‫‪First Aid-Guide‬‬

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 First Aid is the assistance given to
an injured or sick person in need of
surging medical assistance. First aid
applies to a broad range of medical
situations and consists both of specific
knowledge and skills.
Preparedness is a key element of
first aid. Every factory should be
equipped with a basic emergency kit
that includes first aid supplies.
Regardless of the level of skill or
degree of first aid training, if you find
your self in a true medical emergency,
always call emergency medical
assistance immediately. Likewise, if
you are involved in any medical
situation that is beyond your personal
abilities to provide first aid, you should
never hesitate to summon emergency
medical assistance right away.
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 Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the
emergency substitution of heart and lung
action to restore life to someone who
appears dead. The two main components
of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are chest
compression to make heart pump and
mouth-to-mouth ventilation to breathe for
the victim.
In the event of an early heart attack,
death can often be avoided if a bystander
starts CPR promptly (with in 5 minutes of
the onset ventricular fibrillation).When
paramedics arrive, medications and/or
electrical shock (cardio-version) to the
heart can be administered to convert
ventricular fibrillation to a normal heart
rhythm. Therefore, prompt CPR and rapid
paramedic response can improve the
chances of survival from a heart attack.

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 Steps of CPR
Check the scene. Check the victim. Call for Medical
assistance
Airway: Open the airway using the:
• Head tilt/chin-lift left when no trauma is suspected
• Jaw thrust maneuver when trauma is suspected
• Tongue -jaw lift when airway obstruction is
suspected
Breathing: Check for breathing for 10 seconds
• Look for chest rise
• Listen for breathing
• Feel for air against cheek
• If no sign of breathing: Attempt 2 breaths
• If the chest rises: Go to next step
Circulation : Check for circulation for 10 seconds
• Signs of circulation in a pulse, normal breathing,
coughing, and movement
• If there are no signs of circulation, provide 30 chest
compressions. Provide 2 breaths
• If there is s a pulse, provide 1 breath for every 5
seconds.

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Defibrillation -uses an AED (automated
external Defibrillators ) device-
computerized device that can help
prevent death due to sudden cardiac
arrest. These devices monitor the heart
rhythm and can, if need deliver an electric
shock to the chest wall much like a
traditional(paddle) defibrillator in the
hospital.
Heimlich Maneuver

Choking (object in airway)-is the

partial complete obstruction of the
airway which can be due to a foreign
body. The onset of respiratory distress
may be sudden with cough. There is often
agitation in the early stage of airway
obstruction. The signs of respiratory
distress includes heavy, ineffective
breathing until persons is not longer
breathing. Loss of consciousness occurs if
the obstruction is not relieved.
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 Phases of Emergency
Management
Mitigation-efforts attempt to prevent hazards from
developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the
effects of disasters when they occur.
Preparedness-develops a plan of action for when the
disaster strikes.
• Communication plan with easily understandable
terminology and chain of command
• Development and practice of multi-agency
coordination and incident command
• Proper maintenance and training of emergency
services
• Development and exercise of emergency population
warning methods combined with emergency shelters
and evacuation plans
• Stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies
and equipment
Response- includes the mobilization of the necessary
emergency services and first responder in the disaster
area.
Recovery- is to restore the affected area to its previous
state.

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 Phases of Emergency Response
Activation
• Nature of the incident
• Extent of the damage
• Estimated number and types of injuries
• Hazards for victims and rescuers
• Best access to the victims
• Routes to be blocked
Implementation
• Search and rescue by fire and rescue personnel
• Triage, stabilization and transport
• Assess medical needs
• Call to mobilize medical resources
• Establish contact with overall incident
commander(first arriving medical providers)including
the fire crew
Recovery
• Withdraw from the scene
• Return to normal operations
• Debriefing
• Analysis of operation needing improvement
• Early identification and avoidance of potential
psychological difficulties among rescuers

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 Key points to remember when dealing
with an emergency or disaster

• Do the most good for the most number of

potential survivor
• Do not become a victim your self
• Prioritize victims care, ensuring basic care
for all potential survivors before organizing
definitive care for less problems
• Remember that Triage is an on-going
process requiring serial checks to record
changes in treatment categories as victim’s
condition improve
• Make sure your plan as close to day to day
standard operating procedure as possible.
• Remember that although limiting morbidity
and morality is the key goal in any
emergency or disaster response.
Triage-is the process of sorting people based on
their need for immediate medical treatment
as compared to their chance of benefiting
from such care.

