PRACTICE TEST 1

I. LISTENING (50 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-9, listen to Thomas and Elise talking about their work/life habits and
decide whether these statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG). Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

1. The fact that Thomas couldn’t enjoy Rome because of his obsession with work made him
change his lifestyle.
2. Thomas thinks people carry technology with them so as to stay updated all the time.
3. After quitting the job, Thomas realizes that money is of the utmost importance.
4. Thomas likens endless rolling waves to a human life habit.
5. Elise is getting caught up in the rat race.
6. Elise’s work requires travelling a lot so she brings so many technological gadgets along.
7. State-of-the-art appliances can become military equipment.
8. The number of young adults leading an unhealthy lifestyle is gradually increasing.
9. Although Elise adores the relaxed pace of life in the country, she has no opportunities to make
a difference to her life.

Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Part 2. For questions 10-15, listen to an interview with physics teacher Kieran Shaw, who has
taken his students to a Science Fair, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which fits
best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.

10. What does Kieran criticise about the previous Science Fair?
A. the number of prizes
B. the standard of judging
C. the quality of the projects
D. the number of projects

11. Kieran says the fall in the number of participants at some science fairs might be caused by
A. a belief that science fairs are old-fashioned.
B. worry among parents about the cost of projects.
C. reluctance to attend science fairs at weekends.
D. a general reduction in schools’ budgets.
12. Which does Kieran believe is a problem among his students?
A. parents giving students too much help
B. more boys than girls involved in projects
C. rich students having more resources for projects
D. too much emphasis on competition rather than cooperation

13. Kieran says the most important factor in choosing a topic is whether it is likely to
A. need expensive equipment in order to do experiments.
B. keep the students interested throughout the project.
C. be sufficiently simple for students of that age group.
D. differ significantly from the topics chosen by others.

14. According to Kieran, what mistake do some students make during their presentation?
A. They don’t go into enough detail about their project.
B. They can’t remember the speech they memorised.
C. They tend to speak too slowly to the judges.
D. They use words they don’t fully understand.

15. Kieran predicts that this year’s winner will be the project about
A. the variation in people’s eyesight during the day.
B. the relative cleanliness of different objects.
C. the coolest clothes to wear in summer.
D. the best place to store fruit

Your answers
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 3. For questions 16-25, listen to an interview about simultaneous language interpretation
and supply the blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the space provided.
The guest of today’s programme is an interpreter working for 16. , Alan Danes. Here
are some challenges in interpreting he mentions:
- The way people 17. and shout to test sound quality can cause an earache to
the interpreter. The speaker as well as the organization must be aware that such action
may 18. the interpreters, or even worse, deafen them.
 - Another challenge of this job comes from the language incompetence of the speakers.
Alan makes an example of one 19. to show the difficulty in translating
inarticulate speech.
- The translation of 20. is also an unpleasant experience because target
language may not deliver the exact meaning of the source one, even when using an 21.
.
- Translators, on the other hand, need to be very 22. when the speech consists
of too many metaphors and cultural references. If cultural references can be
misunderstood in varied situations, speakers are encouraged to 23. them.
However, Alan supposes that 24. makes most problems fixable.
- The last trouble originates from his work habits. Alan tends to 25. what
people will say next, which seems to be a real nuisance to his wife.

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (40 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

1. My sister says she spent the last month looking for a job, but she didn’t get any replies to the
CVs she sent. She .
A. couldn’t try hard B. can’t try hard enough
C. couldn’t have been trying hard D. could have had tried hard

2. no doubt about our intentions.

A. Let there is B. Let there be
C. Be in D. Let you be in

3. We must make a stand the casino they propose to build here.

A. for B. against C. towards D. about

4. The volunteers at Safe Abode homeless shelter are in their commitment as

they understand that anyone can unexpectedly find themselves destitute – without money or a
home. A. unstinting B. compassionate C. philanthropic D. altruistic

5. The children a joke on the teacher by hiding under their desks before she
came into the room.
A. took B. made C. put D. played

6. It’s hard to believe that so many completely untrue stories are spread on social media. We
are living in an era where information is more credible than fact!
A. full-scale B. low-key C. post-true D. short-lived

7. I only asked her to move her car but she made such a(n) about it.
A. song and dance B. short and sweet C. cut and dried D. open and shut

8. Eddy looks like wouldn’t melt in her mouth, but she’s actually really
naughty.
A. butter B. ice C. cheese D. chocolate

