Colligative

Properties
Prepared By: Engr. Gil Stefan S. Mamaril, M.Sc.
 Discuss the effect of solute in a
solution using the principle of
colligative properties

Topic
Perform necessary calculations
Learning the describe these various
colligative properties.

Outcomes
Explain the process of osmosis
and describe how it is applied
industrially and in nature.
 • A property of a solution that depends
on the number, not the identity, of
solute particles.
Colligative
• Colligative properties were measured
Properties to explore the nature of a solute in
aqueous solution and its extent of
dissociation into ions (electrolyte
solutions).
 Vapour Pressure Lowering
Colligative
Properties of Boiling Point Elevation
Non-volatile
and non- Freezing Point Depression
electrolyte
Solution Osmotic Pressure
 • The vapor pressure of a solution of a non-volatile non-
electrolyte is always lower than the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent.
• Using Raoult’s Law:

𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏 = 𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 × 𝑷° 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

Vapor Pressure
Lowering (∆P) Where:
• Psol’n = vapor pressure of solution (vapor pressure of
solvent above the solution)
• Xsolvent = mole fraction of the solvent
• Pᵒsolvent = vapor pressure of pure solvent
 𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍′ 𝒏 = 𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 × 𝑷° 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

Since two-component system

Derivation of
Vapor Pressure 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1
Lowering (∆P) 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1 − 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Substitute the formula

𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = (1 − 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ) × 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = (1 − 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ) × 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Derivation of 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Vapor ∆𝑃 = 𝑃° 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
Pressure
Lowering (∆P) ∆𝑷 = 𝑷° 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 − 𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍′ 𝒏 = 𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 × 𝑷° 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

∆𝑷 = 𝑿𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 × 𝑷° 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
 Example 1 (Vapor Pressure Lowering)

Calculate the vapor pressure lowering, ∆P (in torr) when 0.137 mol of glycerol is
added to 27.4 mol of H2O at 50ᵒC. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of pure
water is 92.5 torr.

0.137 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑙 = = 4.975 × 10−3
0.137 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 27.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑃 = 𝑋𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑙 × 𝑃° 𝐻2 𝑂
∆𝑃 = 4.975 × 10−3 92.5 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
∆𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
 Example 2 (Vapor Pressure Lowering)

Calculate the vapor pressure lowering (in torr) of a solution of 2.00 grams of aspirin (molar
mass = 180.15 g/mol) in 50.0 grams of methanol (molar mass = 32 g/mol) at 21.2ᵒC. Also,
calculate the vapor pressure (in torr) of the solution. Pure methanol has a vapor pressure
of 101 torr at this temperature.

2.00 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 𝑔 = 0.011 𝑚𝑜𝑙
180.15
𝑚𝑜𝑙
50 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 = 𝑔 = 1.563 𝑚𝑜𝑙
32
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Example 2 (Vapor Pressure Lowering)

0.011 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 = = 6.989 × 10−3
0.011 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 1.563 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑃 = 𝑋𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛 × 𝑃° 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
∆𝑃 = 6.989 × 10−3 101 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
∆𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟔 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 (𝑽𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈)
∆𝑃 = 𝑃° 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = 𝑃° 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − ∆𝑃
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = 101 𝑡orr − 0.706 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍′ 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 (𝑽𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb)

• Boiling Point → it is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal

to the external pressure.
• External Pressure → atmospheric pressure

• Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb) → A solution boils at a higher temperature

than the pure solvent.

Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚
 Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚
Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛) − 𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)

Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛) = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐾𝑏 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb)

Boiling Point Elevation (ΔTb)

Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛) − 𝑇𝑏 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚

𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) − 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎
𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) = 𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎 + 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚=
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)(𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)
°𝐶
𝐾𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.512 ; 𝑇𝑏(𝐻2𝑂) = 100°𝐶
𝑚
 Example 1

What is the boiling point of 0.2 molal glucose solution? Kb of water = 0.512 °C/m
𝑇𝑏(𝐻2 𝑂) = 100°𝐶
𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) − 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎

𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′ 𝒏) = (𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎) + 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

°𝐶
𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛) = 0.512 × 0.2 𝑚 + 100°𝐶
𝑚

𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐°𝑪

 Example 2

You add 1000 grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to your car radiator
which contains 4450 grams of water. What is the boiling point of solution?
Molar mass: C = 12 g/mol ; H = 1 g/mol; O = 16 g/mol
Solution: Determine the molality of ethylene glycol solution
𝑔
MW or molar mass C2H6O2 = 12 × 2 + 1 × 6 + 16 × 2 = 62
𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑘𝑔
Kg H2O = 4450 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 4.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
1000 𝑔
 Example 2