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 Principles of Triage
 First round triage (primary survey of the scene)
The senior triage officer must keep moving
from victim to victim tagging them and assigning
assistants to begin immediate treatment as well
as warranted, priorities for treatment are
founded on the familiar priorities of ABC or
Airway, Breathing and Circulation; breathing with
airway obstruction require immediate attention
to relieve the obstruction by manual maneuvers:
• Artificial respiration shall be given to victims not
breathing
• Victims with severe bleeding are given manual
control of bleeding
• By-passing victims hopelessly injured.
 Second round Triage
Best accomplished in the triage area; more
definitive measures are taken to manage life-
threatening problems
In subsequent rounds of sorting, the critically
injured victim may undergo a methodical
secondary survey, preferable while already en-
route to a trauma center, while the less seriously
injured receive their initial evaluation at the scene

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 Triage Categories
A. Deceased
B. Priority I - Immediate care category
• Any injuries that threaten the airway
• Shock
• Stabilized victims in danger of shock
• Victims with closed head injury and deteriorating level of
consciousness
C. Priority II – Delayed care category
includes victim in need of medical care but not at immediate
risk of losing their lives such as those:
• Spinal cord injuries
• Eye injuries
• Hand injuries
• Major compound fractures or injuries to large area of muscle
• Victims with lesser fractures and sift tissue injuries
• Those who are seriously injured and they re not expected to
survive
• Victims who are obviously dead and those who are in the final
stage of dying
D. Priority III – Minor Category
includes victims who are walking, wounded, stable
casualties, cannot ambulate but are psychologically stable

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 Tagging

1. RED – Seriously injured, life

threatening and requiring
immediate resuscitation or surgery
for survival.
2. Yellow – seriously injured not
immediate life threatening –
treatment can be delayed but not
indefinitely.
3. Green – minor injuries not life
threatening, treatment can be
delayed indefinitely.
4. Black – deceased and expectant
mortality victim

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First –Aid Guide

Treatment

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Anaphylaxis-a severe allergic reaction; can
produce shock and life threatening
respiratory distress. In sensitive people,
anaphylaxis can occur within minutes or
up to several hours after exposures to a
specific allergy-causing substance.
• Call medical emergency number
• Check for special medications that the
person might be carrying to treat an
allergic attack.
• Have the person lie still on his back with
feet higher than the head.
• Loosen tight clothing and cover the
person with a blanket. Don’t give
anything to drink.
• If there’s vomiting or bleeding from the
mouth, turn the person on his side to
prevent choking.
• If there is no signs of circulation
(breathing, coughing, or movement)
begin CPR.
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Black Eye-is caused by bleeding beneath
the skin around the eye. Sometimes a
black eye indicates a more extensive
injury, even a skull fracture, particularly
if the area around both eyes is bruised
or if there has been a head injury.
Although most black eye injuries aren’t
serious, bleeding within the eye, it is
serious and can reduce vision and
damage the cornea.
To take care of black eye:
• Using gentle pressure, apply a cold pack
or cloth filled with ice to the area
around the eye. Take care not to press
on the eye itself .Apply cold as soon as
possible after the injury to reduce
swelling and to continue using ice or
cold packs for 24hrs to 48hrs.
• Be sure there’s no blood in the white
and colored parts of the eye.
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Blisters-include frictions and burns.
To relieve blister-related pain, drain
the fluid while leaving the overlying skin
intact:
• Wash your hands and the blister with
soap and warm water.
• Swab the blister with iodine or rubbing
alcohol
• Sterilize a clean, sharp needle by wiping it
with rubbing alcohol
• Use the needle to puncture the blister.
Aim for several spots near the blister’s
edge. Let the fluid drain, but leave the
over lying skin in place.
• Apply anti biotic ointment to the blister
and cover with a bandage or gauze pad
• After several days, use tweezers and
scissors sterilized with rubbing alcohol to
cut away all the dead skin. Apply more
ointment and bandage.
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 Burns
• First degree burn-the least serious burns are those in which
only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned.
• Second Degree burn-first layer of skin has been burned
through and the second layer of skin (dermis)also burned.
For minor burns:
• Cool the burn
• Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage
• Take an over- the-counter pain reliever
Caution:
• Don’t use ice
• Don’t break blisters
• Third degree burns-the most serious burns are painless
involve all layers of the skin, Fat muscle and even bone mat
be affected.
For major burns:
• Don’t remove burnt clothing
• Don’t immerse severe large burns in cold water
• Check for signs of circulation(breathing, coughing, or
movement)
• Cover the area of the burn

