Paper

“Kind of Poetry, Poetry and History, Vernacular poetry”

By the Group VI :

1. Niluh Michelle Natania A12118253

2. Arson Motoitanas A12119183
3. Faria yanamo A12119187
4. Miftahul Jannah A12119197
5. Latifah Endang Wulandari A12119199

Course : Introduction Literature

Class :E

English Education

Faculty of Teachery and Education

University of Tadulako

2021
 PREFACE/ACKNOLEDGMENT

Assalamu’Alaikum Wr.Wb

Alhamdulillah.

Praise the presence of Allah SWT we always say. Thanks to his gift of faith and
health, we, group 6, were able to complete a task entitled "Kinds Of Poetry, Poetry and
History and Vernacular Poetry". Do not forget to pray and greetings poured out to Great
Majesty the Rasulullah SAW whose intercession we will look forward to in the future.

The writing of this assignment is made to fulfill the assignment of the "Introduction
Literature" course. With humility, we apologize if there is a sentence mismatch and writing
errors. However, we are open to criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of
this task.

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 Table of Contents

Preface/Acknoledgment..............................................................................2

Table of Contents.......................................................................................3

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study........................................................4

1.2 Purpose of The Paper........................................................5
1.3 Problem Formulation.……….............................................5

PART II DISCUSSION

2.1 Kinds of Poetry…………..……….......................................6

2.2 Poetry and History……......................................................8
2.3 Vernacular Poetry……………….…………....……………....14

PART III CONCLUSION

REFERENCES..........................................................................................17

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 PART I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

Poetry has been around for almost four thousand years. Like other forms of
literature, poetry is written to share ideas, express emotions, and create imagery. Poets choose
words for their meaning and acoustics, arranging them to create a tempo known as the meter.
Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end in like-sounding
words. Today, poetry remains an important part of art and culture. Every year, the United
States Library of Congress appoints a Poet Laureate to represent the art of poetry in America.
From Shakespearean sonnets to Maya Angelou’s reflective compositions, poems are long-
lived, read and recited for generations. Poetry is a type of literature that conveys a thought,
describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words. Poems can
be structured, with rhyming lines and meter, the rhythm and emphasis of a line based on
syllabic beats.

Poetry is often associated not only with specialised language but with a very dense
use of such specialised language. Poems usually try to express their meaning in much less
space than, say, a novel or even a short story. Alexander Pope once explained that he
preferred to write poetry even when he wrote about philosophy because it enabled him to
express himself more briefly (Pope, Preface to An Essay on Man, 1734). As a result of its
relative brevity, poetry tends to make more concentrated use of formal elements, it displays a
tendency for structural, phonological, morphological and syntactic overstructuring, a concept
which originated in formalist and structuralist criticism. It means that poetry uses elements
such as sound patterns, verse and metre, rhetorical devices, style, stanza form or imagery
more frequently than other types of text . Obviously, not all poems use all these elements and
not all verse is poetry, as John Hollander remarks (Hollander 2001: 1). Especially modern
poets deliberately flaunt reader expectations about poetic language (see the 'found poem' in
Basic Concepts). Nonetheless, most poetry depends on the aesthetic effects of a formalised
use of language.

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1.2. Purpose of the Paper

a. Knowing the Kinds of Poetry

b. Knowing Poetry and History
c. Knowing the Vernacular Poetry

1.3. Problem Formulation

a. How many kinds of poetry?

b. What is relation between poetry and history?
c. What is Vernacular Poetry?

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 PART II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Kind Of Poetry

In addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in terms of

different genres and subgenres. A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of
poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics. Some
commentators view genres as natural forms of literature. Others view the study of genres as
the study of how different works relate and refer to other works.

The great philosopher Aristotle suggested that poetry is divided into three genres:
comedy, tragedy and epic. Aristotle claimed comedy is an imitation of what is inferior in a
way that is laughable. He then said that both tragedies and epics are made to portray suffering
in a way to produce certain effects with the only difference between the two being epics used
a one-verse form and is narrative.

Today, poetry is still considered the owner of the three main poetic forms: lyric,
narrative, dramatic. Each form can then be divided into many subdivisions, each consisting of
rhyme scheme, rhythm and/or style.

a. Lyric Poetry

An emotional writing focusing on thought and

emotion - can consist of a song-like quality.
Subdivisions include elegy, ode and sonnet. Lyric
poetry does not attempt to tell a story. Popular lyric
poemsinclude the works of Sappho, "Go, lovely Rose"
by Edmund Waller and the many sonnets of William
Shakespeare.
Christine de Pizan

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 b. Narrative Poetry
A poem which tells a story. Includes the
subdivision epic, a long story which tells of the heroic
ideals of a particular society, and ballad, which
generally tell of an event of interest such as a crime.
Ballads were originally intended to be sung while
dancing. Popular narrative works are "The Canterbury

Chaucer Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Divine Comedy" by

Dante, "Hiawatha" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
"Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe, "The Rape of Lucrece"
by Shakespeare and "The Rape of Lock" by Alexander
Pope

c. Dramatic Poetry
Any drama written in verse which is meant to be
spoken, usually to tell a story or portray a situation. The
majority of dramatic poetry is written in blank verse.
Other forms of dramatic poetry include, but are not
limited to, dramatic monologues, rhyme verse and
closet drama. Important dramatic works include those
by Shakespeare, Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe.

