“Traffic Light”

Shriram Ingle
Pavan Rudrawar
PrafulPrathamesh
Hande Patkutwar
Vaishnavi Sontakke
Arvind Dhumale

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to be certified that is entitled, [“Traffic Light”] submitted

by Shriram Ingle fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Diploma in Electronics & TeleCommunication at Garmin
Technical & Management
Campus, during Academic year 2023-24…
It is an authentic workout under the supervision and guidance
to the best of knowledge, the matter embodied in this report
has not submitted to any other university /College for award
of any degree or diploma…

Dr. V. S. Pawar
(Principle of GT&MCNanded)

Prof. Dawane S.R (HOD)

(Dept. E & TC)

2
 CERTIFICATE
This is to be certifying that is entitled, [“Traffic Light”] submitted by
Praful Hande In fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Diploma in Electronics & TeleCommunication at Garmin Technical &
Management Campus, during Academic year 2023-24…
It is an authentic workout under the supervision and guidance to the
best of knowledge, the matter embodied in this report has not submitted
to any other university / College for award of any degree or diploma…

Dr. V. S. Pawar
(Principle of GT&MC Nanded)

Prof. Dawane S.R (HOD)

(Dept. E & TC)

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to be certifying that is entitled, [“Traffic Light”]

submitted by Arvind Dhumale In fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of Diploma in Electronics & TeleCommunication
at Garmin Technical & Management Campus, during Academic
year 2023-24… It is an authentic workout under the supervision
and guidance to the best of knowledge, the matter embodied in
this report has not submitted to any other university / College for
award of any degree or diploma…

Dr. V. S. Pawar
(Principle of GT&MC Nanded)

Prof. Dawane S.R

(Dept. E & TC)

4
 Introduction:

Before traffic lights, traffic police controlled the flow of traffic.

A well-documented example is that on London Bridge in
1722.[3] Three men were given the task of directing traffic
coming in and out of either London or Southwark. Each officer
would help direct traffic coming out of Southwark into London
and he made sure all traffic stayed on the west side of the bridge.
A second officer would direct traffic on the east side of the
bridge to control the flow of people leaving London and going
into Southwark.
On 9 December 1868,[4] the first non-electric gas-lit traffic lights
were installed outside the Houses of Parliament in London to
control the traffic in Bridge Street, Great George Street, and
Parliament Street.[5] They were proposed by the railway
engineer J. P. Knight of Nottingham who had adapted this idea
from his design of railway signalling systems[6] and constructed
by the railway signal engineers of Saxby & Farmer. The main
reason for the traffic light was that there was an overflow of
horse-drawn traffic over Westminster Bridge which forced
thousands of pedestrians to walk next to the Houses of
Parliament.[7] The design combined three semaphore arms with
red and green gas lamps for night-time use, on a pillar, operated
by a police constable. The gas lantern was manually turned by a
traffic police officer with a lever at its base so that the
appropriate light faced traffic.[8] The signal was 22 feet (6.7 m)
high. The light was called the semaphore and had arms that

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would extend horizontally that commanded drivers to "Stop" and
then the arms would lower to a 45 degrees angle to tell drivers to
proceed with "Caution". At night a red light would command
"Stop" and a green light would mean use "Caution".[3] Although
it was said to be successful at controlling traffic, its operational
life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869 as a result of a leak
in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement[9] and injured the
policeman who was operating it.[10]

Countdown timers on traffic lights were introduced in the 1990s.

Timers are useful for pedestrians, to plan whether there is enough
time to cross the intersection before the end of the walk phase,
and for drivers, to know the amount of time before the light
switches. In the United States, timers for vehicle traffic are
prohibited, but pedestrian timers are now required on new or
upgraded signals on wider roadways. Some pedestrian timers can
be used by motorists as well to know how much time remains in
the green cycle, because often when the pedestrian timer reaches
zero, the signal will simultaneously turn amber.[citation needed]

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Construction:

In 1912, the first electric traffic light was developed by Lester

Wire, a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah.[11] It was installed by
the American Traffic Signal Company on the corner of East
105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio.[3]: 27–
28 [12][13]
It had two colours, red and green, and a buzzer, based on
the design of James Hoge, to provide a warning for colour
changes. The design by James Hoge[14] allowed police and fire
stations to control the signals in case of emergency. The first
interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake
City in 1917, with six connected intersections controlled
simultaneously from a manual switch.[3]: 32
The first four-way, three-colour traffic light was created by
police officer William Potts in Detroit, Michigan in 1920.[15] He
was concerned about how police officers at four different lights
signals could not change their lights all at the same time. The
answer was a third light that was coloured amber, which was the
same colour used on the railroad.[7] Potts also placed a timer with
the light to help coordinate the lights. A tower was used to mount
the lights as the junction at which it was installed was one of the
busiest in the world, with over 20,000 vehicles a day.[3]: 35
Los Angeles installed its first automated traffic signals in
October 1920 at five locations on Broadway. These early signals,
manufactured by the Acme Traffic Signal Co., paired "Stop" and
"Go" semaphore arms with small red and green lights. Bells
played the role of today's amber lights, ringing when the flags

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changed—a process that took five seconds. By 1923 the city had
installed 31 Acme traffic control devices.[16]

This expression is valid when there is no external resistor

connected at pin 5. The pulse width can be reduced by connecting
an external resistor.

