REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
MOST PROBABLE VALUE (mpv)
-refers to a quantity which, based on available
data, has more chances of being correct than
has any other.
∑ 𝑋𝑛
𝑚𝑝𝑣 =
𝑛
PROBLEMS:
1. A surveying instructor sent out six groups of
students to measure a distance between two
points marked on the ground. The students
came up with the following six different values:
250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50, 251.22
meters. Assuming values are equally reliable
and that variations result from accidental
errors, determine the most probable value of
the distance measured. (Ans.250.51m)
2. The observed interior angles of a triangle is A
= 35deg14min37sec, B = 96deg30min9sec, and
C = 48deg15min5sec. Determine the
discrepancy for the given observation and the
most probable value of each angle (Ans.
+03secs)
RESIDUAL
-sometimes referred to as the deviation, is
defined as the difference between any
measured value of a quantity and its most
probable value.
𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑝𝑣
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
PROBABLE ERROR 3. The following values were determined in a
series of tape measurements of a line:
-is a quantity which, when added to and 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.40, and
subtracted from the most probable value, 1000.46 meters. Determine the following:
defines a range within which there is a 50
percent chance that the true value of the a. Most probable value of the measured length
measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the (1000.45m)
limits thus set.
b. Probable error of a single measurement and
PROBABLE ERROR OF ANY SINGLE probable error of the mean (±0.05𝑚, ±0.02𝑚)
MEASUREMENT OF A SERIES
c. Relative precision of the measurement
∑𝑣 2 (1/20000, 1/50000)
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = ±0.6745√
(𝑛 − 1) WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN PROBLEMS:
∑ 𝑣2 4. Four measurements of a distance were
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑚 = ±0.6745√ recorded as 284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
284.20 meters and given weights of 1, 2, 3, and
RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION 4, respectively. Determine the weighted mean.
(284.20m)
-is expressed by a fraction having the
magnitude of the error in the numerator and 5. It is desired to determine the most probable
the magnitude of the measured quantity in the value of an angle which has been measured at
denominator. different times by different observers with
equal care. The values observed were as
1
𝑅. 𝑃. = 𝑚𝑝𝑣 follows: 74°39’45” (in two measurements),
𝑃. 𝐸. 74°39’27” (in four measurements), and
74°39’35” (in six measurements). (Ans.
74°39’34”)
6. Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a
PROBLEMS: point are run over four different routes. The
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

observed elevations of the point with probable of the sum and the most probable value of the TACHYMETRY-based on the instruments
errors are given below. Determine the most perimeter. (±0.07m) employed and is an indirect method of
probable value of the elevation of the point. measurement.
(Ans.219.847m) 8. The two sides of a rectangular lot were
measured with certain estimated probable a. STADIA METHOD – provides a rapid
LINE OBSERVED PROBABLE errors as follows: W = 253.36 ± 0.06m and L = means of determining horizontal distances
ELEVATION ERROR 624.15 ± 0.08m. Determine the area of the lot with RP of only between 1/300 to 1/1000
1 219.832 m ±0.006𝑚 and the probable error in the resulting
2 219.930 ±0.012𝑚 calculation. (±42.58sq.m.) b. SUBTENSE BAR METHOD – is
3 219.701 ±0.018𝑚 convenient and practical device used for quick
4 220.021 ±0.024𝑚 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES: and accurate measurement of horizontal
distances with RP of 1/3000
1. DISTANCE BY PACING
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS 4. DISTANCE BY GRAPHICAL AND
PACING - consists of counting the number of MATHEMATICAL METHODS
1. SUMMATION OF ERRORS. steps or paces in a required distance.
5. DISTANCE BY MECHANICAL DEVICES (eg.
2 2 2 2 PACE - is defined as the length of a step in Odometer, measuring wheel, optical
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = ±√𝑃𝐸1 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝑃𝐸3 + ⋯ 𝑃𝐸𝑛
walking. rangefinder, etc)
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚
STRIDE - equivalent to two paces or a double 6. DISTANCE BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
2. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. step
PROBLEMS:
𝑃. 𝐸. ( )2 + (𝑄 𝑥 𝑃𝐸 RP = 1/200
=
)2 ±√ 𝑄 𝑥 𝑃𝐸
𝑝 1 2 2 1
9. A 45-m course, AB, on level ground was
PACE FACTOR-the length of one’s pace paced by a surveyor for the purpose of
𝑃. 𝐸.𝑝 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
determining his pace factor. The numbers of
2. DISTANCE BY TAPING
PROBLEMS: paces for each trial are 50, 53, 51, 53, 52, and
TAPING-consists of stretching a calibrated tape 53 paces.
7. The three sides of a triangular-shaped tract
between two points and reading the distance
of land is given by the following measurements REQUIREMENTS:
indicated in the tape.
and corresponding probable errors: a =
162.54±0.03m, b = 234.26±0.05m, and c = a. Determine his pace factor. (0.865m/pace)
RP = 1/1000 to 1/25000 or better
195.70±0.04m. Determine the probable error
b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770,
3. DISTANCE BY TACHYMETRY
772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.


