Modern hysics

(13 Photo electric Effect I

123 Atomic Physics

in syllabus JEE ADV)
> X-ray Conly of

A) Nucleus Physics
 Effect
electric
Mechanics
Newtonian (Classical Mechanics) and distic
-
then Newto
to speed of light
· When speeds are
comparable
Result
the correct
.

- han Mechanics doesn't give

P = my =
MoY Y
· In these cases

mo-Rest mass of the pasticle

M =
wo
FrY m- mass of Moving particle

m > Mo

then memo
U
· If
->
mov
With I
E
=

d
is valid --

NNY
· =

form of energy
.

· Mass is condensed

at rest Eo=MoC
particle it
E =
mc2 if H
Rest mass Energy .

m> Mot
E > Fo
Since
 LIGHT
IN
THEORY OF

is of light moving with

c =

3x108mp
· A photon
a
particle
of f R
0
independent
-

is
. .

It's speed
is zero
· dest mass of a
photon .

E hr = h (Jones)
of photon
=

·
Energy a
I

E =

EceV = 1210nm-e
E

E = 0 Levs
I (hm>

Linear Momentum of photon B =

=

·
I

62 x15345-5
planks const 6
=

↳->
.

E
charge
on .

e-

0 ->

frequency of photon
I- Wavelength of photon
like es
collide with material particle
.

· A photon can

and total
these collision the total Energy
During
,

momentur is conserved .

of photons may
No
· In collision with other
particles
.

be emited
not be conserved .
New
photons many
be absorbed
photons may
.

or
 Electric field and MF
Photons Not
deffected by
.

· are

Neutral
electrically
.

It means photons are

· ic Energy

k = E -
Eu =mc-moc
*

E = mc
=

-
mo
22 =
mol-
NFrYc
- I ----)
=moc(+
Moc +
/
Moc .
V + -----

E
-

I
/
- 2

-
2
u

Rest mass K E . .

Energy

if VC Z =
Mos +

ImoY
e
k

k =
E - MoC= !Mox

Ee+(PC)
2

*
,

is zeno then its

particle
EPC Rest of a
If mass

be to C
speed
must
equal
Electron Emission from Metals (for free es)

is a minimum amount of Energy

for emission of these
can come out of the attractive
is required so that
they
inside the Metal
charges /ions
.

forces of the

is the min amount of energy

FUNCTION : It
Work
-

for e to come out of

↑ required
an

the metal surface .

PTUW0

for Cesium 4 =
2 . Hel
eg : for platinum & =

5-65eX

Emission
# of

emission is
① Thermionic Emission : Energy required for
-
given by heating .

pulled out by applying

② emission Elections are

E ~108 VIm
a
strong
.

11
1

tric Emission : When light of frequency

⑬
-

Metal
is incident a

wavelength)
on

is are emitted
surface
.

than threshold frequency

should be
greaten
·
frequency
2 20

less than
a
should be
of incident light
wavelength
·

1 < 50
threshold wavelength -

function
=
ne work
p
=

·
· Emitted is are called photoelections ·

to
of photo is vary from Zero
· Kinetic Energy
kmax 0 <k < kmax

⑳
a Max-value
↳r

res
# ->
h5> 42.

- -
hr -ho k3 =

e ⑧-K ·

done
Experiments
· Hertz Experiment (1887)
detector
-

across a
He observed that high voltage sparks
falls on it
enhanced when WV light
loop were

Hallwach's ments (1886-1902)

·
and

falls the Metal then

He observed that as OV light on

in the circuit He observed that negatively

current flows
.

are emitted by metal

changed particles=
IP
-*
I S
photo es.
ES -
q

-T
~Xray
-
LL2 e

DI E
o
·.
->
=
⑧
0
= -

I
↳cathode Anode I W

9
M
I
⑦-Il
V
 Photoelectric Equation
in's
E= her U >
42 0 +
kmax
hWo
=
o

q
=
E =

I S
~
:

hu-h5o
nr = 450 +
kmax

KE
>45-4- Kmax
=

)
=

mhr-
p

Aefficiency y
Photoesen ene
=
*

1 in 106 .

eg

1 100 um
Eg
=

E =
1270
-
2x = 10 =
301eX
X 400

& = 2 ex

3 1eX-2ex= 1 :
1 eX
kmax= :

G lev Kmax=3ex
hr =
xex =

will interact with one only .

Not
-
one photon
-
for photo electric Effect
metal Set
up
-
ov
-
Rays
Emitter
/
S space charge collector

SS ↑ M
I↳
-

·
:..
S
~

es M

Eas
cathode
↑

*
Ande
V

- -

photomet

in

~
IS
-
... ...
- -

current

I
Is-saturation
. . .

Anode
V-voltage of
wrt cathode .

voltage -> voltage

Sy Up-pinch
Up current is
at which

max .

I saturalied .

Energy
of es

*k DU =
0 :
45 =

5eV
eg
+

K-Ki-eXV 0 I ze
=
=

Kathode #eV Y 0x KeseX

RAnode =

3 - KA62V
Chu-0)
02 Kathode Kmax
KAnode -> Energy of photo
it

when reaches
-
elkAnode = h2-4+eX - the Anode

Kathodes Energy of photoe

with which it is
- Amount of Increase
emitted at Cathode
in energy of Phobo C->A
 ng
Potential
#
01K Kmax
Emitter

= S
collector 0<
k < hu p -

S *
cathode
-
e

Ande
S KAnode= Kathode el
0 =

Kmax-eYs

Vs
- max=
=

Ns Vs - freq 4 ,

er
KANode Kathode
-
=

such that
Potential -> It is the
min potential applied
Stopping no i can reach the Anode .

of Amode lot cathode such that the

It is the min
negative potential
.

Photo with can't reach the Amode

e max . Kinetic Energy .

raphs
-
8 > 20

i 19
s

frequency
1/
const
frequency
-
-
const
-
-

Photoelectic

.
A current in 23

~
Intensity =

E Iz

-
At -

Is

~
Energy of one photon
I
I > 12> 11
#I =-

ht

Intensity of light ⑧
I
Poleutian
Y "collector plate -

-
~ -

I
ing potential"
Intensity" Intensity
⑭

-> Number

Assuming photoefficially
-
i =

4(r)e same for all

frequency .
 Photo electic is
Intensity
wer
same

current

I
vs= d

~
-
~
U > U2 > :
,

Us Ve 22

Uz
21

oo ⑧
I
-

VS Vse VsI collector

plate potential
-
-

-pingpotential values -
.

N Vs = 40 -

4
stopping
=--
2
Potential metal A metal B
vs

Slope =

-
I

-
I of incident radiation
requency .

*
A