ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

REAL NUMBER LINE

Each point on the real number line represents a
real number (or simply a number)
REAL NUMBER LINE
Each point on the real number line represents a
real number (or simply a number)

1 3
0 1 -2 − -0.076 15
2 5
REAL NUMBER LINE
Each point on the real number line represents a
real number (or simply a number)

1 3
0 1 -2 − -5.076 15
2 5
SET OF REAL NUMBERS ℝ
• Set of all Real Numbers or Numbers
• Set of all the points on the Number Line
• Set of all possible length from a
reference point
SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS

• NATURAL NUMBERS ℕ

ℕ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 …
SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS

• WHOLE NUMBERS 𝑊

𝑊 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 …
SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS

• INTEGERS ℤ

ℤ = … , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …

SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS
• RATIONAL NUMBERS ℚ
𝑎
ℚ = 𝑥 ȁ 𝑥 = , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ, 𝑏 ≠ 0 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑏
0 0 0
, , ,…,
1 2 3
1 1 1
± ,± ,± ,…,
ℚ= 1 2 3
2 2 2
± ,± ,± ,…,
1 2 3
⋮
SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS
𝑐
• IRRATIONAL NUMBERS ℚ

𝑐
ℚ = 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐴𝐿

± 2, ± 3,± ± 5, … ,

ℚ𝐶 = 𝜋 = 3.1415 … , 𝑒 = 2.718 …

𝑒𝑡𝑐.
REAL NUMBER VENN DIAGRAM
OPERATIONS ON REAL NUMBERS

•ADDITION +

•MULTIPLICATION ,×, ⋅
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBER OPERATIONS
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

1. CLOSURE PROPERTY
𝑎+𝑏 ∈ℝ
𝑎⋅𝑏 ∈ℝ

2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎
𝑎⋅𝑏 =𝑏⋅𝑎
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY

𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 =𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

𝑎⋅ 𝑏⋅𝑐 = 𝑎⋅𝑏 ⋅𝑐 =𝑎⋅𝑏⋅𝑐

4. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION

𝑎⋅ 𝑏+𝑐 =𝑎⋅𝑏+𝑎⋅𝑐
𝑎+𝑏 ⋅𝑐 =𝑎⋅𝑐+𝑏⋅𝑐
IDENTITY ELEMENT
Definition
Given a set equipped by some
operation, the Identity element of a set
under the given operation is an element
that doesn’t change anything when
applying the operation with other
elements.
ADDITIVE IDENTITY
The identity element of ℝ under addition or
Additive identity is 𝟎 since for any 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
𝑎+0=0+𝑎 =𝑎

MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY
The identity element of ℝ under multiplication
or Multiplicative identity is 𝟏 since for any 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
𝑎⋅1=1⋅𝑎 =𝑎
INVERSE OF AN ELEMENT
Definition
Given a set equipped with an operation,
and has an identity element, the Inverse of
an element is an element of the same set
such that if the operation was applied
between the element and its inverse, the
result is the identity element of the set under
the applied operation.
ADDITIVE INVERSE
For an element a ∈ ℝ, the Addivive inverse of 𝑎,
denoted by −𝑎 is a real number such that
𝑎 + −𝑎 = −𝑎 + 𝑎 = 0

MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
For an element a ∈ ℝ ∖ 0 , the Multiplicative
1
inverse of 𝑎, denoted by , is a real number such that
𝑎
1 1
𝑎⋅ = ⋅𝑎 =1
𝑎 𝑎
PROPERTIES INVOLVING IDENTITIES AND
INVERSES
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑐 ≠ 0

1. 𝑎⋅0=0⋅𝑎 =0
2. − −𝑎 = 𝑎
3. −1 ⋅ 𝑎 = −𝑎
4. −𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = − 𝑎𝑏
5. −𝑎 −𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
1
6. 1 = 𝑐
𝑐
REMARK
Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑐 ≠ 0,
• SUBTRACTION −
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + −𝑏

[𝑎 minus b is same as a plus the additive inverse of 𝑏]

• DIVISION / ,÷
𝑎 1
𝑎÷𝑐 = =𝑎⋅
𝑐 𝑐

[𝑎 divided by 𝑐 is same as 𝑎 times the multiplicative inverse of 𝑐]