distance CD, what is the length of the line?
(666.1m)
c. Assuming that the tape length of line CD is
667.0m, determine the relative precision of
the measurement performed.(1/741)
10. A stadia rod held at a distance point B is
sighted by an instrument set up at A. The
upper
and lower stadia hair reading were observed
as 1.3000m and 0.900m, respectively. If the
stadia interval factor (K) is 100, and the
instrument constant (C) is zero, determine the
length of line AB. (40.0m)
11. The following subtended angles were read
on a 2-m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0°54’13”, 0°22’20”, 0°32’6”, and 0°19’46”.
Compute the horizontal distance from the
theodolite to each position of the bar.
(126.81m, 307.86m, 214.19m, 347.83m)
12. A subtense bar 2.000 meters long is set up
near the middle of a traverse line PQ. Using a
theodolite set up at P, the angle subtended
reads 0°20’14”. When the theodolite was
transferred and set up at Q, the corresponding
subtended angle was observed as 0°23’47”.
Determine the horizontal length of line PQ.
(628.90m)
TAPE CORRECTIONS
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
GENERAL RULE: 2. CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE, 𝑪𝒉
-when measuring, tape “too long”, ADD the A. GENTLE SLOPE (LESS THAN 20%)
correction; “tape too short”, SUBTRACT the
correction. ℎ2
𝐶ℎ =
2𝑠
-when laying-out, tape “too long”, SUBTRACT
B. STEEP SLOPES (BETWEEN 20% TO
the correction; “tape too short”, ADD the
30%)
correction.
2 4
1. CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE 𝐶ℎ = ℎ + ℎ 3
2𝑠 8𝑠
LENGTH
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑈𝐴𝐿 𝐿𝐸𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐻 − 𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑆𝑈𝑅𝐸𝐷 𝐿𝐸𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐻
C. VERY STEEP SLOPES (GREATER
THAN 30%)
13. The length of a line AB measured with a 50-
m tape is 465.285m. When the tape is 𝐶ℎ = 𝑠(1 − cos 𝜃)
compared with a standardized invar tape it is
3. CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, 𝑪𝑻
found to be 0.016m too long in almost the
same conditions of support, tension, and 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆)
temperature that existed during measurement
of the line. Determine the correct length of AB. 4. CORRECTION DUE TO PULL/TENSION, 𝑪𝑷
(465.434m) (𝑃𝑀 − 𝑃𝑆)𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸
14. A rectangular lot was measured using a 50-
m steel tape which was found to be 0.025m too 5. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG, 𝑪𝑺
short. If the recorded length and width of the
lot are 180.455m and 127.062m, respectively, 𝑤2𝐿3 𝑊 2𝐿
𝐶𝑆 = =
determine the following: 24𝑃2 24𝑃2
a. actual dimensions of the lot. (126.998m by
180.365m)
15. Slope distances AB and BC measures
b. error in area introduced due to the 330.49m and 660.97m, respectively. The
differences in elevation are 12.22m for points
erroneous length of tape. (22.979sq.m.)
A and B, and 10.85m for points B and C. Using
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

the

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.


