Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Proofs
Proofs
Dr.Fatih ÇELİK
October 18, 2020
1 PROOF
The aim of a proof is to show that a deducation is valid, and it does this by
putting together a number of simpler deducation that are already known to be
valid. There are many ways of presenting a proof.
Proof 2 Seperate the given series in LHS into one series with positive terms
and one with negative terms.
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ... − + + + ... = H1 − H2
2 8 32 4 16 64
where 2
1 1 1 1 1
H1 = + + + ...
2 2 4 2 4
and 2
1 1 1 1 1
H2 = + + + ...
4 4 4 4 4
, respectively. Both series H1 and H2 are the geometric series with the common
ratio r = 14 . So, H1 and H2 are convergent. By using the formula for the sum
1
2
of cenverging geometric series, we get for H1 , the sum is 2
1− 41
= 3 and for H2 ,
1
the sum is 4
1− 41
= 13 . Hence, the total sum is 2
3 − 1
3 = 1
3
1
Dr. Fatih ÇELİK Vefa Highschool IB
Since 2b2 is even, a2 is also even and thus a is also even, say a = 2c. This leads
to a2 = 4c2 = 2b2 . Thus, b2 = 2c2 . This means that n is an even integer.
1
Example 4 Prove that there is no x ∈ R such that x−2 = 1 − x.
1
Proof 4 Suppose that there exists a real number a such that a−2 = 1 − a. By
solving this equation for a, we get the following second order equation
a2 − 3a + 3 = 0.
Applying the quadratic formula to conclude that a can not be a real number. To
2
show this, we find b2 − 4ac = (−3) − 4 × 3 = −3 < 0. So,
√ √
−b ± b2 − 4ac 3 ± −3
= ∈
/R
2a 2
Exercise 1 Prove the following assertion: there are infinitely many prime num-
bers.
2
Dr. Fatih ÇELİK Vefa Highschool IB
Terminology:
(1) is the starting point of the process and is called the basic step
(2) is the final step of the process and is called the inductive step
In the induction step, we are proving P (k) −→ P (k + 1), so we assume
that P (k − 1) is true. The assumption P (k) is called the induction
hypothesis
Let us work on the following example:
Example 7 For every n ∈ N, we have
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2
3
Dr. Fatih ÇELİK Vefa Highschool IB