Goethe

These three genres--lyrical, narrative, and dramatic--create an important presence in writing

around the world and make up every type of poetry ever created.

This is because each of these three genres can easily be divided into sub-groups and those
sub-groups into more sub-groups and so on and so fortch. Essentially, they can make up an
endless amounts of styles using endless amounts of techniques. New styles are created almost
every day with the most famous being picked up by poetryjournals around the world.

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2.2 Poetry and History

a. Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language—
such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place
of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

Poetry has a long history – dating back to prehistoric times with hunting poetry in Africa, and
to panegyric and elegiac court poetry of the empires of the Nile, Niger, and Volta River valleys.Some
of the earliest written poetry in Africa occurs among the Pyramid Texts written during the 25th
century BCE. The earliest surviving Western Asian epic poetry, the Epic of Gilgamesh, was written in
Sumerian.

Early poems in the Eurasian continent evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing; or from a
need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, the Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics,
the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient Greek attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics,
focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song, and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on
features such as repetition, verse form, and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish
poetry from more objectively-informative prosaic writing.

Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretations of words, or to evoke
emotive responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhythm may convey
musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony, and other stylistic elements of
poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, figures of speech such
as metaphor, simile, and metonymy establish a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a
layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may
exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.

Some poetry types are unique to particular cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the
language in which the poet writes. Readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe,
Mickiewicz, or Rumi may think of it as written in lines based on rhyme and regular meter. There are,
however, traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other means to create rhythm and euphony.
Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, testing the principle of euphony itself or

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altogether forgoing rhyme or set rhythm. In an increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt forms,
styles, and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. Poets have contributed to the evolution of
the linguistic, expressive, and utilitarian qualities of their languages.

A Western cultural tradition (extending at least from Homer to Rilke) associates the production of
poetry with inspiration – often by a Muse (either classical or contemporary).

There are as many definitions of poetry as there are poets. William Wordsworth
defines poetry as "the spontaneous outburst of strong feelings." Emily Dickinson said, "If I
read a book and it makes my body so cold that no fire can warm me, I know it's poetry.

Here are several forms of formal poetry, from sonnets, sestines, and haiku to invented poetry,
Fibonacci poetry, and "Pollock".

What Defines Poetry?

Perhaps the most central characteristic of poetry definition is its reluctance to be defined,
labeled, or nailed down. Poetry is a marble of chiseled language. It's a canvas with paint
splashes, but poets use words instead of paint, and the canvas is you. The poetic definition of
this type of poetry revolves on itself, however, like a dog eating itself from the tail up. Let's
finish. In fact, let's get gritty. We may be able to provide an accessible definition of poetry
simply by looking at its form and purpose.

b. History

a. Early work

An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn ( 孔 子 詩 論 ), discussing

the Shijing(Classic of Poetry)

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Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy. Others, however, suggest
that poetry did not necessarily predate writing.
The oldest surviving epic poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, dates from the 3rd millennium BCE
in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq), and was written in cuneiform script on clay
tablets and, later, on papyrus. The describes an annual rite in which the king symbolically
married and mated with the goddess Inanna to ensure fertility and prosperity; some have
labelled it the world's oldest love poem. An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of
Sinuhe (c. 1800 BCE).

Aristotle

Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greekepics, the Iliad and the Odyssey;
the Avestanbooks, the Gathic Avesta and the Yasna; theRoman national
epic, Virgil's Aeneid (written between 29 and 19 BCE); and the Indian epics,
the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Epic poetry, including the Odyssey, the Gathas, and
the Indian Vedas, appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization
and oral transmission in ancient societies.
Other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs. The earliest entries in the oldest
extant collection of Chinese poetry, the Shijing, were initially lyrics.
The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and
what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"—the study of the aesthetics of
poetry. Some ancient societies, such as China's through her Shijing(Classic of Poetry),

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developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More
recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences
as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bashō's Oku no
Hosomichi, as well as differences in content spanning Tanakh religious poetry, love poetry,
and rap.

b. Western traditions

John Keats

Classical thinkers in the West employed classification as a way to define and assess
the quality of poetry. Notably, the existing fragments of Aristotle's Poetics describe three
genres of poetry—the epic, the comic, and the tragic—and develop rules to distinguish the
highest-quality poetry in each genre, based on the perceived underlying purposes of the
genre. Later aestheticians identified three major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry,
and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedyas subgenres of dramatic poetry.
Aristotle's work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age,
as well as in Europe during the Renaissance. Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished
poetry from, and defined it in opposition to prose, which they generally understood as writing
with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure.
This does not imply that poetry is illogical or lacks narration, but rather that poetry is an
attempt to render the beautiful or sublime without the burden of engaging the logical or
narrative thought-process. English Romanticpoet John Keats termed this escape from logic
"Negative capability". This "romantic" approach views form as a key element of successful
poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic.
This approach remained influential into the 20th century.