approximate slope correction formula for
gentle slopes, determine the horizontal length
of line ABC. Assume that the line AB has a
rising slope and BC a falling slope. (991.14m)
16. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear
expansion of 0.0000116/°Celsius is known to
be 50m long at 20°C. The tape was used to
measure a line which was found to be 532.28
meters long when the temperature was 35°C.
Determine the following:
a. temperature correction per tape length.
(+0.0087m)
b. temperature correction for the measured
line. (+0.0926m)
c. correct length of the line. (532.37m)
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45kg is of
standard length under a pull of 5kg, supported
for a full length. The tape was used in
measuring a line 938.55m long on smooth
level ground under a steady pull of 10kg.
Assuming E
= 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and the unit weight of
steel to be 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3, determine the
following:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape. (0.06cm^2)
b. correction for increase in tension.
(+0.00125m)
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
c. correct length of the line measured. 458.650m. At the time
(938.59m)
18. A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04kg/m and is
supported at its end points and at the 8-m and
25-m marks. If a pull of 6kg is applied,
determine the following:
a. correction due to sag between the 0-m and
8-m marks, 8-m and 25-m marks, and the 25-m
and 50-m marks. (0.0009m, 0.0091m, 0.0289m)
b. correction due to sag for one tape length.
(0.0389m)
c. correct distance between the ends of the
tape. (49.9611m)
19. A steel tape weighing 0.85kg has a cross-
sectional area of 0.05cm^2. The tape measures
exactly 30.00m when supported throughout its
entire length under a standard pull of 5.5kg. If
the modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6
kg/cm^2, determine the tension required to
make the tape equal to its nominal length
when supported only at the end points.
(16.75kg)
20. A 50-m steel tape is of standard length
under a pull of 5.5kg when supported
throughout its entire length. The tape weighs
0.05kg/m, has a cross-sectional area at
0.04sq.cm, and being made of steel, its
modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
This tape was used in the field to measure a
distance that was determined to be
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

the measurement was made, the constant

pull applied was 8kg with the tape supported
only at its end points. Determine the correct
length of the line. (456.832m)

LEVELING

It is the process of directly or indirectly

measuring vertical distances to determine
the

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

elevation of points and their differences in 23. A woman standing on a beach can just see
elevation. the top of a lighthouse 24.140km away. If her STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV,m
eye height above sea level is 1.738m, BM.a 0.95 125.50
Leveling Methods:
determine the height of the lighthouse above 0+00 3.0
1. Direct or Spirit leveling the sea level. +10 2.3
TP1 3.13 0.64
2. Reciprocal leveling DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
0+22 2.7
3. Profile leveling 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑉 𝐵𝑀1 + 𝐵𝑆 2.8
+30.5
4. Trigonometric leveling 𝐸𝐿𝐸𝑉 𝑇𝑃1 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆 3.1
+34.2
5. Stadia leveling 24. Complete the differential level notes
0.5
shown below and perform the customary
+39.3
6. Barometric leveling arithmetic check.
0.8
7. Cross-section leveling STA BS HI FS ELEV +42.5
BM1 1.256 127.133 TP2 2.16 1.28
8. Borrow-pit leveling TP1 1.116 1.886 +45 0.9
TP2 1.228 1.527 1.2
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION
BM2 1.189 2.246 +48.6
𝒉𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝑲 𝟐 BM3 1.070 2.017 +50 1.7
TP3 1.831 2.656 2.8
21. Determine the combined effects of the BM4 2.765 +53.7
earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction 25. The accompanying schematic arrangement TP3 0.82 2.37
of lines portrays a differential level route. The TP4 1.35 3.50
on sight distances of 60m, 90m, 120m, 150m, values indicated represent backsight and +75 3.0
and 500m. foresight readings taken at different points as BM.b 1.99
labeled. Prepare and complete differential
22. A man on the shore standing close to the
level notes for the information shown and
sea’s water edge looks out toward the MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
show the customary arithmetic check.
direction of the sea. If his eyes measure 1.72m
above sea level, determine how far out to the Conversion:
26. Complete the following set of profile level
sea is his visible horizon, neglecting the effect notes and show the customary arithmetic 1 Degree = 60 minutes = 360 seconds
of waves. check.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