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Chemical Burns
• Remove the cause of the burn by
flushing the chemicals off the skin
surface with cool, running water for 15
minutes or more.
• Remove clothing jewelry that has been
contaminated by the chemical
• Wrap the burned area loosely with a
dry, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.
Seek medical assistance if:
• the victim has signs of shocks, such as
fainting, pale complexion or breathing in
an notably show manner
• The chemical burn penetrated through
the first layer of skin and the resulting
second degree burn covers an area
more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
• The chemical burn occurred on the eye,
hands, feet face, groin or buttocks or
over a major joint.
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Chemical Splash in the Eye
1. Flush your eye with water, use
clean water for at least 20 minutes.
2. Wash your hands with soap and
water, thoroughly rinse your hands
to be sure no chemical or soap left
on them.
3. Remove contact lenses, if they
didn’t come out during the flush,
then take them out.
Caution:
• Don’t rub the eye-this may cause
further damage
• Don’t put anything except water or
contact lens saline rinse in the eye
and don’t use eye drops unless
emergency personnel told you to
do so.

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Cuts and Scrapes
Minor cuts and scrape usually don’t require a trip to
the emergency room. Yet proper care is essential
to avoid infection or other complications. These
guidelines can help you care for simple wounds.
1. Stop the bleeding-apply gentle pressure with a
clean cloth or bandage.
2. Clean the wound-rinse out the wound with
clean water.
3. Apply an antibiotic-after you clean the wound,
apply a thin layer of an antibiotic cream
ointment to help keep the surface moist.
4. Cover the wound-bandages can help keep the
wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out.
5. Change the dressing-change the dressing at
least daily or whenever it becomes wet or dirty.
6. Get stitches for deep wound-a strip or two
surgical tape may hold a minor cut together, but
if you cant easily close the mouth of the wound
see your doctor as soon as possible, proper
closure within a few hours minimizes the risk of
infections.
7. Watch for signs of infection-see doctor if the
wound isn’t healing or you notice any redness,
drainage, warmth or swelling.
8. Get a tetanus shot-get the tetanus shot booster
within 48 hours of the injury.
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Dislocation
1. Don’t delay medical care-get medical
help immediately
2. Don’t move the joint-until you
receive help, splint the affected joint
into its fixed position. Don’t try to
move a dislocated joint or force it
back into place it back into place. This
can damage the joint and its
surrounding muscles, ligament,
nerves or blood vessels.
3. Put ice on the injured joint-this can
help reduce swelling by controlling
internal bleeding and the buildup of
fluids in and around the injured joint.

