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Contexto 5 puntos

Topic: 1927-1931(Dictablanda) (fin de la Restauración de la monarquía)

-Sublevación en Jaca 1931 Fermín y Galán.

The Restoration crisis in Spain was a period of decline of the Bourbon monarchy

at the beginning of the 20th century (1874-1931) and was characterized by political

instability, economic challenges, and social unrest.

By the end of 1925, a civilian government run by Primo de Rivera replaced the

military Directorate and an attempt was made to institutionalize the dictatorship. In

1927, a Fascist Council called National Consultative Assembly was established.

However, the National Assembly failed to draft a fundamental law.

They attempted to imitate the Italian fascism model and established the National

Corporate Organization. This new attempt to institutionalize the regime failed and by the

end of the 1920’s the economic situation worsened. The dictatorship favored

protectionism and state interventionism which caused difficulties.

The traditional parties (liberal and conservative) were incapable of organizing a

party system that was accepted by Spanish society. The slow return to constitutional

freedoms was taken advantage of by an opposition with increasing support. In August

1930, the Pact of San Sebastian was signed by the republicans, socialists and other

opposition groups. This stated their commitment to overthrow the monarchy and

establish a more democratic regime. These factors left Alfonso XIII isolated and many
soldiers began to view the republican possibility as a better option. Even the CNT

(National Confederation of Labor), with anarchist ideology, supported the conspiracy to

establish the Second Republic.

Then came the Jaca uprising. It was a military revolt in December 1930 in Jaca,

Huesca, Spain that tried to overthrow the Spanish monarchy. However, the coup was

poorly organized and quickly failed. The leaders of this rebellion, Fermín Galán and

Ángel García Hernández, were executed. The rest of the Revolutionary Committee

were arrested and imprisoned.

Alfonso XIII enlisted General Dámaso Berenguer to form a government.

However, this proved unsuccessful due to the king's perceived support of the

dictatorship, leading to calls for a republic. Berenguer resigned and Admiral Juan

Bautista Aznar took over. Aznar announced local elections on 12 April 1931 to calm

both the democrats and republicans, replace the local governing bodies, and attempt to

restore the restoration. The overwhelming victory, in urban areas, of the republican and

socialist candidates sent the king into exile and the proclamation of the Republic on

April 14, 1931.

Almost a month later, on May 10 and May 13, 1931, over one hundred convents

in Madrid were deliberately burned down by anarchists in Spain during riots after a

monarchist group played a recording of the former national anthem in the Calle de

Alcalá to a large crowd. While some cabinet ministers in the newly founded Second

Spanish Republic wanted to intervene and restore order, other cabinet ministers

opposed the idea. According to the canonical narrative, Prime Minister Manuel Azaña
allegedly overruled those who wished to intervene by stating, "All the convents of Spain

are not worth the life of a single Republican".

Sources:

Britannica, Encyclopaedia (2023). Miguel Primo de Rivera. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/

Casanova, Julián (2010). The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-521-49388-9.

"Crisis de la Restauración en España". Autor: Augusto Gayubas. De: Argentina. Para:

Enciclopedia Humanidades. Disponible en:

https://humanidades.com/crisis-de-la-restauracion-en-espana/. Última edición: 28

septiembre, 2023. Consultado: 12 diciembre, 2023. Fuente:

https://humanidades.com/crisis-de-la-restauracion-en-espana/#ixzz8LgkYLuhd

De la Cueva Merino, Julio (1998). «El anticlericalismo en la Segunda República y la

Guerra Civil». Emilio La Parra López y Manuel Suárez Cortina, ed. El

anticlericalismo español contemporáneo. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. ISBN

84-7030-532-8.

Núñez Díaz-Balart, Mirta (2017). "La ira anticlerical de mayo de 1931. Religión, política

y propaganda". Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine. 18.

doi:10.4000/ccec.6666. ISSN 1957-7761.