360 Degrees = 400 Grads
1 Grad = 100 Centesimal Minutes
1Centesimal Minutes = 100Centesimal seconds
1 revolution = 6400 mils = 360°
2π radians = 360°
31. Convert 270° into its equivalent value in
grads, mils, and radians.
BEARING – (of the line) is the acute horizontal
angle between the reference meridian and the
line.
AZIMUTH – (of the line) is its direction is given
by the angle between the meridian and the
line measured in a clockwise direction from
either the north or south branch of the
meridian.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION PROBLEMS:
32. The magnetic declination in a location is
2°30’ E. Determine the true bearing and true
azimuths reckoned from north and south of
the following lines whose magnetic bearings
are given:
a. AB, N 25°40’ E
b. AC, S 50°12’ E
c. AD, S 62°18’ W
33. In a compass traverse made fifty years ago TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
the observed magnetic bearing of a reference
LAT = Dcosα DEP = Dsinα
line XY was S 50°18’ E when the magnetic
declination was 8°15’ east. Lately in 1986, a
LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE
new survey was made and the declination in
the same survey site changed to 12°10’ west. 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳𝑬𝑪 = √𝑪𝑳 + 𝑪𝑫
Determine the following description of line XY:
a. Its true bearing. −𝑪𝑫
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
−𝑪𝑳
b. The true azimuth from south.
CD − closure in departure or the algebraic
c. Its new magnetic bearing.
sum of the east and west departures
d. The magnetic azimuth from south in 1986.
CL − closure in latitude or the algebraic
INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE
sum of the north and south latitudes
34. The interior angle of a five-sided closed
RELATIVE PRECISION
traverse were measured as follows:
LEC
A = 118°30’ RP =
D
B = 95°33’ 35. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
the observed data for a closed traverse
C = not measured
obtained from a transit – tape survey.
D = 134°10’ Determine the following quantities: latitude
and departure of each course, linear error of
E = 140°50’ closure, bearing of the side of error, and the
precision of the measurement. Tabulate
If all observed angles are assumed to be
observed and computed values according to
correct, determine the interior angle at C. Also
the usual format.
determine the bearing of each line if the
bearing of line AB is N 15°30’ E. Tabulate
LINE LENGTH AZIMUTH FROM
values accordingly.
(m) NORTH (α)

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

AB 233.10m 122°30’ BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E

BC 242.05 85°15’ CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
CD 191.50 20°00’ DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
DE 234.46 333°35’ EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
EF 270.65 254°08’ FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
FA 252.38 213°00’ *TRANSIT RULE

𝑳𝒂𝒕 (𝑪𝑳) 𝑫𝒆𝒑 (𝑪𝑫)

TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENTS 𝒄𝒍 = 𝒄𝒅 =
∑ 𝑵𝑳 − ∑ 𝑺𝑳 ∑ 𝑬𝑫 − ∑ 𝑾𝑫

*COMPASS RULE (BOWDITCH RULE) 37. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
𝒅 𝒅 the observed data for a traverse obtained from
𝒄𝒍 = 𝑪 𝑳 ( ) 𝒄𝒅 = 𝑪 𝑫 ( ) a transit – tape survey. Determine the
𝑫 � latitudes and departures of each course and
𝐂𝐋 = ∑ NL + ∑ SL ; 𝐂𝐃 = ∑ ED + ∑ balance these quantities by employing the
WD compass rule. Also determine the linear error
of closure, bearing of the side of error, and the
ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS relative error of closure. Tabulate values
accordingly.
L′ = √LAT′2 + DEP′2
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING
DEP′ AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E
tan 𝛼 =
LAT′ BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E
CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
36. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
the observed data for a traverse obtained from INTERVISIBILITY OF STATIONS
EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
a transit – tape survey. Determine the latitudes
FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
and departures of each course and balance (OBSERVING TOWERS)
these quantities by employing the compass
rule. Also determine the linear error of closure, Two hills A and C have elevations of 600m and
bearing of the side of error, and the relative 800 m, respectively. In between A and C is
error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly. another hill B which has an elevation of 720 m
and is located at 12 km from A and 10 km from
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING C.
AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

1. Determine the height to be reduced so that a. 121.60 m b. 162.45 m A closed traverse has the following data:
station C will be visible from A. c. 175.10 m d. 146.35 m

a. 15.32 m b. 18.95 m 5. Compute the bearing of line AD.