 EXERCISE. Evaluate the following
1. 1+2+3
2. 4⋅5 ⋅6
3. 3 19 + 4
4. 2+5 3+6
5
5. 3 −
3
6. 7 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
7. 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3 − 2
8. 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 6.96969
9. 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜋/3
EXPONENTIATION

Given 𝑎 ∈ ℝ ∖ 0 and 𝑚 ∈ ℕ
𝑛
𝑎 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ …⋅ 𝑎
𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
LAWS OF EXPONENT
Given 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ ∖ 0 and m, n ∈ ℚ,

1. PRODUCT RULE
𝑎𝑚 ⋅ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 2

34 ⋅ 32 = 81 9 = 729 = 36 = 34+2
2. QUOTIENT RULE
𝑎𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 2

34 81 2 4−2
= = 9 = 3 = 3
32 9
3. POWER OF A POWER RULE
𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 2

34 2
= 81 2
= 6561 = 38 = 34⋅2
4. POWER OF A PRODUCT RULE
𝑎𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚

Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑚 = 4,

4 4
3⋅2 = 6 = 1296 = 81 ⋅ 16 = 34 ⋅ 24
5. POWER OF A QUOTIENT RULE
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
=
𝑏 𝑏𝑚

Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑚 = 4,

4
3 3 3 3 3 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 34
= = = 4
2 2 2 2 2 2⋅2⋅2⋅2 2
6. ZERO EXPONENT RULE

𝑎0 = 1
Example:
𝑎 = 3,
32 9
30 = 32−2 = 2= =1
3 9
7. NEGATIVE EXPONENT RULE

−𝑚
1
𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑎
Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑚 = 4 → −𝑚 = −4
30 1
3−4 = 30−4 = 4= 4
3 3
8. FRACTIONAL EXPONENT RULE
𝑚 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚
Example:
𝑎 = 3, 𝑚 = 4, 𝑛 = 5
4 5 5
35 = 34 = 81
EXERCISE. Simplify the following
Given 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ
1. 32 ⋅ 42 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 33
2. 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑥 6 𝑦 7 𝑧 8
3. 𝑥 3 𝑦 6 𝑥 4 𝑧 2 𝑦𝑧 5
𝑥7𝑦7
4. 𝑥𝑦𝑧 6
𝑥 2𝑦+𝑧
5. 𝑥 𝑧+2𝑦
𝑥 100 𝑦 150 𝑧 72
6. 𝑥 31 𝑦 219 𝑧 141
VARIABLES and CONSTANTS
VARIABLE
• Any symbol/term that represents an unknown number,
value, quantity, expression, or object.
• Its value is not fixed and is liable to change depending on
the situation.

CONSTANT
• Any symbol/term that represents a known number, value,
quantity, expression, or object.
• Its value is fixed.
Example:
1. “A number from 1 to 69, is multiplied by 5”.

This statement can be expressed as: “5𝑥”

Here, there are two terms/symbols: 5 and 𝑥

The term “5” is a constant because its value is known

The term "𝑥” is a variable because its value is not known, we
only know that its value ranges from 1 to 69.
2. “The sum of two distinct integers is 35. “

This statement can be expressed as: “𝑥 + 𝑦 = 35”

Here, there are three terms/symbols: 𝑥, 𝑦, and 35

The term “35” is a constant because its value is known

The terms "𝑥” and “𝑦” are variables because their value is not
known, we only know that they are integers.
POLYNOMIALS
Definition
A Polynomial is an expression which is
composed of variables, constants, and exponents,
that are combined using mathematical operations;
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division (no
division by a variable)
Examples
With One Variable:
1
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥2 − 2, 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3, 𝑥−7
2

With Two Variables:

3 2
𝑥𝑦 − 2, 0.5𝑥 77 + 𝑦, 2𝑥 7 + 5𝑦, 1 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
4

Not A Polynomial:
1 2
1 𝑥 −2 25𝑥 + 𝑦 1 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1
, , 𝑥 + 1, , 𝑥2 + , 3
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦 𝑥3 + 5
TERMS OF A POLYNOMIAL
MONOMIAL – A polynomial with exactly one term
5, 6𝑥, 7𝑥𝑦 2 , −4𝑦 8 , 0.001𝑧13

