See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/262974229

Knowledge, attitude and practices of Saudi couples on infertility ( Arabic)

Conference Paper · April 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 1,628

5 authors, including:

Mostafa A Abolfotouh Rehab Albacker

King Abdullah International Medical Research Center King Saud University
274 PUBLICATIONS 3,512 CITATIONS 3 PUBLICATIONS 71 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Umar A Al-Jughaiman Mohammed Hassan Al-Assiri

3 PUBLICATIONS 71 CITATIONS
Ministry of National Guard
22 PUBLICATIONS 448 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Mostafa A Abolfotouh on 11 June 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ‫ت ورت ازواج ا د ن  ا‬ ‫رف و‬

‫اي‪ / ،¹‬ا‪⁵56‬‬ ‫&‪!"# $%‬اح أ ا ح‪!"# ،¹‬ا( أ‪ .‬ا"! رب ا‪ ،²+",‬ر‪1‬ب ا"‪ /# ،³/0‬ا‪34‬ن‪،⁴‬‬

‫م ا ‪ ،‬ا"ض‪ ،‬ا ‪ #‬ا "‬ ‫‪"¹‬آ ا  ا ا  ث ا‪   ،‬ا   د  ا  ‬
‫ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪  ²‬ام‪ ،‬آ  ا(‪ ،‬ام‪ ،‬ا ‪ #‬ا " ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪  ³‬ا   د‪ ،‬آ  ا(‪ ،‬ا"ض‪ ،‬ا ‪ #‬ا " ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪  ⁴‬ا  ‪ ،* +‬آ  ا(‪ ،‬ام‪ ،‬ا ‪ #‬ا " ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪⁵‬و‪-‬ة ‪ (/‬ا‪678‬ب‪ 3%4 ،‬ا‪%2‬ء وا ‪0‬دة‪ 2 ،‬ا   ا  ا‪ ،‬ا"ض‪ ،‬ا ‪ #‬ا " ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬

‫ا!‪ (% :7‬ا ‪ %B7 C 3D‬آ"ا  ‪ A‬ا@زواج ا=  ‪ 7‬ن ‪ ;2‬و‪ 9 :‬ا‪%2‬ء‪ .‬و ‪ %E 4‬زدة ا "‪  +‬ا*‬
‫ا‪"IJ‬ة  ‪ A‬ا‪- * DE +  F‬وث ا ‪ 3D‬وذ ‪ (26G‬ا@زواج  ا* ا‪.3D  "F‬‬

‫ا !ف‪ *PGE :‬أهاف ه=‪ L‬ارا ‪  3DE (1) :+‬رف و‪V E‬ت ا‪X‬رآ ا‪ %‬د ا   ‪ 3D‬و‪ "W‬ا  ;‬
‫‪ L6E‬ا ‪ 3D‬و ا* ا‪ "F‬ا‪  G‬وا‪ G‬ت ا‪ ،G8‬و )‪ E (2‬رت ا@زواج ا‪ %‬د ‪  DG‬ا‪*4  F‬‬
‫ا‪"G‬دد  ‪ A‬دات ا‪ :8‬ب و‪ ":ZE‬ا‪678‬ب‪.‬‬

‫ا‪ .9 ,‬أ"\ درا ‪X 277 A  [" G%‬رك ‪  /‬ا‪"   F‬ا  ا دات ا‪F‬ر و‪ a" 104‬‬
‫ ‪ 7‬ن  ا ‪"  3D‬ا  دة ا‪ :8‬ب ‪ 2‬ا  ا  ا ‪ +‬ا‪"GB‬ة  ‪ 2012 7  24‬و ‪2012   4‬‬
‫‪FGb‬ام ا‪G‬ن  ‪ + G‬درات ‪ dD eE 3E .D‬ا‪ -8‬ءات ا ‪ B9‬وا‪ c   G‬در  ‪p≤0.05  2‬‬