c. 23.69 m d. 34.58 m a. S 69054’ E b. S 85040’ E

c. S 88031’ E d. S 80025’ E
2. What height of tower must be constructed
at C so that it could be visible from A with the 6. Compute the distance DE.
line of sight having a clearance of 2 m above
hill B? a. 126.59 m b. 109.32 m
c. 95.68 m d. 120.61 m
a. 44.12 m b. 56.23 m
The sides and bearing of a triangular lot are
c. 68.59 m d. 38.41 m AB, N 400 E, BC, S 200 E, and CA, N 800 W. A
point D
3. What height of equal towers A and C that
is marked on side BC such that line AB divided
could be constructed so that A, B and C will be
the triangle into two parts with the area of
intervisible with 2 m clearance at B.
ABD equal to 1/3 of the whole area of 14,400
a. 20.95 m b. 10.58 m m 2.

c. 35.62 m d. 52.14 m 7. Determine the distance from C to

D. a. 121.57 m b. 152.40 m
c. 275.50 m d. 245.60 m

8. Determine the length of line AD.

PARTITION OF LAND
a. 180.41 m b. 160.83 m
A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides, namely: c. 170.59 m d. 150.70 m
AB, N 450, 160 m long, BC and CA both 190 m
long in clockwise direction. From point E, 100 9. Compute the bearing of line AD.
m from A and on side AB, a dividing line runs
a. N 47015’ E b. N 5101’ E
to D which is on side CA. The area of ADE is to
c. N 5906’ E d. N 35010’ E
be 2/5 of the total area of the lot.
OMMITTED MEASUREMENTS
4. Determine the distance from A to D.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

Course Distance(m) Bearing

1-2 58.70 N 9.270E
2-3 27.30 S 88.430 E
3-4
4-5 35.00 S 5.300E
5-1 78.96 S 72.070 W
10. What is the length of course 3-

4? a. 39.32 m b. 37.58

m
c. 38.65 m d. 35.20 m

A closed traverse has the following data:

Course Distance (m) Bearing

AB 24.22 S 15036’ W
BC 15.92 S 69011’ E
CD N 57058’ E
DA S 80°43’W
11. Find the distance DA.

a. 73.21 m b. 77.46 m
c. 75.01 m d. 79.80 m

A closed traverse has the following data:

Line Distance (m) Bearing

AB 64.86 N 72010’ E
BC 107.72 S 48013’ E
CD 44.37 S 35030’ W
DE 137.84
EA 12.83
12. Find the bearing of line DE?

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

a. N 56055’ W b. N 53041 W Given below are the corresponding data of a position of the sounding vessel which is to
c. N 50014’ W d. N 59022’ W computation for the area given with missing
data.
AREA COMPUTATIONS

Given the table shown below

Course LAT DEP DMD 2A
1-2 +60 +16
Course Distance (m) Bearing
2-3 +70 -1,428
AB 668.15 N 58032’ W
3-4 +14 +186 -5,580
BC 670.32 S 35010’ W
4-5 -28
CD 610.68
5-1 +12 -46
DE 515.32
16. Compute the bearing of line 3-4.
EA 448.50 N 70040’ E
13. Calculate the bearing of line CD. a. S 30010’ E b. S 2501’ E
c. S 30010’ W d. S 2501’ W
a. N 42029’ E b. S 42029’ E
c. S 42029’ W d. N 42029’ W 17. Compute the DMD of line 4-5. be located. If b = 6925.50m, c = 6708.40m,
angle BAC = 112°45’25”, angle alpha =
14. Calculate the bearing of line DE. a. +254 b. +146 25°32’40”, and angle beta = 45°35’50”:
a. N 13020’ E b. N 13031’ E c. +110 d. +362 19. Compute the length of AP
c. N 12029’E d. N 13029’ W
18. Compute the area of the whole lot. (1 acre
15. Calculate the area of the traverse.
20. Compute the length of BP
= 43, 560 ft2)

a. 35.55 ha b. 38.27 ha 21. Compute the length of CP

a. 1.18 acres b. 2.37 acres
c. 42.89 ha d. 102.10 ha c. 3.27 acres d. 4.58 acres

THREE-POINT PROBLEM HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

In the accompanying figure, A, B, and C are The NAWASA engineers conducted a
three known control stations and P is the hydrographic survey on one of the

