Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Course Contents
 Introduction to AI
 Components of AI systems
 Searching
 Learning
 Reasoning
 Logic I and Logic II
 Knowledge representation
 Machine learning
 Natural Language processing
 Intelligent system design
 AI robotics

2 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Course Assessment

 Quiz 10%
 Project 20%
 Lab 20%
 Assignment 10%
 Midterm 20%
 Final term 20%

3 Lecture 1: Introduction
What is Intelligence?
 What is Intelligence?
 Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property
of the mind that includes many related abilities, such as the
capacities to
 Reason
 Plan
 Solve problems
 Think abstractly
 Comprehend ideas
 Use language
 Learn

5 Lecture 1: Introduction
What is Artificial Intelligence?
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a machine
(Computer, robot software) to think and behave intelligently
like a intelligent human
 AI study and design a computing systems that can perceives
its environment and takes actions like human beings
 AI term was introduced by John McCarthy in 1956
 AI is defined as a system that possesses at least one of the
abilities mentioned in the previous slide
 AI studies theories and technologies for obtaining systems
that are partially or fully intelligent

7 Lecture 1: Introduction
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
 Four definations of AI
 Think humanly – cognition – cognitive science – cognitive
neuro science data driven
 Act humanly
 Think Rationally
 Act Rationally

8 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Why study AI?

Search engines
Science

Medicine/
Diagnosis

Labor
Appliances What else?

9 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Honda Humanoid Robot

Walk

Turn

Lecture 1: Introduction
Stairs
10
 Sony AIBO

11 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Family Robot

Pepper, emotional robot

12 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Natural Language Question Answering

13 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Robot Teams

Rise Lab Foot ball team

14 Lecture 1: Introduction
 A Brief History of AI
 1943: McCulloch and Pitts propose a model of artificial
neurons
 1956 Minsky and Edmonds build first neural network
computer, the SNARC

15 Lecture 1: Introduction
 The Dartmouth Conference (1956)
 John McCarthy organizes a two-month workshop for
researchers interested in neural networks and the study of
intelligence
 Agreement to adopt a new name for this field of study:
Artificial Intelligence

16 Lecture 1: Introduction
AI’s official birth: Dartmouth, 1956
“An attempt will be made to find how to make machines
use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve
kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and
improve themselves. We think that a significant
advance can be made if we work on it together for a
summer.”
John McCarthy and Claude Shannon
Dartmouth Workshop Proposal
 1952-1969 Enthusiasm
 Checkers player
 Lots of work on neural networks

18 Lecture 1: Introduction
 1966-1974 Reality
 AI problems appear to be too big and complex
 Computers are very slow, very expensive, and have very little
memory (compared to today)

19 Lecture 1: Introduction
 1969-1979 Knowledge-based systems
 Birth of expert systems
 Idea is to give AI systems lots of information to start with

20 Lecture 1: Introduction
 1980-1988 AI in industry:
 First successful commercial expert system
 Some interesting phone company systems for diagnosing
failures of telephone service

21 Lecture 1: Introduction
 1990s to the present:
 Increases in computational power (computers are cheaper,
faster, and have tons more memory than they used to)
 An example of the coolness of speed: Computer Chess

22 Lecture 1: Introduction
 AI State of the art
 Have the following been achieved by AI?
 World-class chess playing
 Playing table tennis
 Cross-country driving
 Solving mathematical problems
 Discover and prove mathematical theories
 Engage in a meaningful conversation
 Understand spoken language
 Observe and understand human emotions
 Express emotions

23 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Sub-domains of AI
 Logical AI
 Search
 Natural language processing
 Pattern recognition
 Machine learning
 Knowledge representation
 Inference
 Learning from experience

24 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Sub-domains of AI

 Planning
 Common sense
 Cognitive systems
 Machine consciousness
 Neural networks
 Robotics

25 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Components of AI

26 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Components of AI

27 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Agent
 An agent is anything that can perceive its environment
through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors
and actuators
 Agent includes human, robot, softbot, thermostat, etc.
 A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue
and skin parallel to the sensors, and organs as actuators such as
hands, legs, mouth, for effectors
 A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the
sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors
 A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and
actions

28 Lecture 1: Introduction
 An Intelligent Agent

Natural lang.
input effectors
vision

Knowledge learning
representation

planning reasoning
 Acting Humanly: The Full Turing
Test
 A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after
posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the
written responses come from a person or from a computer.
 “Can machines think?” → “Can machines behave
intelligently?”
 The Turing test (The Imitation Game): Operational definition
of intelligence.

30 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Acting Humanly: The Full Turing Test

• Computer needs to posses : Natural language processing, Knowledge

representation, Automated reasoning, and Machine learning
• Problem: 1) Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, and agreeable to
mathematic analysis. 2) What about physical interaction with interrogator and
environment?
• Total Turing Test: Requires physical interaction and needs perception and
actuation.

31 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Lets Think…….!
 Concepts
 Facts
 Reasoning
 learning

32 Lecture 1: Introduction
Chair?
Chair?
Chair?
Chair?
Chair?
Chair?
 Questions…..?
 How system can identify these images?
 How classification of these images occurred?
 How intelligent system can learn and reason?
 What knowledge base we need for learning and reasoning?

39 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Cool things AI is doing now
 Speech recognition
 Face recognition
 Automated reasoning
 Machine learning
 Expert systems
 Intelligent cars
 Voice recognition
 Health monitoring
 Companion robots
 Many more

40 Lecture 1: Introduction
Real AI
Robots help nurses in hospitals
deliver stuff to different rooms
 Task 1
 Sensors?
 Actuators?
 Schemas?
 Functionalities
 How can improve?

45 Lecture 1: Introduction
 Q&A

46 Lecture 1: Introduction