‫ا‪ :9:,‬أ‪"Vi‬ت ا‪ ghG2‬در  "‪ (%59) B [ +‬و‪V E‬ت ة )‪ L6E (%76‬ا ‪ *4  3D‬ا‪X‬رآ‪ .‬وآ‪\7‬‬
‫ا ‪DG‬ات ا‪ C/F‬ا‪   hX‬ا‪X‬رآ ‪ZX‬ن أب ا ‪ 6 e GE 3D‬وا@ ر ا‪F‬ر‪ (%58.8) %2    4‬وا‪"%‬‬
‫وا‪ X‬ذة ‪ (%67.5) %2‬وا‪FG‬ام ا ( ا‪ (%71.3) %2 *  c7‬وا‪FG‬ام ‪ -‬ب ‪ c2‬ا* ‪3E .(%42.9) %2‬‬
‫‪ st/g  *6%E‬آ"‪ c‬أو و‪ 7I‬ي ‪q D G‬ج ا ‪ (%6.7) %2 3D‬و )‪ A  (%44.2‬ا‪ G‬ا  "[‪ A‬ا ‪\2 .3D‬‬
‫ارا أن "[‪ A‬ا ‪ 3D‬أ‪q  qwBE *4‬ق ‪D‬ر‪"u 7‬ه‪ (p=0.001 ;%57.6 *D %38.5) 3‬أو  واج ‪":Z‬ى‬
‫)‪- + (p<0.001 ;%86.2 *D %62.5‬ل إذا آ‪ \7‬او ‪ cG%E 0‬ا‪678‬ب‪ .‬آ ‪ E‬أن ى "[‪ A‬ا ‪V E 3D‬ت‬
‫إ‪ 6‬أآ‪ L6E "P‬أدو ا‪ :8‬ب )‪ (p=0.003 ;%68.4 *D %87.5‬وا‪678‬ب  ا أ‪B/‬ل ا@‪*D %92.4) (7‬‬
‫‪ .(p<0.001 ;%70.3‬آن ‪ *B/ 2E‬آ‪F‬ر ‪ q‬أ"ا ‪ 0 D‬ى ‪ A[" W‬ا ‪ (%60.6) 3D‬وا@‪Ft‬ص ‪ /‬‬
‫ا‪ .(%71.5)  F‬آ‪"/ \7‬ق ا ‪ q‬ا  ا‪ A[" *4  D VG"6E 3E G‬ا ‪ :+ *PGE 3D‬ر ا"‪4‬‬
‫)‪ (%61‬وا‪FG‬ام ا( ا‪ (%42)  X‬ور ا"[ )‪ (%39‬و‪2E‬ول أ‪ (%22) 2  =W‬وا‪  |4 G‬ا‪:G‬‬
‫)‪.(%12‬‬

‫ا=<;‪ :7‬ه=‪ L‬ا‪ # ghG2‬أن ‪ #‬ن ‪ "IZE V‬إ‪ D A  6‬ا" ا  ‪ZX‬ن ا‪"G‬دد ا=ي ‪ 4‬ث زواج ا=‬
‫ ا‪ V‬ن ‪X‬آ* ا ‪ A  ،3D‬ا@‪ *4‬ا ‪ D‬ل او  ‪ a‬ا‪q:G‬ت ا ا   *‪.‬‬

‫آ?ت ا!>‪  ،3D :73‬رف‪  ،‬ك‪ ،‬رت‪B ،‬ه‪ ،C/: 3‬ا‪ %‬د‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
 :


  ! "  16860   
   
 

0%1 .[2] 
 +,- " %15 
) %13 " %  &[1]


3% " %4
 +,-  5167
 89:
 " 2
 

 
 0; 2< 
) = "> "2
 " &?17
 44 
C 
 .[3] 167
  : 
 @A
 "  B   7<
FG " H! 12 % 
 D 5E !6
  
5%8

  5
- 
 .[4]I7 "%  17J
 KJ

"%  17J
 FG
 " 71 % 
 D   

D =7
 
 .%1  @A J  I I7
5E  D B % 0J7< 5E " J,
 !6 7
 " %1 " J 
   1 
%8 .[4,5]5:

6! 1 5E ?17
 N >   = ! 1 %F " H 7 
5E 5
>  " "7 H7 %58.6"2 E &= 21
 N

.[6]=7  " "7 %41.4 "2 " 

O  E 8
 @ 
 " 2
 
% 8 

2!% @ 
 PQ &" 8 !
 R%  1
2 0%1-%
@! %1 1  5E .[7]
 I 
  5%1
C  8E %25 K8 1 &[8]" 12% 5E " 9
%
 "  J
 6% E  H 
"2 8E %46  &=: N 2 

 78 !
 T
  I1 O87  .?17
 T
%4

?17
 0B> IJ  .
 0%1> "  %8
F 

 ;QB  
) 
 @ 2
 5E @ 
 @2 !