9. I’ve got some raw carrots in the fridge and I if I have to.
A. munch into them B. bite them off C. chew them out D. snack on them

10. This encouraging explanation has given him the will to with his duties
with a great deal of enthusiasm.
A. call up B. carry on C. keep up D. catch up

Your answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 2. For questions 11-15, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered
boxes provided.
Brain Training
Can we really train our brains? The hope that maybe we can is based on the idea of brain 11.
(plastic) . This means that no matter how old you are, and how set in your ways,
your brain is constantly changing to adapt to new experiences. Scientists zapped part of my
brain's emotional-control circuitry with electricity to dial it down. I have spent the past two years
trying to find out why this is and what, if anything, we can do to get the best out of our brains. I
was armed with a shopping list of 12. (improve). I sought help for my frustrating
13. (attentive) . I wanted to upgrade my 14. (abyss) sense of
direction. After being zapped with magnetic pulses, strapped into wearable brain aids and taught
how to meditate I have come to a conclusion. I've concluded that while brain games might make
you better at the task you are practising, they won't improve your overall brain 15.
(fit).

Your answers

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 3. For questions 16-20, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered
boxes provided.

16. She couldn’t go on holiday with Jonathan; they had too much emotional (bag).
17. The remnants of an ancient penguin that stood as tall as a grown man have been found
(case) in rock on a beach in New Zealand
18. We shouldn't concentrate too much on spending patterns – they won't tell us
much. (type)
19. There’s a risk that the sea will whole islands. (merge)
20. My younger brother is so , he never listens to advice and always does things his
own way. (head)
Your answers

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part 4. For questions 21-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable
word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Journalism has a very long history. The earliest known news product, a news sheet called Acta
Diurna, (21) from about 59 BC in Rome. It had daily news items, such as reports of
political speeches. The first regularly published newspapers appeared in Germany in about 1609
but it was in the 18th century that newspapers as we know them started to (22) .
Journalists in the 18th and 19th centuries mostly learned their profession on the job, but as news
reporting became more complex, the (23) for reporters with specialist knowledge
grew. Reporters with an education in economics, for example, were needed to work on (24)
such as finance. In the 17th century, magazines were known for their opinion pieces
but newspapers gradually took (25) this function,
expressing a view on issues of the day. There was also an increasing sense of social
responsibility amongst journalists. Technology has changed the (26) of journalism.
Radio and, later, TV channels were able to report on breaking news stories much more quickly
than newspapers and could interrupt programmes with newsflashes to bring people the very
(27) . To keep their audiences, newspapers responded by offering more detailed
comment on the issues of the day. Traditional journalism began at a time when
information was difficult to obtain, (28)
in the 21st century journalists face the opposite problem. Social media has led to
much more interaction with the public and, to meet demand, journalists have to offer editorial
pieces and respond to (29) is ‘trending’, which some say has led to an increase in
gossip pieces and is little more than an extension of the entertainment section. Whatever the (30)
of the matter, anyone wanting to train as a journalist now will have to keep one step
ahead of the game.
Your answers
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Part 5. For questions 31-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
 No More Wrinkles
In a never-ending 31. find a miracle product to hold back unforgivable wrinkles and
banish your hideous over-twentysomething skin, cosmetics companies may have 32.
the magic ingredient: snail slime. The demand for it is certainly 33. with reports that
snail farming in Italy has increased by more than 325% over two decades, with 44,000 tonnes of
snails produced every year. 'In the last 10 months alone, we've seen a 46% increase in snail
slime, due to 34. from the cosmetics industry,' according to Simone Sampo, the
president of Italy's National Heliciculture Association. Snails as skincare have been around since
the ancient Greeks, who 35. used them crushed as an ointment. In more recent
years, products have been including the slime with 36. that it can help
37. acne and reduce wrinkles. In 2013, 38. by treatments in east Asia,
you could pay to have snails slither over your face at one spa in Northamptonshire. Marginally
less yucky, other salons offer facials where the skin is pricked with tiny needles before a serum
containing snail 39. is applied. You can also buy skin products 40.
mollusc slime.