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During this period, when there was also substantially more interaction among the various
poetic traditions, in part due to the spread of European colonialism and the attendant rise in
global trade. In addition to a boom in translation, during the Romantic period numerous
ancient works were rediscovered.

c. 20th-century and 21st-century disputes

Archibald MacLeish

Some 20th-century literary theorists rely less on the ostensible opposition of prose and
poetry, instead focusing on the poet as simply one who creates using language, and poetry as
what the poet creates. The underlying concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon, and
some modernist poetsessentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with
words, and creative acts in other media. Yet other modernists challenge the very attempt to
define poetry as misguided.

The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that began in the first half
of the 20th century coincided with a questioning of the purpose and meaning of traditional
definitions of poetry and of distinctions between poetry and prose, particularly given
examples of poetic prose and prosaic poetry.

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 Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in what
traditionally would have been considered prose, although their writing was generally infused
with poetic diction and often with rhythm and tone established by non-metrical means. While
there was a substantial formalist reaction within the modernist schools to the breakdown of
structure, this reaction focused as much on the development of new formal structures and
syntheses as on the revival of older forms and structures.[31]
Postmodernism goes beyond modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to
emphasize the role of the reader of a text (hermeneutics), and to highlight the complex
cultural web within which a poem is read. Today, throughout the world, poetry often
incorporates poetic form and diction from other cultures and from the past, further
confounding attempts at definition and classification that once made sense within a tradition
such as the Western canon.
The early 21st-century poetic tradition appears to continue to strongly orient itself to
earlier precursor poetic traditions such as those initiated by Whitman, Emerson,
and Wordsworth. The literary critic Geoffrey Hartman (1929–2016) used the phrase "the
anxiety of demand" to describe the contemporary response to older poetic traditions as "being
fearful that the fact no longer has a form", building on a trope introduced by Emerson.
Emerson had maintained that in the debate concerning poetic structure where either "form" or
"fact" could predominate, that one need simply "Ask the fact for the form." This has been
challenged at various levels by other literary scholars such as Bloom (1930–2019), who has
stated: "The generation of poets who stand together now, mature and ready to write the major
American verse of the twenty-first century, may yet be seen as what Stevens called 'a great
shadow's last embellishment,' the shadow being Emerson's."

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3.3 Vernacular Poetry

Vernacular is the language of a particular group, profession, region, or country,

especially as spoken rather than formally written.
Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s, interest in vernacular forms of
English speech has developed rapidly. As R.L. Trask has pointed out, vernacular forms "are
now seen as every bit as worthy of study as standard varieties" (Language and Linguistics:
Key Concepts, 2007). A vernacular , or vernacular language is a term for a type of speech
variety , generally used to refer to a local language or dialect, as distinct from what is seen as
a standard language. The vernacular is contrasted with higher-prestige forms of language,
such as national , literary , liturgical or scientific idiom, or a lingua franca , used to facilitate
communication across a large area. The vernacular is usually native ,
normally spoken informally rather than written, and seen as of lower status than
more codified forms. It may vary from more prestigious speech varieties in different ways, in
that the vernacular can be a distinct stylistic register , a regional dialect , a sociolect , or an
independent language.

a. Sociolinguistics

Within sociolinguistics, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts.
Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.

b. As an Informal Register

In variation theory, pioneered by William Labov, language is a large set

of styles or registers from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the
moment. The vernacular is "the least self-conscious style of people in a relaxed
conversation", or "the most basic style"; that is, casual varieties used spontaneously rather
than self-consciously, informal talk used in intimate situations. In other contexts the speaker
does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one he can use without this
effort is the first form of speech acquired.

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 c. As a Non-Standard Dialect
In another theory, the vernacular is opposed to the standard. The non-standard varieties thus
defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region,
ethnicity, situation, and so forth." Both the standard and the non-standard language have
dialects, but in contrast to the standard, the non-standard have "socially disfavored"
structures. The standard are primarily written (in traditional print media) but the non-standard
are spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is African American Vernacular English.

d. As an Idealisation

A vernacular is not a real language but is "an abstract set of norms." First regional
grammar Vernacular acquires official language status through metalinguistic publications.
Between 1437 and 1586, the first grammars of Italian, Spanish, French, Dutch, German and
English were written, although not always published immediately. It must be understood that
the first remnants of these languages predate their standardization by several hundred years.

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 PART III

CONCLUSION

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 REFERENCES

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-poetry-852737
https://www.thoughtco.com/vernacular-language-1692593
https://en.wVernacularikipedia.org/wiki/

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