"> "  5E & 167
  17J
 FG
 +,
%   T >
F  0%1>  
 ": @ 
 B @2 !

!  .[3]5H
< 0
 1
  !
 U -2  %8

2
 58  71
 " 
 
H
 8
 
2  
  17J
 N - V
 
 "1

PQH% E 
  , 1 "> "2
 " .[7] B

+,- 07J % &
 @A D   5E 

" E 
 PQ .3
) = "> "2
 " 5
 8

+,- HE 5E I1> 5 J O87  1 "> "2

C 6 
) = F Q &H C8
 
% " %4

" 
 "> 0%1% .[9]" %4
 ?A H
4
 5167
 89:

 6
 " 2
 3
 @J E &11
 I :

?7> I J 5E Y
Q %4
 0J7< 4 "X!% ;8


37> A) &1 5%  I J2  1
 "> D  .


@HJ
 > C 
 T 1 R 
%1 1   > J
:5 1 
 PQ C> @72 5

%E .
%  

" %4
 " 1
 " 2 !
 @HJ  C    (1)
8
  
 PJ 3% " %4
 B 
%
2
+,- @F   (2)  &  J< @%
  

(IVF) 0 %7-   04 < \; 7 "X!% 
% " %4

%F %4
  
" 1
 +,- @1    (3)
.0J7< X  04 < @   
 5E ?%


:1 
 \H7

: 1 
  4
.7  :  1 1 

:1 
 IF

@ 
 0 %7-   04 <  5E 1 
 PQ @ J>
2
 &N
%  %8
 , ,
% Y
 7 %  J 

5  %8
 , ,
% Y
 7  . 1
  % 

N  500000 " 2-  
  5J 5J  6! 1
%F 1 1000 " 2X%   1 1 H 
  7%
 4
  
  
 %
 5E 7 
 @;!7> . ,

I J  @%4> E Y
Q I .578
 R 
 5%17

. J 
  
 
) "J  =Q
 " 1
 " 78

Y
 7  5E "J
%   4
 @
 I J
 %8
 , ,
% Y
 7  1  . %8
 , ,
%
.: 
 G1 ":
D%
 R  > O  
) J
  04 <  
 J  I1 Y7 "2 &2004 % %1 5E
%  5
 (0J7< 08 1% 
 C  @%4>) 0 %7-
. 71 0 %7-   04 ) % J 700 0 

:7 
 Q >  7  1 
% " 2 !


J 7
  ?7% Y ! 277 `% %8
 7 
 @ F
" %25 T
"> @ H> 5
 &[2]%1 1  5E  E 

%95   I %4
 "X!%  J E  " 2 !

5E 7  373 Y !)  E 3  ?7% .%5 F T 1

) " 2 !
  1   .017< N 
1 

7  5E  J 
 @ 
 5J  @7: 
- &" J
"  6
 5E (n=269) 269   %8
 , ,
% Y

 " Q
 H
" E 
  !- &2012/7/4 
) 2012/6/24
.1 
 5E 2 !
 5E H %B %>  ;!   
0 %7-   
 :  I J @7:  7
 J

. 6
 R67 G (n=104) 104 

:@7 %
 IJ \H7

Q  4   . 4 ! % " % 1  1 
 @7 1
  " % 1  ?7% 5 %
 O 6
 %F " " % 1A
  & % 
 9
 
) " % 1A J @ .[8,10]%1
3
 % J 1 % " % 1A F %  ) %  R F
" 8  J 
 @ 
 5J  " 12) 2 ! 20 
@7%
 IJ  % %F (0 %7-   04 <   5J 
 ?7% " % 1< T  TJ  G4  2X  .  %
5

 d% Y
 ,2  5E FG =Q ? % " 3 !F7
? J)   .;1- U:  > ":
 %8
 D%V

O 1
;1-  G4 ":
@E:< @G 
 "  

.=1


:?,J> 1 %
 J ":

  : 
 "  E B  @7 % - ?,J
 IJ •
.= H!
  