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Electrical burns
An electrical burns may appear minor or
not show on the skin at all, but the damage
can extend deep into the tissues beneath
your skin.
While waiting for medical help perform these:
1. Look first. Don’t touch-touching the
person may pass the current to you.
2. Turn-off the source of electricity if
possible-if not move the source away
from both of you and the injured person
using a non-conducting object made of
cardboard, plastic or wood.
3. Checks for signs of circulation-begin CPR
immediately
4. Prevent shock-lay the person down with
the head slightly lower than the trunk and
the legs elevated.
5. Cover the affected areas-cover any
burned areas with a sterile gauze
bandage, if available, or a clean cloth.
don’t use blanket or towel, loose fibers
can stick to the burns.

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Electrical Shock
The danger of electric shock depends on how high voltage is,
how the current traveled through the body, the person
overall health, and how quickly the person id treated.
Call medical emergency number if these signs/symptoms occur:
• Cardiac arrest
• Heat rhythm problems
• Respiratory failure
• Muscle pain and contractions
• Seizures
• Numbness and tingling
• Unconsciousness
While waiting for medical help:
1. Look first, don’t touch
2. Turn off the source of electricity if possible.
3. Check for the signs of circulation.
4. Prevent shock.
Cautions:
• Don’t touch the person with your bare hands if he is still in
contact with the electric current
• Don’t get near high voltage wires until the power is turned
off, stay at least 20 feet away- much further if the wires are
jumping and sparking.
• Don’t move a person with an electrical injury unless the
person is in immediate danger.

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Fractures (broken bones)
• The person is unresponsive, isn’t
breathing or isn’t moving begin CPR
if there’s no respiration or
heartbeat.
• There is heavy bleeding
• Even gentle pressure or movement
cause pain
• The limb or joint appears deformed
• The bone has pierced the skin
• The extremity of the injured arm or
leg such as a toe or finger is numb
or bluish at the tip.
• You suspect a bone is broken in the
neck, head or back
• You suspect the bone is broken in
the hip, pelvis or upper leg.
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 Take these actions immediately
while waiting for medical help:
• Stop any bleeding-apply
pressure to wound with a sterile
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean
piece of clothing.
• Immobilize the injured area-don’t
try to realign the bone, but if you’ve
been trained in how to splint and
professional help to the skin-wrap
the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or
some other material.
• Treat for shock-if the persons feels
faint or is breathing in short ,rapid
breaths, lay the person down with
the head slightly lower than the
trunk and if possible elevate the
legs.
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 Head Trauma
• Severe head or facial bleeding
• Change in level of consciousness for more than a
few seconds
• Black-and-blue discoloration below the eyes or
behind the eras.
• Cessation of breathing confusion
• Loss of balance
• Weakness or an inability to use an arm or leg
• Unequal pupil size
• Repeated vomiting
• Slurred speech
if severe head trauma occurs:
• Keep the person still-until the medical help
arrives, keep the person who sustained the injury
lying down and quiet in a darkened room, with
the head and shoulders slightly elevated. Don’t
move the person unless necessary and avoid
moving the persons neck.
• Stop any bleeding-apply firm pressure to the
wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth. But
don’t apply direct pressure to the wound if you
suspect a skull fracture.
• Watch for changes in breathing and alertness-if
the persons shows no signs of circulation begin
CPR.
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Heatstroke

Is similar to heat cramps and heat

exhaustion. It is one of the heat-related problems
that often result from heavy work in hot
environments, usually accompanied by
inadequate fluid intake. Other risk factors include
dehydration, alcohol use, cardiovascular disease
and certain medications.
Other signs and symptoms may include:
• Rapid heartbeat
• Rapid and shallow breathing
• Elevated or lowered blood pressure
• Cessation of sweating
• Irritability, confusion or unconsciousness
• Fainting, which may be the first sign in older
adults.
If you suspect heatstroke:
• Move person out of the sun and into a shady or
air conditioned space.
• Call for emergency medical assistance
• Cool the person by covering him with damp
sheets or by spraying with cool water. Direct air
onto the person with fan or newspaper.