31. A. challenge B. quest C. journey D. fight

32. A. unearthed B. ascertained C. excavated D. revealed
33. A. lifting B. growing C. maturing D. flourishing
34. A. demand B. pressure C. requirements D. insistence
35. A. apparently B. ostensibly C. allegedly D. supposedly
36. A. conjecture B. ideas C. claims D. suggestions
37. A. fade B. heal C. relieve D. abolish
38. A. inspired B. influenced C. persuaded D. started
39. A. seepage B. secretions C. leakage D. suppuration
40. A. embodying B. joining C. including D. containing
Your answers
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

III. READING (40 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.

Fuelling the future

A. The world’s 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon
dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year
and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased
cardiovascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that
tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any government’s list of priorities. Thus,
in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking
at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to
replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, ‘environmentally
friendly’ One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol.
Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from
the plants including com, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to
make ethanol.
B. After fermentation, there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of
grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which
is 17 per cent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol – a colourless, volatile, flammable
liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for
its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend
of 10 per cent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline
and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In
the 1800s in the USA, it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in
the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of ‘fuel-extender’ for vehicles with E-85 being produced
in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the
1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure
ethanol. Today there are more than 4,2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 per cent
passengercarrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the
largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world.
C. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel
production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the USA,
the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds £4.5 billion to the
farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol
production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to
Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, “The
precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of
which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If it’s being powered by coal or oil, there
are obviously associated with greenhouse gas emissions.” In America, The Clean Air Act of
1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities
for a cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in America’s Mid-west
purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels.
D. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of
ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It
does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and
corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10%
have therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel – the standard fuel
in the heavy moving industry – ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol
trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In
Australia, a government review’ into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the
information to be insufficient or conflicting but did identify a number of problems such as the
possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders
in the motor vehicle industry have slated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing
equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the
Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers
get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for thanol,
it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes
that the only way the sugar industry’ can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if
they invest in the ethanol industry. “The sugar producer does not get any more money for their
molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more?.” The cost of production also
represents some challenges.
E. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per
litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance,
ethanol is dose to 35 per cent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, the production of
ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian
Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economies found that without assistance, large-scale
production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the
Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of
ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is
inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes
more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for
workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NBVC) projects that
employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over
$2. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious
contender for tomorrow’s fuel.

Questions 1-4:
Write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Brazil uses more ethanol for transportation than America.

2. Select food crops become more expensive due to ethanol production
3. The Australian sugar industry will benefit from the production of ethanol.
4. Primary ethanol (E-85) has been extensively tested in Australia.

Questions 5-8:
Look at the following list of descriptions (Questions 5-8) and list of fuel types below.
Match each description of the fuel type.
You may use any letter more than once.
5. costs about half the price of ethanol
6. reacts poorly with some metals
7. is the reason why trucks have been fitted with larger fuel tanks
8. commonly used in the trucking industry

A Regular gasoline
B Unleaded gasoline
C Ethanol
D Diesel
Questions 9-13:
Write the appropriate letters A-D to each sentence
A Australia only
B America only
C Both Australia and America
D Neither Australia and America
9. makes ethanol out of sugar cane
10. uses more ethanol than any other country in the world
11. receives government assistance for ethanol production
12. proved ethanol production is costly
13. their government bought ethanol-friendly cars

Your answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Part 2. You are going to read an article about a plant. Seven sentences have been removed
from the article. For questions 14-20, choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each
gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. Write your answers (A-H) in
the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