  
 7H
 R7J
 "1

"X!% E 
 T 1 R F 57
 ?,J
 5E  •
PQ . 1 15 " ?,J
 Q "2  &[8]

" 5
  
 
 C % @  ;1-
 6
 N% %4
  "> "2

 F  4
 %J< @ 8> .
 "X!% ;8

 F @ 8> "C > A"  4
 B %J< & "1"
 F IJ% 
J< E 
  F @%1 ."0"
15 @72    F > "> 57  &@E<
.81 
 %17 @%1  &87

`%  
 @HJ
% D

 ?,J
   •
@ 2
R  @ 1 47 7 " "2 .[8,10]
 
 " 2 !
 @HJ  
87 1 %
H %  
% 4
 @ 
`%
 %8  H  % @E< @ .  J<
+,- PJ I J
 @%J H  

0J7< 5E +,- O : > &68- " "  

+,
 OG8
  %8 
 +G  @ 

"2 !
 8> . % 2 57%
 T >  
"2X  B" > "OE" > "!% OE" @%J)
I J  "!% OE B" > "OE B>
OE>" 1 "   5%1
 3J
 58> .;1-
" R2
  1> 2 ."!% OE> A" 5 
) "!%
@72 Y
Q
E . %J < @HJ
 @E< Y
Q
.87 7  7
 87 35 T4
 
J<  

.81 
 %17 01  2
@%
%  
 @HJ
% I%
 ?,J
   •
@ 1 47 6 " "2 .[8] 
  J<
" 2 !
 @HJ  
87 1 % @ 2
R 
;1- @! .
  J< @%
 "X!%
+,
 &
5%8
 +G
   E  <
4

J<  
 @72 . % 2 57%
 OG8

30 @ 2
R 
%  @HJ
 ;1- T4

.81 
 %17 01  2 &87 6  7
87
+,
) A> 34E 0J " (1)"  E:< ;1- @72

 3   " (2) &(fG2 > J,
 >
=7
 5
- 
 "X!% "
 1 (3) f

." J,
%17
% +G
 5

 
" J 
 : 
% R
 ?,J
   •
, ,
% Y
 7  5E 0 %7-   04 <

 K7 :?,J
 Q @ 9  @72 . %8

O 8 " 0J7g
%1
 @A
  !

 UJ7
  HJ; 7 0 %7-   04 <
%1
 @1 
 N 
 3F =Q
 UJ7

04 < UJ7     .%4
 " 1

.%1
 @A
  5
J) " 574


: FG - @ % <
"X% " 2 !
 hG%)  .4 C B 5E @G%
 I J @
:  .0 %8
% H FG  > HJG  "
H 2 !
8E 2 !
 5E " %B
 EH 1
 7 
 
) " 2 !

.HJH7 1 
 C>   2!% HG8) % Y
Q
5E > 2 !
  5E O
 " 2 !
 I J T
"2
" 2 !
 " 08 .?H 7) %F   %
 " 017<
@ ."
HJ %
Y
Q %
 G ?1- 2Q 
" %
 51 ;
 D%
 %F "  1% @7 %

7J
%F " E 1 
 2  %  ." 2 !