The high and low time periods in the astable mode are: High time
period = 0.69×chargingresistance×charging capacitance
Low time period = 0.69×dischargeresistance×capacitance

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Abstract:

In 1922 traffic towers were beginning to be controlled by

automatic timers. The first company to add timers in traffic lights
was Crouse Hinds. They built railroad signals and were the first
company to place timers in traffic lights in Houston, which was
their home city.[1]: 385 The main advantage for the use of the timer
was that it saved cities money by replacing traffic officers. The
city of New York was able to reassign all but 500 of its 6,000
officers working on the traffic squad; this saved the city
$12,500,000.[1]: 385 Wolverhampton was the first British town to
introduce automated traffic lights in 1927 in Princes Square at
the junction of Lichfield Street and Princess Street on a trial
basis.[17] Great Britain's first permanent automated traffic lights
were opened on 16 March 1928 in Leeds, on the corner of Park
Row and Bond Street.[18][19]
The introduction of automated traffic signals required a change
of behaviour for pedestrians. Most urban groups welcomed
traffic lights; signals were seen by many as favourable to police
officer control because they were not affected by potential
human biases such as racism or mistrust of transit
companies.[1]: 386–7 After witnessing an accident between an
automobile and a horse-drawn carriage, inventor Garrett
Morgan filed a U.S. patent for a traffic signal.[20] Patent No.
1,475,024 was granted on 20 November 1923 for Morgan's three-
position traffic signal.[21]

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A further development of traffic signals were staggered systems.
These allowed the implementation of early green waves, so that
vehicles travelling at a certain speed along a single street would
only encounter green lights. The first staggered system was
installed in 1926 on Sixteenth Street, Washington, D.C., leading
to a doubling of commuting speed.[1]: 388
The twelve-light system did not become available until 1928 and
another feature of the light system was that hoods were placed
over the light and each lens was sand-blasted to increase daytime
visibility.[1]: 383 Both the tower and semaphores were phased out
by 1930. Towers were too big and obstructed traffic; semaphores
were too small and drivers could not see them at night.[1]: 382
Ashville, Ohio, claims to be the home of the oldest working
traffic light in the world, used at an intersection of public roads
from 1932 to 1982 when it was moved to a local
museum.[22][23] Guinness World Records backed this claim by
naming it the Oldest functional traffic light.[24]
In 1949, the first traffic light in the continent of Asia was
installed in Haifa, Israel.[25] The first traffic light in South
India was installed at Egmore Junction, Chennai in 1953. The
city of Bangalore installed its first traffic light at Corporation
Circle in 1963.[26]
state.[27] The discharge pin isn't needed in this configuration,
though it can be optionally used as an opencollector output.

No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration.

The threshold input is grounded because it is unused.[26] The
trigger and reset inputs may be held high via pull-up

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 resistors if they are normally Hi-Z and only enabled by
connecting to ground. The discharge pin isn't needed .

Actual Circuit Used:

Fig:- Block Diagram Traffic Light using 555 Timer IC

The history of traffic lights is associated with the historic growth

of the automobile. Traffic lights were first introduced
in December 1868 on Parliament Square in London to reduce the
need for police officers to control traffic.

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CONCLUSION:
This normally includes an amber signal on approaches where
the green phase is ending and an all red stage, where all signals
which are changing are red to allow the junction to clear. All red
stages produce lost time, where no road users can proceed
through the junction.

What is the purpose of a traffic signal? Traffic signals are

designed to ensure an orderly flow of traffic, provide an
opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to cross an intersection
and help reduce the number of conflicts between vehicles
entering intersections from different directions.

The red, yellow, and green lights of a signal head indicate how
drivers should approach an intersection. Red indicates stop,
green indicates go, and yellow indicates the driver should either
prepare to stop or accelerate to clear the intersection before the
light turns red.
Traffic control has as its principal objective to manage the
movement of people and goods as efficiently and safely as
possible. The dual objectives, however, frequently conflict or, at
least, compete.

Traffic lights consist normally of three signals, transmitting

meaningful information to road users through colours and
symbols including arrows and bicycles. The regular traffic light
colours are red, yellow (also known as amber), and green
arranged vertically or horizontally in that order.

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