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Puncture Wounds
Such as results from stepping a
sharp pointed object that can be
dangerous because of the risk of
infection
if the bite was deep enough to draw
a blood and the bleeding persist,
seek medical help attention
otherwise follow these steps:
• Stop the bleeding
• Clean the wounds
• Apply an antibiotic
• Cover the wound
• Change the dressing regularly
• Watch for the signs of infection.

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Severe Bleeding
If possible, before you try to avoid infection and put
on synthetic gloves. Dont reposition displaced organs.
If the wound is abdominal and organs have been
displaced, don’t try to push them back into place.
Cover the wound with a dressing.
for other cases of severe bleeding, follow these steps:
• Have the injured person lie down
• While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt debris
from the wound
• Apply pressure directly to the wound
• Maintain pressure until the bleeding stops
• Don’t remove the gauze or bandage
• Squeeze a main artery if necessary
• Immobilize the injures part once the bleeding has
stopped.
If you suspect internal bleeding, seek medical help.
signs of internal bleeding may include:
• Bleeding from body cavities
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Bruising on neck, chest abdomen or side(between
hips and rib)
• Wound that have penetrated the skull, chest
,abdomen
• Abdominal tenderness, possibly accompanied by
rigidity or spasm of abdominal muscles
• Fractures
• Shock, indicated by weakness, anxiety, thirst or skins
that cool to the touch
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Sprain
Your ligaments are tough, elastic-like bands that attach to your
bones and hold your joints in place. A sprain is an injury to a
ligament caused by excessive stretching. The ligament can have
tears in it, or it can be completely torn apart.
Follow the instruction for P.R.I.C.E.
Protect-the injured limb from further injury by not using the joint.
Rest-the injured limb.
Ice-the area with a cold pack, make sure your not use it for too long
because it can cause tissue damage.
Compress-the area with an elastic wrap bandage. Compressive
wraps or sleeves made from elastic or neoprene are best.
Elevate-the injure limb whenever possible to help prevent or limit
swelling.
call for emergency medical help assistance if:
• You heard a popping sound when your joints was injured, or you
cannot use the joint. This may mean the ligament was completely
torn apart. On the way to the doctor, apply a cold pack.
• You have a fever, and the area is red and hot. You may have an
infection.
• You have a severe sprain. Inadequate or delayed treatment may
cause long term joint instability or chronic pain.
• You are not improving after the first two or three days.

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First Aid Kit Contents
• Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes-for simple cuts or abrasions
• Scissors
• Butterfly bandages and narrow adhesive strips-to hold the edges of a cut
together allow it to heal
• Individually wrapped, sterile gauze pads (2” to 4”)- to control bleeding or
secretions and prevent contamination.
• Hypoallergenic adhesive tape-to hold a dressing or splint in place
• Roll of absorbent cotton-as padding for the splint
• Sterile roller bandages (2” and 3 “) at least three rolls-to lend support to
sprained or sore muscles
• Cotton-tipped swabs
• Thermometer
• Anti-itch lotion or cream-for relief of insect bites, itching and minor skin
irritations
• Eye drops
• Syrup of ipecac-to induce vomiting only if instructed by a poison control
center.
• Antiseptic ointment, spray or towel- for cleaning wounds
• Bottled water-to rinse wounds or to drink
• Face mask-to protect against smoke, dust allergens
• Latex gloves-for protection when providing emergency help to an injured
individual
• Clean towel-for a pillow or as wrap for ice
• Chemical ice pack
• Emergency phone numbers
• Pain reliever-such as acetaminophen. aspirin or ibuprofen, naproxen sodium-
for relief of headaches, muscle aches and joint pain
• Fever reducer, such as acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen
• Decongestant and cough medicine
• Stomach remedies-to prevent or treat indigestion, heartburn o upset stomach
• Antihistamine-for allergic reactions and itching
• Anti-diarrhea medicine

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