&N
 &578
 R 
%  4
 " !
% D%
 @ FG >
.(RR012/108 E
 F )  1
  % 
 2


:@7 %
  
(SPSS version 17.0; IBM Corporation, \7 %  1 
81 
  1 .@7 %
  
Armonk, NY, USA)
C 7<  1 . 2
 @7 %
5;4) ,J2 5%1

(chi square) =2 I%  %  .@ ! 
R 2 =  

Fisher’s ) ! E % (Monte Carlo) 
2 @7 % 
@ 9 
 " % 7 

A @ % 2 @ 1(exact
7 

A % 2 (ttest) %   1 . 6 2

 
 7< %   1  . 2
 @ 9 

 2!% : 
 @HJ  C 
 7
 @;%7
  

%   &  ;4< @G 
 I J
.3 %  
 PJ
. 7 
A @Q Pvalue ≤0.05

5
 ‫
‪:\; 7‬‬
‫
‪:1 
 I J
 E B 
   JA ;4‬‬

‫‪: 
 T

%  
 ;4
 N% (1) J H‬‬
‫
‪ 5
> %52.5) 
 K7
% : 
 K, .3% " %4‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪2Q %35.4) " J,
 5E 04
  !
 (=7‬‬ ‫‪%47.5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫ ‪"2.(C‬‬ ‫‪B %29.2  G2 %5.1  D7) %30.3‬‬
‫>‪"2  7
 @7 
  N6 7 :5 †2 
 0%1‬‬
‫
‪:%<  "2 57
 0%1
 &(%29.3) - 0%1‬‬
‫" ‪"2 &(57.6%) 
 :  C47‬‬ ‫)‪2- %17
% .(%13.1‬‬
‫‪
) %25 " % U‬‬ ‫‪0 %7-   04 < UJ7 %17 IF‬‬
‫‪%25 ≥  : 
 ?A  " %28.3 3 %17 
%75≤ "2 %74‬‬
‫ ‪04 < @A UJ7‬‬ ‫
 ‪   .H7 %14.1 3 %17‬‬
‫  ‪.%17 %17% 0 %7-‬‬
‫ ول ‪ :1‬ا ا    ى ا ‬
‫ا‪#‬‬ ‫ا‪#‬‬ ‫ا"ا !‬
‫)‪(%‬‬ ‫)‪(N=99‬‬
‫ع ارة‬
‫‪27.3‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫أول زرة‬
‫‪72.7‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‬
‫ع ا‬
‫‪52.5‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫أو‬
‫‪47.5‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫ ي‬
‫اب‬
‫‪35.4‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫ ذآ ري‬
‫‪30.3‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ أ ! ي‬
‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫آ‪#‬ه‬
‫‪29.2‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫'&‪% %‬وف‬
‫ا‪* +&,-‬ى ا‪(%‬ل‬
‫‪6.1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ا *ام ا‪ &/‬ا ت ا‪ 1‬‬
‫‪29.3‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫ا ‪4,‬ض *د ا‪ &/‬ا ت ا‪ 1‬‬
‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 5 -6‬ا‪ &/‬ا ت ا‪ 1‬‬
‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ار‪46‬ع ه‪ %‬ن ا‪7&8/‬‬
‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫زدة و( ا;‪ :‬ا‪ 1‬ي‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ا ‪4,‬ض آ& ا;‪ :‬ا‪ 1‬ي‬

‫ا‪* +&,-‬ى ا‪;1‬ء‬

‫‪9.1‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ ?&@6‬ا>&=‬
‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ا ‪#‬ل ‪  B‬ا‪A%‬‬
‫‪13.1‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫*م ا‪CD‬‬
‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ا ;*اد ‪1F‬ة ‪ E‬ب‬
‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫و( د ا‪ (/‬ا‪8>G‬‬
‫‪23.3‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫'&‪% %‬وف‬
‫‪* LF 6‬ل ‪K‬ح ا‪ID‬ب دا‪ I‬ا‪7& H‬‬
‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫>‪%25‬‬
‫‪57.6‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪%74-%25‬‬
‫‪28.3‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫≤‪%75‬‬
‫‪17.0‬‬ ‫*ل ‪K‬ح ‪/‬و ا‪ID‬ب دا‪ I‬ا‪7& H‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
@ 
 5J  " " 2 !
 I , (2) J H
% (n=104) 
 :  (n=269) %4
 5 %8  J 

 %
B @72 .  
  E B 
   J< ;4 

"> "  5E (%88.5) 2Q
 "  J 
 @ 
 5J 
"2 .(P <0.001 ;%64.4) D7< " 72 
 :   %
B
" 71 %2> %4
 5  %8  J 
 @ 
 5J 
35.84 
 81 ) =7 O 6% 04 <   5E : 

 72 " J
 G2 .(t=3.15; P=0.002 33.84 %
XE 81  5  T 1% (%92.8)  : ; % "
5J  " %69.5) " 6 " 2 !
  2> "2 .(%67.6)
&(P <0.001 ;
 :  " %61.1 %  J 
 @ 

3000 
) 1500 " %  = H!   H 
%2- J

%  J 
 @ 
 5J  " %43.9) 52 > A
.(P <0.001 
 :  " %37.5

:
%  
 ;8
  6
 C 


:  %4
 5  %8 " " 2 !
 I , (3) J H


%  
 ;8
  6
 C 
% 

T 1   > " J
 G2 .
   X "2

J  81  %17 
A% 
 PQH% E 
 " N6 7
ˆ
4
K6 %  7 
A Q O E J I E 

.(P =0.035 t=2 ;%41.68 % %45.91) 
 :  J
3 % )  
 :  T
E 
 T 1 5E K6 A Q
5J  J% 7  

 
 
 0%1-
 H!
  