87: The Venus Fly Trap

Dr Lars Bohr, Department of Botany, Aalborg University, Denmark.
A great green jaw, red-rimmed, lies wide open and perfectly still on the forest floor. The sweet
smell it gives off is alluring. It is not long before an inquisitive creature arrives and unwittingly
steps inside. In an instant, the mouth has closed and the victim is sealed with in. 14
Sound horrifying? It’s just nature. Be grateful that the Venus Fly Trap is a mere six centimetres
high.
Even people who otherwise have little interest in plants are familiar with Venus Fly Traps. For
small children, the temptation of poking the open ‘mouths’ is irresistible. 15 When
I’m lecturing on botany, I find that the name of the plant draws more attention than many other
of my special interests. So what is it about the Venus Fly Trap that arouses such fascination?
Well, firstly, the idea of a carnivorous plant is intriguingly gruesome. When specimens first
arrived in Europe in the 18th century, many scientists could not conceive of a plant with an
insect diet, as it confounded their beliefs about natural order. This species seemed a hideous
anomaly. 16 Actually, more than 630 species of ‘meat-eating’ plants exist.
The name, ‘Venus Fly Trap’, is a misnomer, as it’s more likely to consume ground-level insects
such as beetles and millipedes than actual flies. 17 This is lined with a number of
tiny hairs. When an insect crawls onto one of the trigger hairs, the leaf snaps shut. This
incredible mechanism will only operate if the same hair is rapidly touched twice, or a second
nearby hair is touched within 20 seconds. 18
Here’s another fact. The Venus Fly Trap is actually rather rare, so much so that local
conservationists want it officially classified as ‘vulnerable’, one step away from ‘endangered’.
The plant’s habitat is a mere 100 miles across northern South Carolina and southern North
Carolina in the USA, where they live in sandy, acidic soil that offers little in the way of minerals.
19 Constant sunlight is also a necessity as their modified leaves are poor at
photosynthesis. And to gain sufficient access to sunlight, they rely on regular forest fires to
reduce other vegetation.
Herein lies one of the threats to their survival. Their habitat has been encroached on by
development, and residents are understandably keen to put out any fires which might start. Then,
many of the wetlands have been drained to make way for golf courses, parking lots and hotels.
On top of this, there is relentless poaching. 20 There are fines in place to deter their
theft but local authorities do not have the manpower to set up regular patrols. If serious action
isn’t taken soon, the legendary plant may soon only exist in folklore.
A. Then there are the serious enthusiasts who delight in every tiny variation in the subspecies
grown in their own greenhouses.
B. We now know that the Venus Fly Trap is not unique.
C. The plants are dug out of the soil and illegally sold on to traders.
D. They therefore depend on insects to provide the nitrogen for protein formation that enables
their growth.
E. It’s attacked by enzymes and slowly liquefied and absorbed.
F. It’s a member of this very small group of plants which are capable of movement.
G. This allows the plant to distinguish between food and raindrops, and obviously, children’s
probing digits.
H. It’s also more accurate to refer to the ‘mouth’ as a leaf.

Your answers
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part 3. For questions 21-30, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled
artisans. (A) As master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices
and journeymen. (B) In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished
articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. (C) After 1815 this older form of
manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled
laborers. (D) Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and
credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily.
Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were
considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their
apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their
moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become
respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock,
at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those
done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of
productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time.
Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell
and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to
discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-
disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized,
disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change
in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The
factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit
complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell—just as though we are so
many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the
community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters
supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose
through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan’s dream of
setting up one’s own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and
traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and
in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement
gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that
followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike1 or
engage in collective action. And skilled craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did
not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More
than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by
the 1850s, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gains had little
immediate impact.
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were
divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational
differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and
industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a
measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and
differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created
fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into
smaller, less skilled tasks.
21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before
1815?
A. They were primarily produced by women.
B. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.
C. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
D. They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.
22. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the high-lighted
sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating
the younger family members.
D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence
from them.
23. The word “disrupted” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. prolonged B. established C. followed D. upset
24. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to
A. support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories.
B. show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery.
C. argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories.
D. emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints.
25. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for
workers EXCEPT a loss of
A. freedom
B. status in the community
C. opportunities for advancement
D. contact among workers who were not managers
26. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800s is supported by
paragraph 5?
A. It was successful during times of economic crisis.
 B. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.
C. It was slow to improve conditions for workers.
D. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.
27. The author identifies “political party loyalties” and “disagreements over tactics” as two of
several factors that
A. encouraged workers to demand higher wages
B. created divisions among workers
C. caused work to become more specialized
D. increased workers’ resentment of the industrial system
28. Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A), (B), (C), and (D)
indicate where the following sentence could be added.
“This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a
centralized source of laborers.”
A. Choice A B. Choice B C. Choice C D. Choice D
29. Which following sentence is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. A united, highly successful labor movement took shape during the 1815 – 1850 period.
B. Before 1815, workers took pride in their workmanship.
C. Transportation networks began to decline after 1815.
D. Thanks to industrialization, workers are well-paid.
30. Choose the best title for the passage
A. Characteristics of traditional manufacturing
B. Artisans and industrialization
C. How industrialization has changed the American economy
D. The history of trading system
Your answers:
21. 22. 23 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Part 4. The passage below consists of four sections marked A-D. For questions 31-40, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers (A-D) in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided.