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.


reservoirs in order to determine the
capacity and to check out whether this
reservoir is capable of serving the water
needs of the adjacent municipalities.
Parallel ranges were established along the
reservoir and sounding was taken at
certain distances as shown below. What
would be the capacity of the reservoir by:
22. End – Area method
23. Prismoidal method
24. Determine the difference in capacity
between End-Area and Prismoidal
method.
PROBLEM SET IN REVIEW IN SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING:
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
1. The measured length of airport runways in Determine the length of each property in
five major cities in the Philippines are: meters.
1250.00, 1375.50, 1410.75, 1550.25, and
1750.00 meters. Determine the equivalent 4. Following are the dimensions for length,
length of each runway in kilometers, width, and depth of five excavated borrow pits
decimeters, and centimeters. Tabulate values for a highway project:
accordingly.
a) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m
2. Given the dimensions of the following tracts
b) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
of land:
c) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
a) 108.75m by 76.82m
d) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
b) 940.08m by 1296.73m
e) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m
c) 13.36m by 50.08m
Determine the volume of each pit in cubic
d) 1258.30m by 624.03m
meters.
e) 8476.55m by 121.79m
5. Given the approximate flat area and depth
Determine the area of each tract in square of excavation of the following borrow pits:
meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares.
a) 3750.0 sq m and 758.0 m
3. Given the area and width of the following
b) 0.035 sq km and 180.0 m
rectangular-shaped pieces of property:
c) 15.6 ares and 495.0 m
a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
d) 9.250 ha and 250.0 m
b) 125.42 sq m and 545.0 cm
e) 46750 sq m and 195.0 m
c) 0.85 sq km and 925.09 m
Determine the volume of earth removed from
d) 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
each pit in cubic meters.
e) 42545.19 sq m and 346.72 m

6. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700,
4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00, 9.5 x
10^8, 4.00 x 10^7, 2.604 x 10^18, and 3.00 x
10^-6. For each number, identify the
significant figures and state the number of
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
7. Given the following numbers: 0.333333,
0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and 16.3545.
Round off each number to three, four, and five
figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
8. The three angles of a triangle were
measured with the following results: A =
42°05’, B = 115°38’, and C = 22°08’. Determine
the most probable value of each angle.
9. The angles about a point have the following
observed values: 87°07’50”, 125°17’20”, and
147°35’20”. Determine the most probable
value of the three angles.
10. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were
observed to be: A = 100°35’40”, B =
118°44’15”, C = 80°54’35”, and D = 59°45’50”.
Determine the most probable value of each of
these angles.
11. A quantity was measured ten times with
the following results: 34.630, 34.626, 34.634,
34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633,
34.625, and 34.624 meters. Determine the
probable error of the mean and the relative
precision of the mean.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
12. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 difference
students in his class out to measure a distance
between two points marked on a runway. The
students working in group of four came up
with 10 different measurements as follows:
920.45, 921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15,
921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, 921.35 meters.
Assuming these values are equally reliable and
that variations result only from accidental
errors, determine the relative precision of a
single measurement and the relative precision
of the mean.
13. The following values were determined in a
series of rod readings made under identical
conditions: 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309,
3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313
meters. Determine the following: most
probable value of the observed rod readings,
probable error of a single measurement and of
the mean, and the relative precision of a single
measurement and of the mean.
14. A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65
m. The same line measured 338.37 m on a
calm day. If the latter measurement is given
four times the reliability of the first, determine
the most probable value of the measured line.
15. A distance AB is measured five times as
610.03, 610.01, 610.05, 610.04, and 610.02
meters. The measurements were given
weights of 3, 2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by the
head tapeman. Determine the weighted mean
for distance AB. Also, determine what
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

results if later judgment revises the weights to

2, 3, 1, 3 and 2.

16. An angle ABC is measured at different

times using various instruments and
procedures. The results, which are assigned
certain weights, are as follows: 75°09’26”,
weight of 4; 75°09’25”, weight of 3; and
75°09’27”, weight of 1. Determine the most
probable value of the angle measured.