 0 8: :%4
 5  %8  J 
 @ 

0
E @7F 17 &(P =0.001 ;%43.1 % %64.4)
% %72.1)  167 89: &(P =0.032 ;%65.8 % %77.8)
% %66.4) ?4
 9
 2! &(P =0.008 ;%58.7
.(P =0.026 ;%55.4 % %70.2) 71
 (P <0.001 ;%37.9
= H!
  
 T 1 6 
 R7J
 "1
   %
E 
 T 1 "2 & 
 7<   81%
" % %  1  
   X "2
 
%
0%1- @7:  .(Padjustment =0.37 ;t =1.40) " J

1
 5 H
) 
 " J
  2 @, 5
 ;8

 %8
F 
 0%1- "J
 (%85.8) " Q!

.(%80.4)   1
 :
 1  (%80.7)

7
 ‫ ول ‪ :2‬ا ا(‪ , -‬وا ‪*" +‬ا)   ا و ا‪ 1‬ادات ار‬
‫*‪P-value‬‬ ‫ا‪ K‬ع‬ ‫‪%‬ا( ا&دات ا‪,‬ر(&‬ ‫‪ PC%‬ا‬ ‫ا ‪2-‬‬
‫)ا&‪(373=N 1‬‬ ‫)ا&‪(269=N 1‬‬ ‫)ا&‪(104=N 1‬‬
‫‪(%)N‬‬ ‫‪(%)N‬‬ ‫‪(%)N‬‬

‫ا‪3#4‬‬
‫**‪< 0.001‬‬ ‫‪(73.7) 275‬‬ ‫‪(88.5) 238‬‬ ‫‪(35.6) 37‬‬ ‫ذآ ر‬
‫‪(26.3) 98‬‬ ‫‪(11.5) 31‬‬ ‫‪(64.4) 67‬‬ ‫إ ث‬

‫ا‪"# ) 5‬ات(‬
‫**‪< 0.001‬‬ ‫‪(11.0)41‬‬ ‫‪(12.6)34‬‬ ‫‪(6.7)7‬‬ ‫‪24-15‬‬
‫‪(61.7)230‬‬ ‫‪(55.4)149‬‬ ‫‪(77.9)81‬‬ ‫‪39-25‬‬
‫‪(24.7)92‬‬ ‫‪(28.3)76‬‬ ‫‪(15.4)16‬‬ ‫‪59-40‬‬
‫‪(2.7)10‬‬ ‫‪(3.7)10‬‬ ‫‪(0.0)0‬‬ ‫‪≥60‬‬
‫;‪t = 3.15‬‬ ‫‪35.05±10.05‬‬ ‫‪35.84±11.13‬‬ ‫‪33.84±6.06‬‬ ‫ ‪(SD) XY‬‬
‫**‪P =0.002‬‬

‫ا‪6‬‬
‫‪0.833‬‬ ‫‪(92.8)346‬‬ ‫‪(92.9)250‬‬ ‫‪(92.3)96‬‬ ‫‪%ZA‬‬
‫‪(7.2)27‬‬ ‫‪(7.1)19‬‬ ‫‪(7.7)8‬‬ ‫*و‬

‫‪0.122‬‬ ‫ا ‪"-‬ى ا‪1 7-‬‬

‫‪(32.4)121‬‬ ‫‪(30.1)81‬‬ ‫‪(38.5)40‬‬ ‫>ا ‪XY‬‬
‫‪(67.6)252‬‬ ‫‪(69.9)188‬‬ ‫‪(61.5)64‬‬ ‫≤ا ‪XY‬‬

‫ا"‪89‬‬
‫**‪< 0.001‬‬ ‫‪(16.1)60‬‬ ‫‪(17.8)48‬‬ ‫‪(11.5)12‬‬ ‫'&‪/[\  %‬ة‬
‫‪(5.6)21‬‬ ‫‪(7.1)19‬‬ ‫‪(1.9)2‬‬ ‫^‪/7‬ة‬
‫‪(61.1)228‬‬ ‫‪(69.5)187‬‬ ‫‪(.61.1)228‬‬ ‫ \[‪/‬ة‬
‫‪(17.2)64‬‬ ‫‪(5.6)15‬‬ ‫‪(17.2)64‬‬ ‫ر ‪1‬ل‬

