Tugas

“BASIC CONCEPT OF MINERALS”

Untuk memenuhi tugas individu mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris terapan

NAMA: Dicky Rahmansyah s. Tone

Nim: 452423039

TEKNIK GEOLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI GORONTALO
2023
I. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION
Minerology is a mathematical study of crystallography that covers the definition of crystals,
elements of symmetry, and crystal systems as well as minerals that make up rocks, including the
physical properties of minerals, mineral groups, and mineral associations in rocks. A material can
be called a mineral if it meets certain conditions. Knowledge of crystallography is very supportive
in the science of mineralogy in general, thus gaining an understanding of how crystal elements
relate to the physical properties of minerals. In addition, an explanation is given of the formation
of minerals and their associations that are always related to a particular geological order.
A. Definition Mineral and Mineraloid
Minerals are the basic components that make up the planet Earth and the study of minerals is one
of the core of geoscience. According to Klein (2001), minerals are solid substances formed in
nature in an orderly order of atoms and a certain chemical composition. Minerals are generally
formed from inorganic processes.
The qualifications formed in nature distinguish the mineral from the material synthesized in the
laboratory, just as today there is technology for producing intan and other synthetic gemstones.
Minerals must be solid, so ice crystal water can be said to be a mineral but water itself is not a
mineral. The atomic arrangement indicates the presence of the structural framework of the mineral
arrangement in an orderly geometric pattern. This property is called a crystalline property, so a
material whose atomic arrangement is irregular is distinguished as amorphous or glazed. A
material formed in nature with an external appearance similar to a mineral, but without an internal
crystalline structure is often referred to as a mineraloid.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glasses such as obsidian, amber, opal, bitumen, and pearls.
Each mineral has a specific chemical composition, but not always certain. The meaning of this
definition is that any mineral can either have a pure composition or have a detector in it. The
chemical composition of minerals is sometimes controlled by the proportion of two interlinked
elements. For example, dolomites CaMg(CO3)2, often have impurities like Fe and Mn that replace
Mg. Pure Dolomites as well as dolomits with pesticides can form naturally, but still have to have
a certain proportion of elements. Anorganic process is a common process of mineral formation.
Nevertheless, there are processes that trigger the activity of organisms within. Formation of
minerals such as calcite, aragonite, apatite, and others. However, coal and petroleum materials are
not mineral because although it is formed naturally but has no composition. It's a certain chemistry
or an orderly atomic arrangement. The exception is graphite that is formed when coal is exposed
to high temperatures so that recrystallize and rearrange the carbon element. Some minerals like
quartz, calcite, and mika are very abundant. And often found. Other minerals like iron, sapphire,
gold, silver enough Rarely found so its presence can be said to be valuable. Inside geological
context, mineral density indicates physical conditions and The chemistry of the earth where the
minerals are formed.
B. MINERAL SCOPE
Minerology is a branch of geology that deals with the chemistry, structure of crystals, and the
physical and optical characteristics of minerals aimed at knowing the processes of formation,
accessibility, and utilization. The study of mineralogy systematically covers several subjects of the
following language (Klein, 2001):
1. Crystallography, the study of mineral forms as crystals, relations and arrangements of atoms
in crystal frames. Modern crystallography uses various instruments to recognize crystal structures
that provide further information about the positions and bonds of the atoms as well as their
symmetry.
2. Descriptive mineralogy. The study of the physical characteristics of minerals includes a
number of components such as strength, semiconductor, optical properties, magnetism,
radioactivity, and so on.
3. Chemical mineralogies, studies of the chemical composition of the minerals and their chemical
properties. Reactions of exchange of elements in minerals, types of bonding, as well as chemical
relationships of minerales with the structure of crystals.
4. Geological paragenesis density or, study of conditions of mineral formation, the behaviour of
the elements in nature, and associations of their existence.
5. Classification, there are more than 3800 species of minerals that have their respective names,
so it is necessary to group in discussing minerals based on their chemical composition and atomic
structure.
C. Sejarah mineralogi
Since the Stone Age, humans have used minerals in their civilization that can be seen in cave
paintings with red painting of hematite pigments. In its development, humans began to melt metal
minerals for everyday needs like the ancient Egyptian tomb artifacts of the Bronze Age. Ancient
Scriptural civilizations of different cultures such as Greek, Babylonian, Chinese, Sanskrit, and
Islam have also mentioned minerals especially batumulia. Pliny the Elder of the Roman explains
the various minerals and their properties in the book Naturalis Historia.
The Persian scientist Al-Biruni wrote a book about batumulia.
In 1556, Georgius Agricola of Germany pioneered mineralogy as a science that explains mineral
facts related to mining activity at the time. The study of the structure of minerals and crystals
received important contributions from Nicholas Steno who studied the quartz crystal. Steno
observed differences in the origin, size, and shape of the quartz but recognized that each field of
the surface of the crystal has an angle that is always constant. (Gambar 1.3). Furthermore, Rene J.
Hauy in 1784 showed that crystals are composed of blocks of identical molecules consistent with
the concept of unit cells in modern crystallography. (Klein, 2001)
In the early nineteenth century, the science of mineralogies became more measurable with the
instrument that measured crystals more accurately, the goniometer that Wolaston invented in 1809.
The optical properties of the minerals were first observed by Cordier through fragments of
minerals under a microscope, which was further developed with the presence of a polarizing
microscopy by William Nicol in 1828. The late century developed a crystallographic theory that
was very relevant to research using X-rays. X-ray diffraction began to develop and became a very
powerful method in modern crystallography, applied not only to minerals but also to other
crystalline materials. The earliest publication of crystal structures with X-rays was Bragg
andBragg in 1914, suggesting that even complex crystalline structures could be easily observed
using this method. The development of electron microscopes in the 1960s enabled the study of
mineral chemistry with high accuracy. So far, these technological developments present multi-
element analysis reinforced with high resolution visual photos (Figure 1.4), as well as two- and
three-dimensional modeling that approaches perfect.