17. In this problem the weight of an angle is

assumed to be proportional to the number of
times it has been measured in repetition. Five
angles in a pentagon were measured with the
following results: 134°44’35”, 167°02’05”,
86°15’20”, 75°48’50”, and 76°08’50”. If the
number of repetitions for each measurement
were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4, respectively, determine
the adjusted values of the angles.

18. Two sides and the included angle of a

triangle were measured and the probable
errors of each value were computed as
follows: a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75 m
± 0.06 m, and the angle C = 57°15’45”.
Determine the area of the triangle and the
probable error of the area.

19. Three sides of a triangle were measured

with the following results: a = 1431.20 m ±
0.02 m, b = 570.77 m ± 0.03 m, and c =
1767.15 m ±
0.04 m. Determine the angles in the triangle
together with the probable errors of the
angles.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.


20. A line AE is divided into segments for
measurement with a tape. The results were AB
= 134.10 m ± 0.040 m, BC = 320. 63 m ± 0.055
m, CD = 173.73 m ± 0.056 m, and DE = 160.85
m figure were measured with certain estimated
± 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line and
the probable error of the measured length.
21. The difference in elevation between two
ground points was measured by each of three
field parties using different kinds of leveling
instruments. The results are as follows: 1 st
party, DE = 18.45 m ± 0.05 m; 2 nd party, DE =
18.40 m ± 0.04 m; 3rd party, DE = 18.48 m ±
0.05
m. Determine the most probable difference in
elevation between the two ground points.
22. The four approximately equal sides of a
tract of land were measured and the
measurements included the following errors: ±
0.085 m, ± 0.014 m, ± 0.175 m, and ± 0.205 m,
respectively. Determine the probable for the
total length (or perimeter) of the tract.
23. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land
are given by the following measurements and
corresponding probable errors: 221.63 m ±
0.004 m, 235.70 m ± 0.002 m, 196.05 m ±
0.005 m, 296.13 m ± 0.012 m, and 303.18 m ±
0.015
m. Determine the probable error of the sum of
the five measurements and the most probable
value of the perimeter.
24. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
being 226.25 m ± 0.03 m and 307.28 m ± 0.04
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
m. Determine the area of the figure and the
probable error of the area.
25. The base and altitude of triangular-shaped
probable errors as follows: b = 425.67 m ± 0.07
m and h = 138.63 m ± 0.06 m. Determine the
area of the figure and the probable error in the
resulting calculations.
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
1. In walking along a 75-m course, the pacer of
a field party counted 43.50, 44.00, 43.75, 44.50,
and 43.25 strides. Then 105.50, 106.00, 105.75,
and 106.25 strides were counted in walking
from one marker to another established along a
straight and level course. Determine the
distance between the two markers.
2. A student paces a 50-m length five times with
the following results: 57.00, 56.75, 56.50, 58.00,
and 56.25 paces. Determine how many paces
must he step off in order to establish a distance
of 450 meters on level ground.
3. Determine the length of a line negotiated in
208 paces by a person whose pace is 0.76
meters long.
4. With the use of a 1-sec theodolite positioned
at the center of a six-sided lot, the following
readings were taken on a 2-m subtense bar set-
up at the corner: 0°26’16”, 0°15’05”, 0°22’29”,
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

0°30’45”, and 0°09’50”. Determine the distance

of each corner from the instrument position.

5. A 2-m long subtense bar was first set up at

A and subsequently at B, and the subtended
angles to the bar, as read from a theodolite
positioned somewhere along the middle of
the line AB, were recorded as 0°24’15” and
0°20’30”, respectively. Determine the length
of AB.

6. A traverse line was measured in three

sections: 295.85 m at slope 8°45’, 149.58 m at
slope 4°29’, and 373.48 m at slope 4°25’.
Determine the horizontal length of the line.

7. A slope measurement of 545.38 m is made

between points A and B. The elevation of A
is
424.25 m and that of B is 459.06 m.
Determine the horizontal distance between
the two points.

8. The sides of a rectangular parcel of

property were measured and recorded as
249.50 m and
496.85 m. It was determined, however, that
the 30-m tape used in measuring was actually
30.05 m long. Determine the correct area of
the rectangle in hectares.

9. A 30-m steel tape when compared with a

standard is actually 29.95 m long. Determine
the correct length of a line measured with this
tape and found to be 466.55 m.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.


