: Level of Maturity
Independent
Variables Beta Std. t-value p-value Interpretation
Error
Constant 0.091 0.410 0.223 0.824 ---
Peers and Friends 0.473 0.118 4.008 0.000 Significant

Support

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R = 0.570 Adj. R 2 =0.309 S=0.624
Peers and Friends Support obtained a beta coefficient of 0.473 which is
the amount of increase of the level of maturity of the teenage mothers in every 1
level increase of peers and friends. Based on the analysis, the obtained
regression model is: Level of Maturity = 0.091 + 0.473*Peers and Friends
Meanwhile, the computed multiple correlation is 0.570. This is the multiple
correlation between the significant independent variable and the dependent
variable. On the other hand, the adjusted R2=0.309 means that 30.9% of the
variation of the (state your DV) of the teenage mothers is explained by its linear
relationship with the predictor variable. Also, the computed S = 0.624 is the
measure of accuracy of the prediction. The smaller its value, the better.

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Chapter 4
DISCUSSION
This chapter presents a thorough discussion on the implications of the
results of the study. The discussion is organized according to the presentation of
results in the previous chapter.
Demographic Profile
INSTRUCTION: Provide a discussion on the results / findings of the
demographic profile here if ever you have a demographic profile. Delete this part
if you have none.
Level of Independent Variable
INSTRUCTION: State and discuss the interpretation of the finding on this
variable from your scoring procedure. Substantiate the interpretation by citing at

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most three of the highest or three of the most related items to the interpretation.
Add more implications and your own perspectives based on the finding.
Concretize this by inserting supports from your RRL. Don’t forget to recognize
the authors through citations.
Some Examples on how to support:
1. This finding is supported by the study conducted by Gonzales (2015)
that states that ……
2. This finding is parallel to the findings of the study conducted by
Sanchez (2016) which revealed that ………...
3. Reyes (2014) conducted a study with the same variable and revealed
the same results….
4. This finding is corroborated with the findings of the study conducted by
Lopez (2015), Torres (2016), and Gomez (2017). The findings of their
study revealed that….
Level of Dependent Variable
INSTRUCTION: State and discuss the interpretation of the finding on this
variable from your scoring procedure. Substantiate the interpretation by citing at
most three of the highest or three of the most related items to the interpretation.
Add more implications and your own perspectives based on the finding.
Concretize this by inserting supports from your RRL. Don’t forget to recognize
the authors through citations.

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that states that ……
Sanchez (2016) which revealed that ………...
3. Reyes (2014) conducted a study with the same variable and revealed
the same results….
4. This finding is corroborated with the findings of the study conducted by
Correlation Analysis between Independent Variable

The correlation analysis revealed that (state your IV) have a moderate
positive relationship with the (state your DV). Therefore, the first null
hypothesis that states “____________” is rejected/accepted. This implies
that… (What does the result imply? Add your own perspectives based on the
finding. Discuss and elaborate more. Concretize this finding and your
interpretation of the finding by inserting supports from your RRL. Don’t forget to
recognize the authors through attribution or citation).
that states that __________ is associated with _____________.

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Sanchez (2016) which revealed that ___________is significantly
correlated with ______________.
3. Reyes (2014) conducted a study with the same variables and revealed
the same results. Accordingly, ____________ is positively related with
________________.
4. This finding is substantiated with the finding of the study conducted by
Note: Read more theses to get more examples….
Regression Analysis between Independent Variable

Based on the regression analysis, (state your IV) influence the (state your
DV) of the (state your respondents). Therefore, the second null hypothesis
that states “____________” is rejected/accepted. This means that… (What
does the result imply? Add your own perspectives based on the finding. Discuss
and elaborate more. Concretize this finding and your interpretation of the finding
by inserting supports from your RRL. Don’t forget to recognize the authors
through attribution or citation).

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that states that __________ is a significant predictor of
_____________.
Sanchez (2016) which revealed that ___________influence the
_____________.
3. Reyes (2014) conducted a study with the same variables and revealed
the same results. Accordingly, ____________ is can significantly
predict ________________.
4. This finding is substantiated with the finding of the study conducted by
Note: Read more theses to get more examples….
Conclusion:
1st paragraph: Summarize the general finding from each of your research
objective.
2nd paragraph: Summarize all the implications of the findings you stated in
the first paragraph. Again, state whether you reject or accept the null hypotheses.
3rd paragraph: State whether the findings of your study, particularly on the
comparative / descriptive and/or correlation, and/or regression objectives validate
or invalidate the theories you use in your theoretical framework.