BINOMIAL – A polynomial with exactly two terms

2 3 2
2 2
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥𝑦 + 2, 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑧 , 0.5𝑧 + 𝑦
3

TRINOMIAL – A polynomial with exactly three terms

2 3 2 2
1
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1, 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦
2
EXERCISE: Determine if the following is a polynomial, if
it is, count the number of terms.
Given 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ
1. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 69
2. 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 1
1
3. 𝑥𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑥
4. 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
2
5. 0.05𝑥 − 25𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 1
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
6. 𝑥+1
POLYNOMIALS IN ONE VARIABLE
STANDARD FORM:

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 ∈ ℝ and the variable here is 𝑥.

𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are called coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , … , 𝑥 𝑛

respectively.
OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS
Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be polynomials where

𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑝 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 ,

𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑞 = 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0
ADDITION
𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑎1 + 𝑏1 + 𝑎0 + 𝑏0

Example:
𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑞 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2

𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2
= 0𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
= 0𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 + 2
= 0 + 1 𝑥3 + 1 + 0 𝑥2 + 3 − 1 𝑥 + 1 + 2
= 1 𝑥3 + 1 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 + 3
= 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
SUBTRACTION
𝑝 − 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 + 𝑎0 − 𝑏0

Example:
𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑞 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2

𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2
= 0𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
= 0𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 + −𝑥 3 − 0𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
= 0𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 0𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 − 2
= 0 − 1 𝑥3 + 1 − 0 𝑥2 + 3 + 1 𝑥 + 1 − 2
= −1 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 + −1
= −𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏
MULTIPLICATION
𝑝 ⋅ 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑞
= 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑞 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑞 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥𝑞 + 𝑎0 𝑞
= 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0 +
𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0 +
⋮
+
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0 +
𝑎0 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑏0
𝑛

=෍ ෍ 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑗 𝑥 𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑖+𝑗=𝑘
Example:
𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑞 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2

𝑝 ⋅ 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥2 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2 + 3 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2 + 1 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2 + 3 𝑥 + 3 −𝑥 + 3 2
+1 𝑥 3 + 1 −𝑥 + 1 2
= 𝑥 5 + −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + −3𝑥 + 6 + 𝑥 3 + −𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 5 + −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + −3𝑥 + −𝑥 + 6 + 2
= 1 𝑥 5 + −1 + 1 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 + 3 + −3 + −1 𝑥 + 6 + 2
= 𝑥 5 + 0𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + −1 𝑥 + 8
= 𝒙𝟓 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟖
REMARKS
1. THE PROPERTIES OF OPERATION ON NUMBERS ALSO
APPLIES TO OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS.

2. THE SUM OF TWO POLYNOMIALS IS A POLYNOMIAL

3. THE PRODUCT OF TWO POLYNOMIALS IS A

POLYNOMIAL
EXERCISE:
For each item, find 𝑝 + 𝑞, 𝑝 − 𝑞, 𝑞 − 𝑝, and 𝑝 ⋅ 𝑞
Given 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

1. 𝑝 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 69, 𝑞 = −7𝑥 2

2 4 2
2. 𝑝 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑞 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1

1 2 3
3. 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑞 = 5𝑥 − 1
2
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
The degree of a polynomial 𝑝, denoted by deg 𝑝 , is the largest
exponent of the variable with nonzero coefficients. That is if

𝑝 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, then deg 𝑝 = 𝑛

Example:
𝑝 = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 8 − 9𝑥 2 , 𝑞 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 8 + 𝑥 4
deg 𝑝 = 8 deg 𝑞 = 4
FACTORING
Factoring a polynomial 𝑝 is finding polynomials 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 , where each of the
degree of 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 is less than or equal to degree of 𝑝, and

𝑝 = 𝑝1 𝑝2

𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are called factors of 𝑝.

Example:
Let 𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2. Take 𝑝1 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑝2 = 𝑥 + 2

𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑝1 𝑝2

Therefore, 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2 are factors of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

FACTORING