10. A track and field coach wishes to lay out for
his team a 200-m straightway course. If he
uses a 50-m tape known to be 50.20 m long,
determine the measurements to be made so
that the course will have the correct length.
11. It is required to lay out a building 80 m by
100 m with a 30-m long metallic tape which
was found to be 0.15 m too short. Determine
the correct dimensions to be used in order that
building shall have the desired measurements.
12. A steel tape whose nominal length is
supposed to be 30 m long was found to be
30.02 m long when compared with an invar
tape during standardization. If the tape is to be
used in laying out 520 m by 850 m rectangular
parking lot, determine the actual dimensions
to be laid out.
13. A 30-m steel tape is of standard length at
20°C. If the coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/°C, determine the distance to be laid
out using this tape to establish two points
exactly 1235.65 m apart when the
temperature is 33°C.
14. A steel tape having a correct length at 22°C
was used to measure a baseline and the
recorded readings gave the total of 856.815 m.
If the average temperature during the
measurement was 18°C, determine the correct
length of the line.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
15. A heavy 30-m tape having a cross sectional and
area of 0.05 cm^2 has been standardized at a
tension of 5 kg. If E = 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2,
calculate the elongation of the tape for an
increase in tension from 5.5 kg to 20 kg.
16. A steel tape is 30.0 m – long under a pull of
6.0 kg when supported throughout. It has a
cross-sectional area of 0.035 cm^2 and is
applied fully supported with a 12-kg pull to
measure a line whose recorded length is
308.32
m. Determine the correct length of the line if E
= 2.1 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is of
standard length under a pull of 4.55 kg,
supported for full length. This tape was used in
measuring a line (found to be 1371.50 m) on
smooth level ground under a steady pull of 8
kg. Assuming E = 2.05 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and that
the unit weight of steel is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3,
determine the following: cross-sectional area
of the tape, correction for increase in tension
for the whole length measured, and the
correct length of the line.
18. A 30-m steel tape weighs 1.5 kg and is
supported at its end points and at the 5 and
15- meter marks. If a pull of 8 kg is applied,
determine the correction due to sag between
supports and for one tape length.
19. A 30-m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/cm is
constantly supported only at its end points,
 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

used to measure a line with a steady pull of steady pull of 6.5 kg at a mean
8.5 kg. If the measured length of the line is temperature of 30°C.
2465.18 m, determine the correct length of
the line.

20. Determine the normal tension required to

make a tape exactly 30.0 m between its ends
when used in an unsupported mode, if the
tape has a cross-sectional area of 0.045 cm^2
and weighs 0.90 kg. Assume that the tape is
exactly
30.0 m when supported throughout its entire
length under a standard pull of 6.0 kg, and its
modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.

21. A 30-m steel tape supported at its ends

weighs 0.03 kg/m and is of standard length
under a pull of 6.5 kg. If the elastic modulus of
steel is 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and its weight
density is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3, determine the
tension at which the effect of sag will be
eliminated by the elongation of the tape due
to increased tension.

22. A 30-m tape weighs 12.5 g/m and has a

cross section of 0.022 cm^2. It measures
correctly when supported throughout under a
tension of 8.0 kg at a temperature of 20°C.
when used in the field, the tape is only
supported at its ends, under a pull of 9.0 kg,
and at an average temperature of 28°C.
Determine the distance between the zero and
30-m marks.

23. A line was found to be 2865.35 m long

when measured with a 30-m tape under a

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.

 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING

Determine the correct length of the line if the

tape used is of standard length at 20°C under a
pull of 5.5 kg. Assume the cross-sectional area
of tape to be 0.025 cm^2, elastic modulus as
2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2, and coefficient of
thermal expansion to be 0.0000116/°C.

24. The sides of a triangle measure 1063.55,

1840.33, and 1325.05 m. Determine the three
angles in the triangle.

25. In the accompanying sketch it is required

to determine the distance between points A
and B which spans a wide and deep river. Lines
BD and CE, which measure 385.75 m and
529.05 m, respectively, are established
perpendicular to line ABC. If points D and E are
lined up with A and the length of BC = 210.38
m, determine the required distance.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D.