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2
𝑚𝐶2𝐻6𝑂2 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2 )(𝐾𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)
1000 𝑔 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2
𝑚𝐶2𝐻6𝑂2 = 𝑔
(62 )(4.45 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2 = 3.625 𝑚 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2
 Example 2

Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚
𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) − 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎
𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′ 𝒏) = (𝑲𝒃 × 𝒎) + 𝑻𝒃 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

°𝐶
𝑇𝑏(𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛) = 0.512 × 3.625 𝑚 + 100°𝐶
𝑚

𝑻𝒃(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟔°𝑪

 • Freezing Point Depression (ΔTf) → the solution
freezes at a lower temperature than the solvent

Freezing Point Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚

Depression
(ΔTf) Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚
Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Freezing Point
Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Depression
𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
(ΔTf) 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚

𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚

Freezing Point
𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚
Depression
(ΔTf) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚=
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)(𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)
°𝐶
𝐾𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.86 ; 𝑇𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) = 0.0°𝐶
𝑚
 Example 1

What is the freezing point of 0.111 molal urea solution? Kf of water = 1.86 °C/m
𝑇𝑓(𝐻2 𝑂) = 0.0°𝐶
𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚
𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) = 𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕) − 𝑲𝒇 × 𝒎
°𝐶
𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛) = 0.0°𝐶 − (1.86 × 0.111 𝑚)
𝑚
𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟔°𝑪
 You add 1150 grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)
antifreeze to your car radiator which contains 4000
grams of water. What is the freezing point of solution?
Molar mass: C = 12 g/mol ; H = 1 g/mol; O = 16 g/mol
Solution: Determine the molality of ethylene glycol
Example 2 solution
Molar mass of C2H6O2 =
𝑔
12 × 2 + 1 × 6 + 16 × 2 = 62
𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑘𝑔
Kg H2O = 4000 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 4.0 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
1000 𝑔
Example 2

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2
𝑚𝐶2𝐻6 𝑂2 =
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2 )(𝐾𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)
1150 𝑔 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2
𝑚𝐶2𝐻6 𝑂2 = 𝑔
(62 )(4. 0 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂)
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝐶2 𝐻6𝑂2 = 4.637 𝑚 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂2

 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚
𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) = 𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕) − 𝑲𝒇 × 𝒎
°𝐶
𝑇𝑓(𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛) = 0.0°𝐶 − (1.86 × 4.637 𝑚)
𝑚

𝑻𝒇(𝒔𝒐𝒍′𝒏) = −𝟖. 𝟔𝟐𝟓°𝑪

Example 2
 • Osmosis – when two solutions of different concentrations are
separated by semi-permeable membrane, one that allows
solvent, but not the solute, molecules to pass through.

• Osmotic Pressure – defined as the applied pressure required

to prevent the net movement of water from solvent to
Osmotic solution.

Pressure (∏)
Osmotic Pressure (∏)
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
∏= 𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
∏ = 𝑴𝑹𝑻
Where:
∏ = osmotic pressure
M = concentration of solution in molarity
T = temperature in kelvin (K = ᵒC + 273.15)
𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇℃ + 273.15
R = gas constant
0.08205 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∙ 𝐿
R=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
 Example 1

A 0.30 M solution of sucrose that is at 37ᵒC has approximately the same osmotic
pressure as blood does. What is the osmotic pressure of blood (in atm)?
𝑇𝐾 = 37 + 273.15 = 310.15 𝐾

∏ = 𝑀𝑅𝑇

𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.08205 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∙ 𝐿

∏ = 0.30 (310.15 𝐾)
𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
∏ = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟒 𝐚𝐭𝐦
Example 2
A 5 grams of glucose (Molar mass glucose = 180 g/mol) is dissolved in water to make 1200
mL solution. What is the osmotic pressure of the solution at 30ᵒC?

Solution: Convert mL to L. Solve for molarity of solution

K = 30 + 273.15 = 303.15 𝐾

1𝐿
L sol’n = 1200 𝑚𝐿 = 1.2 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛
1000 𝑚𝐿

5 𝑔 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝑀𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝑔 = 0.023 𝑀 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
180 1.2 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Example 2
∏ = 𝑀𝑅𝑇

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∙ 𝐿
∏ = 0.023 0.08205 303.15 𝐾
𝐿 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾

∏ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎
 • Silberberg (2004). “Chemistry. The
Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change, 4th edition” McGraw – Hill
International Edition
• Zumdahl and Zumdahl (2012).
References “Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach,
1st edition” Cengage Learning
• Masterton and Hurley (2016).
“Chemistry: Principles and Reactions
8th edition” Cengage Learning
Thank You!