D. Mineral Economic Aspects and the Role of Geologists

There are more than 3800 minerals that have been identified and named, although only a few
hundred are commonly found. For an invention, a new mineral must be accurately determined by
the structure of the crystal, chemical composition, physical properties and prepared as standard. A
mineral can be named according to the inventor, the location of its discovery, the chemical makeup,
or its unique properties. (Nesse, 2000).
Mineral resources are largely divided into metal minerals and non-metal minerals. Non-metallic
minerals such as talc, sulfur, asbestos can be used as materials directly from nature, whereas metal
mineral is derived from ore minerals that must be concentrated in rocks to be economically
extracted, such as gold, iron, and copper.
The comfort and quality of life that modern humans enjoy today is not exempt from the use of
mineral resources. Almost everything we use is made from natural materials.
Our food also comes from plants that obtain nutrients from minerals that are broken into the soil.
Agriculture, construction, industry, electronics, transportation, art and culture are activities that in
one aspect require minerals. (Tabel 1.1). Minerals are as important as food, water, and air to
humans.
The minerals hidden on the surface of the earth have been used extensively, while the need for
minerals continues to increase every year.
Geologists are now trying to discover new mineral resources and measure them to meet their needs.
Various tools and methods used, searching deep below the surface of the earth. The methods of
geology, geochemistry, geophysics used in this search.
Every mineral resource requires a specific process to be concentrated somewhere so that it can be
mined economically, because the element or mineral that is sought is too low in concentration in
general geological conditions.
Geologists use air imaging and magnetic or gravitational geophysical research to detect the
presence of minerals under the surface. Mapping directly in the field is necessary to prove and
describe the characteristics of the mineral as well as its rocks of origin, supported by further
mineralogical analysis. Under-surface drilling followed a series of chemical tests and modeling
carried out to prove the size and concentration rates of mineral resources. This whole series of
activities is called the stage of exploration which is one of the fields of work of geologists. Finally,
if the whole aspect is eligible then the minerals can be mined/exploited to meet industrial needs
How to find the location of mineral mines and rocks, the study of the origin of formation, size and
quality of mineral resources specifically is the area of economic geology or mineral deposits.
However, knowledge of the structure and chemistry, existence, physical characteristics of minerals
summarized in mineralogy is the initial foundation in the study mineral resources and their
utilization
E. Conclusion
A mineral is a solid formed in nature in an orderly order of atoms and a certain chemical
composition, formed generally through inorganic processes. Minerology is the branch of geology
that deals with the chemistry, structure of crystals, and the physical and optical characteristics of
minerals aimed at knowing the processes of formation, classification, accessibility, and utilization.
Minerology is one of the foundations of earth science that has evolved over the past hundreds of
years. In its development, various methods were used to determine the structure and chemical
composition of minerals accurately. Mineral resources are largely divided into metal minerals and
non-metal minerals. Non-metallic minerals such as talc, sulfur, asbestos can be used as materials
directly from nature. Whereas metal mineral comes from ore minerals that must be concentrated
in rocks to be economically extracted, such as gold, iron, and copper.
Knowledge of the structure and chemistry, existence, physical characteristics of minerals
contained in mineralogies is the basis for geologists to be able to understand the characteristics
and uses of mineral resources.