Using Moles

6.1 The mole

6.2 Calculation from equations, using the mole

6.3 Reaction involving gases

6.4 Concentration of solution

6.5 Finding the empirical formula

6.6 The empirical to final formula

6.7 The % yield and % purity

 The mole

The unit for amount of substance. The symbol for unit of mole is mol.

The number of atoms, molecules or ions in a moles of given substance.

Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 x 10 23

Finding the mass of a mole
1. Write down the symbol or formula of the substance.
2. Find its Ar or Mr.
3. Express that mass in grams (g)

Substance Symbol or formula Ar Mr Mass of 1 mole

Helium He He = 4 Exists as single atoms 4g

oxygen O2 O =16 2 x 16 32g
ethanol C2H5OH C =12
O = 16
H=1
Example 1: Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of bromine atoms.
Example 2: Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of bromine molecules.
Example 3: How many moles of oxygen molecules are in 64 g of oxygen?
 Calculations from equations, using the mole
When carbon burns in oxygen,

Carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide

C + O2 → CO2
1 carbon atom react with 1 molecule oxygen to give 1 molecule of carbon
dioxide
1 mole of Carbon atom react with 1 mol of oxygen to give 1 mole of carbon
dioxide
12 g of C react with 32 g of O2 to give 44 g of CO2
Calculating masses from equations

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction. ( it gives moles)

2. Write down the Ar or Mr for each substance that takes part.
3. Using Ar or Mr, change the mole in the equation to grams.
4. Once you know the theoretical masses from the equation, you can
then find any actual mass.
Example: Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water. What mass of oxygen is
needed for 1 g of hydrogen, and what mass of water is obtained?
 Reaction involving gases

Each gas is at room temperature and pressure, or rtp

Room temperature and pressure (rtp) = 20◦C and 1 atmosphere
1 mole of every gas occupies the same volume, at the same temperature and
pressure. At room temperature and pressure, this volume is 24 dm3 or 24000
cm3.
The volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas is called its molar volume.
The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 at rtp.
 Calculating gas volumes from moles and grams

Example: What volume does 0.25 moles of a gas occupy at rtp?

Example 1: What volume of hydrogen will react with 24dm3 of oxygen to
form water?
 Concentration of a solution

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in grams or moles,

that is dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
Concentration of a solution
Finding the empirical formula and Final Formula
Finding % yield and % purity