The pros and cons of ecotourism

A. Ecotourism lacks a universally-accepted definition, but is generally regarded as responsible
and sustainable travel to natural areas that both conserves the environment and improves the
well-being of those living there. At the heart of it is the assumption that in a predominantly
capitalist world where nature plays second fiddle to creating wealth, any conservation needs to
pay for itself. Money generated from ecotourism is invested back into the conservation of the
environment it impacts upon. Supporters argue that, by involving residents in accommodating
tourists and acting as guides, for example, ecotourism aids development, both regionally and
nationally. In many cases, communities work as equal partners with ecotourism organisations
rather than just as employees. However, some detractors point out that the environment is
effectively prioritised above the needs of residents. Ecotourism’s apparent obsession with this,
far from giving a boost to the development of wealth in a community, can actually damage the
ability of the majority of inhabitants to lift themselves out of poverty.
B. The travel industry contributes over seven trillion dollars to the world economy each year.
Having a holiday is big business! Despite what its critics may say, giving a hand to nature in this
way has the potential to offer communities some serious economic opportunities as it now
accounts for about a fifth of this total, and is continuing to expand. It generates money from
natural environments by encouraging tourists to pay for items like accommodation, souvenirs
and entrance fees during their stay. Seeing the environment as a valuable resource that
communities can use to generate income encourages them to make choices that will help them to
take care of it. Yet, inevitably, a fine balance has to be kept to prevent the influx of eco-tourists
from degrading the very environment they came to see. Unleashing hundreds of visitors on a
delicate ecosystem can, even with the best of intentions, lead to unforeseen environmental
impact, such as inadvertently encouraging the animals that live there to become dependent on
being fed by tourists.
C. It’s estimated that, of all the money that travellers spend on traditional holidays, only around
half of it stays in the area or country that they visit. The remainder leaks out of the host region
and through the books of international hotel chains and tour operators. One intention of
ecotourism is to limit as much of this bleeding away of capital from the local economy as
possible through maximising the involvement of local businesses and people. The recent wave of
successful environmentally-friendly commerce has also led some regular chains and operators to
label themselves as ecotourismfriendly by making very minor changes to their existing practices
through a process known as greenwashing. They can market themselves in the same way as a
genuinely sustainable project by simply changing their cleaning products or recycling more of
their waste. Anyone seeking their dream eco-holiday should check the credentials of seemingly
environmentally-friendly organisations very carefully indeed. That said, sustainability is
becoming much more mainstream and increasing numbers of businesses are genuinely adopting
good environmental and social practices.
D. One powerful motivation that drives eco-tourism is the chance for holidaymakers to take a
look at and experience civilisations that are very different to their own, which in turn can have a
positive and affirming knock-on effect on that society. Allowing local people to show their way
of life to the world not only tends to make them more positive about tourism, but also empowers
them as a community. However, there can of course be less welcome results, such as traditional
symbols and artefacts being transformed merely into merchandise to sell to visitors. There can
also be disharmony created between previously friendly local factions if one is seen or thought to
benefit more than others. Another question ecotourism raises is whether it has a role to play in
conservation on anything other than a small scale. By its very nature, it can only take place in a
highly limited range of ecosystems as issues of access, susceptibility to damage and the elusive
nature of wildlife make some areas inappropriate for exploitation by ecotourism.
In which section does the writer
31. explain how some non-green businesses exploit the market for ecological holidays?
32. mention the nature of the relationship between travel firms and local people?
33. suggest that ecotourism is largely insignificant in solving the world’s environmental
problems?
34. exemplify an effect of ecotourism on local wildlife?
35. describe a negative result of putting the preservation of nature above economic well-being?
36. explain why conventional tourism benefits a region less than it should?
37. states the proportion of tourism as a whole that ecotourism represents?
38. mention how the meaning of important cultural objects can change?
39. explain the underlying principle on which the ecotourism industry is based?
40. describe how the financial incentives of ecotourism encourage local people to protect nature?
Your answers:
31. 32. 33 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

IV. WRITING (50 POINTS)

Part 1.
1. The building we’d just left burst into flames a moment after we managed to get into the
helicopter. HAD
=> Scarcely
burst
into flames.
2. Do you mind working out in the morning? TO
=> Do you have
?
3. Michael White is about to resign. VERGE
=> Michael White is .
4. The consistent humorous events in the film made me laugh a lot. CRACK
=> I couldn’t help .
5. Mario’s birthday was celebrated with a satisfying and nutritious meal. KING
=> Mario celebrated his birthday with .
Part 2. The charts give data on the proportion of time and the places people of different age
groups in Fantasia spend and go for information on a weekly basis. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant. Write about 150 words
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Part 3. There is an idea that young people should not learn what the world is doing, but
they should learn what they can do to the world. To what extent do you agree with the
statement? Give specific example(s) to support your answer. Write about 300 words.

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