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Recommendation:
Cite individuals or institutions to whom / which your findings and
conclusion might be of use in the solution of the existing problem or issue
emphasized in your study particularly in the first and third paragraph of the
rationale of the study. Write your recommendations in paragraph form.
REFERENCES
INSTRUCTION:
1. Provide a reference entry in APA style to all your citations. Arrange these
entries alphabetically.
2. Reference entries must be in single space, justified, with the second and
succeeding lines indented half an inch.
3. Separate the reference entries with a space.
4. Follow the format below:

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Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current

Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal

articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-
896.

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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Communication Letter

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Appendix 2: Research Questionnaire
SAN AGUSTIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TITLE…TITLE…TITLE…TITLE…TITLE…TITLE…TITLE…
I. VARIABLE 1
Direction: Please answer the following based on the scale below.
5 – Strongly Agree 3 – Neutral 1 – Strongly Disagree

4 – Agree 2 – Disagree
Items 5 4 3 2 1

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1. Xxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx

Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Adapted from the study of Sanchez & Gomez (2015) entitled ______________
II. VARIABLE 2

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx

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Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
III. VARIABLE 3

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
Xxxxxx Xxx
- The Researchers

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Appendix 3: Questionnaire Validation Form

33
Appendix 4: Reliability Test Result

34
Appendix 5: Plagiarism Test Result

35
Appendix 6: Grammarly Certification and General Metrics

36
Appendix 7: Editor’s Certification

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Appendix 8: Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PICTURE Name : JOHN DAVE C. REYES
Mobile Number : 09456457585
E-mail Address : johndave28@gmail.com

DATE OF BIRTH:
 July 07, 1985 Home Address : Poblacion, Valencia City, Bukidnon
CIVIL STATUS:
 Single EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
RELIGION:
 Roman Catholic San Agustin Institute of Technology
2021 – 2022
San Agustin Institute of Technology (SAIT)
LANGUAGES: Fr. Caroselli St., Valencia City, Bukidnon
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1

This chapter presents the rationale of the study, research objectives,

research hypotheses, review of related literature, theoretical framework,

conceptual framework, schematic diagram, significance of the study, scope and

delimitation, and definition of terms.

Rationale of the Study

INSTRUCTION: For descriptive – correlational research, please follow the

4 – paragraph rule. For descriptive – comparative research, please follow the 3 –

Do not forget to recognize authors through parenthetical or narrative

in the reference page

Generally, this study aims to (investigate/examine/determine) (possible

relationship between IV and DV) (possible influence of IV on DV) (whether DV

differs when respondents are grouped into ________).

Specifically, this study aims to:

San Agustin Institute of Technology

1. Identify the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

2. Determine the level of __________ of the respondents.

3. Determine the level of __________ of the respondents.

4. Find out whether DV differs when respondents are grouped into:

5. Examine if IV has a significant relationship with DV

6. Investigate whether IV (best predict/influence) DV

The following hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

Ho1: There is no significant difference of the DV of the respondents when

grouped according to age and gender.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between IV and DV.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the review of related literature which has a

San Agustin Institute of Technology

measures, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and schematic

1st Independent Variable

organized in 3 or 4 paragraphs. Cite research studies that made use of this

parenthetical or narrative citations. Make use of transitional devices to make your

citations in APA format in the reference page.

2nd Independent Variable

organized in 3 or 4 paragraphs. Cite research studies that made use of this

parenthetical or narrative citations. Make use of transitional devices to make your

citations in APA format in the reference page.

organized in 3 or 4 paragraphs. Cite research studies that made use of this

San Agustin Institute of Technology

parenthetical or narrative citations. Make use of transitional devices to make your

citations in APA format in the reference page.

Correlation between Measures

associated and some found these variables have no significant relationship.

INSTRUCTION: Refer to the Guidelines in Thesis Writing for an example

discussion of Correlation between Measures.

Given the existence of the abovementioned studies, the present

researchers are motivated to investigate on the relationship on the same

variables in another research locale with another group of respondents. This is to

This study is anchored on the following theories: Theory 1 (Author, Year),

Theory 2 (Author, Year), and Theory 3 (Author, Year).

The first theory to which this study is anchored on is ____________.

San Agustin Institute of Technology

The second theoretical backbone of this study is ____________. (Discuss

Writing for an example discussion).

The third theory to which this study is anchored on is ____________.

objective in the conduct of this study is to validate or nullify these theories by

testing the research hypotheses formulated for this study.

This study involves (three/two) variables of which (one/two) (is/are)

independent and the other is dependent. The independent variable(s) (is/are)

____________ and the dependent variable is ____________.

Independent Variable refers to….. (Define it conceptually or theoretically.

Make sure to insert citations to establish credibility of your definition and

and the dependent variable is .