SEMESTER SPRING-2023

SUBMITTED BY
Sr.no Student name Roll. no

1 MISL-E-NOOR 19024160-014

2 ANIQA MARYAM 19024160-001

3 MEERAB BAJWA 19024160-011

4 ZEESHA ABBAS 19024160-017

5 ISRAR TARIQ 19024160-034

6 MUHAMMAD SUFYAN 19024160-041

TO: DR HAMMAD

BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS

BS BIOTECHNOLOGY (8TH-EVENING)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

Synonyms:
Caustic potash
Linear Formula:
KOH
CAS Number:
1310-58-3
Molecular Weight:
56.11

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound which is denoted by the chemical formula KOH.
Potassium hydroxide is also known as caustic potash, lye, and potash lye. This alkali metal hydroxide is a
very powerful base. The aqueous form of potassium hydroxide appears as a clear solution. In its solid
form, KOH can exist as white to slightly yellow lumps, flakes, pellets, or rods. No characteristic odor can
be attributed to this compound in its solid-state Structure.
At higher temperatures, solid KOH crystallizes in the NaCl crystal structure. The OH− group is either
rapidly or randomly disordered so that it is effectively a spherical anion of radius 1.53 Å
(between Cl− and F− in size). At room temperature, the OH− groups are ordered and the environment about
the K+ centers is distorted, with K+−OH− distances ranging from 2.69 to 3.15 Å, depending on the
orientation of the OH group. KOH forms a series of crystalline hydrates, namely the monohydrate KOH
· H2O, the dihydrate KOH · 2H2O, and the tetrahydrate KOH.

 Composition
Substance
 Product name: Potassium hydroxide
 Synonyms: KOH, POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
 CAS: 1310-58-3
 EC number: 215-181-3
 MF: KOH
 MW: 56.11

Element Symbol Atomic Mass Number of Atoms Mass Percent

Kalium K 39.0983 1 69.687%

Oxygen O 15.9994 1 28.517%
Hydrogen H 1.00794 1 1.797%
  Firefighting measures

Extinguishing media
 Suitable extinguishing media
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
 Unsuitable extinguishing media
For this substance/mixture, no limitations on extinguishing agents are given.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

 Potassium oxides are not combustible.
 Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapors.

Advice for firefighters

 Stay in the danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by
keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.

Further information
 Gives off hydrogen by reaction with metals. Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating
surface water or the groundwater system.

Short exposure could cause serious temporary or moderate residual injury

HEALTH 3
(e.g. liquid hydrogen, sulfuric acid, calcium hypochlorite, hexafluorosilicic acid)

Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically
noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand. Materials that will not
FIRE 0
burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 820 °C (1,500 °F) for a period of 5
minutes.(e.g. Carbon tetrachloride)

Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures
REACT 1
(e.g. propene)

SP
EC. OX
HAZ.

NITRIC ACID

Nitric acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HNO3. It is a highly corrosive mineral acid.[6] The
compound is colorless, but older samples tend to be yellow-cast due to decomposition into oxides of
nitrogen. Most commercially available nitric acid has a concentration of 68% in water. When the solution
contains more than 86% HNO3, it is referred to as fuming nitric acid. Depending on the amount
of nitrogen dioxide present, fuming nitric acid is further characterized as red-fuming at concentrations
above 86%, or white-fuming nitric acid at concentrations above 95%.
Nitric acid is the primary reagent used for nitration – the addition of a nitro group, typically to an organic
molecule. While some resulting nitro compounds are shock- and thermally-sensitive explosives, a few are
stable enough to be used in munitions and demolition, while others are still more stable and used as
pigments in inks and dyes. Nitric acid is also commonly used as a strong oxidizing agent.
  Composition
Substance
 Product name: Nitric acid
 Synonyms: nitric acid, HNO3
 MF: HNO3

 Firefighting measures

Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
 Dry powder Dry sand

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Advice for firefighters

 Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Further information
 Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury (e.g. hydrogen
HEALTH 4
cyanide, phosgene, methyl isocyanate, hydrofluoric acid)

Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically
noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand. Materials that will
FIRE 0
not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 820 °C (1,500 °F) for a period of
5 minutes.(e.g. Carbon tetrachloride)

Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with
REACT 0
water (e.g. helium, N2)

SPEC.
OX
HAZ.