The crude oils are added to a column and burnt at very high temperatures.

The crude oil is then

separated into different length hydrocarbons and the lighter, shorter hydrocarbons are gathered near
the top of the fractional distillation chamber. The different hydrocarbons are then taken out the
chambers and are used for different things such as car fuel, jet fuel or lube. Mention temperature
decreases as you go up the column, crude oil must be vaporized, when boiling point is reached, they
love the column as a liquid and are separated, group of chain lengths.

05/12/2023

CH2=CH2 + Br2 -> BrCH2BrCH2

C11H24 -> C6H14 + C5H10 (Hexane + Pent-2-ene

It forms a smaller alkane hydrocarbon and an alkene hydrocarbon which uses up the remaining
carbon atoms. The alkenes are unsaturated meaning they are branched.

Catalysts

Speed up the rate of reaction but are not chemically changed or used up in the reaction. May be
specific for a particular reaction – applies especially to enzymes in biological reactions.

Homogeneous catalysts – reactants are catalyst in same state.

Heterogeneous catalysts – reactants and catalysts in different states.

Catalysts are usually solid.

Heterogeneous catalysts – Reactants are absorbed onto catalyst surface – i.e., weak bonds formed
between reactants and catalysts. Bonds within reactant molecules are weakened and break. New
bonds form between the reactants. The product(s) leave the catalyst surface.

In heterogeneous catalysis, catalysts poised by a chemical binding to surface, poison bonds

irreversibly with catalyst.

Catalysts can sometimes be regenerated by blowing hot air over catalyst – oxidises chemical on
surface. Used to remove carbon (soot) after catalytic cracking.