‫ا <! ا;‪:‬ي )  و?ر ا> ‪(1=+‬‬

‫**‪< 0.001‬‬ ‫‪(22.5)84‬‬ ‫‪(22.7)61‬‬ ‫‪(22.1)23‬‬ ‫>‪1500‬‬

‫‪(42.1)157‬‬ ‫‪(34.9)118‬‬ ‫‪(37.5)39‬‬ ‫‪3000-1500‬‬
‫‪(29.5)110‬‬ ‫‪(31.6)85‬‬ ‫‪(24.0)25‬‬ ‫<‪3000‬‬
‫‪(5.9)22‬‬ ‫‪(1.9)5‬‬ ‫‪(16.3)17‬‬ ‫` ‪ *( 6‬إ(‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ب‬4C(‫ ا‬7, ‫ه‬EF ! - ‫ "ا ! ا‬7- ‫ ا‬6G‫ه ا‬8 ‫ا رف وا‬:3 ‫ ول‬
P-value*  (‫ا‬ ‫ال‬H‫ا‬
‫ف‬,‫? أ‬ ? C ‫ب؟‬4C(‫ ا‬7, EF J 17+  ‫أي‬
(%)N (%)N (%)N
( ‫"ا ! إ‬,) +:;‫إاب ا ورة ا‬
0.001** 15(14.4) 22(21.2) 67 (64.4)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
69(25.7) 84(31.2) 116(43.1)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
N‫"ات ا‬#O ‫ اد‬C‫ا‬
0.032** 14(13.5) 9(8.7) 81(77.8)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
70(26.0) 22(8.2) 177(65.8)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
17P#-‫ز ا‬:4‫ ت ا‬:-R  P ‫  ا أة‬S‫إ‬
0.127 25(24.0) 27(26.0) 52(50.0)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
56(20.8) 49(81.2) 164(61.0)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
17P#-‫ز ا‬:4‫ ت ا‬:-R  P !‫  ا‬S‫إ‬
0.240 18(17.3) 28(26.9) 58(55.8)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
51(18.9) 51(19.0) 167(62.1)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ب ا= "ت‬T
0.163 28(26.9) 20(19.2) 56(53.9)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
69(25.7) 77(28.6) 123(45.7)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
5< -‫ا‬
0.059 18(17.3) 33(31.7) 53(51.0)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
28(10.4) 116(43.1) 125(46.5)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ ة‬- ‫ ا‬+‫ا‬
0.163 19(18.3) 64(61.5) 21(20.2)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
30(11.2) 187(69.5) 52(19.3)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
 P ! ‫ ا‬U# ‫"ب‬N ‫ ام‬-P‫ا‬
0.830 27(25.9) 31(29.8)*** 46(44.3) ‫ ا ا‬PC%
66(24.5) 89(33.1)*** 114(42.4) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
 P ! ‫ ا‬U#  W"7‫ ام ا‬-P‫ا‬
0.100 8(7.7) 14(13.5)*** 82(78.8) ‫ ا‬PC%
23(8.6) 62(23.0)*** 184(68.4) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
5+‫ا  وا ;"ذ‬
0.275 19(18.3) 10(9.6)*** 75(72.1) ‫ ا‬PC%
49(18.2) 43(16.0)*** 177(65.8) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
54‫ا‬
0.196 24(23.1) 14(13.5)*** 66(63.4) ‫ ا‬PC%
60(22.3) 58(21.6)*** 151(56.1) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
8#‫ت ا‬G"2Y‫ا‬
0.008** 12(11.5) 17(16.4) 75(72.1)*** ‫ب‬ID‫ ا‬PC%
24(9.0) 87(32.3) 158(85.7)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ م‬- 5P 1) ‫ا[واج‬
0.081 13(12.5) 35(33.7) 56(53.8)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
27(10.0) 125(46.5) 117(43.5)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ د ا ء‬2‫ ا‬1) !‫;آ‬
<0.001** 18(17.3) 17(16.3) 69(66.4)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
105(39.0) 62(23.1) 102(37.9)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ض ا=ي‬
0.397 17(16.3) 53(51.0) 34(32.7)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
30(11.2) 147(54.6) 92(34.2)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
# ‫ا‬
0.026** 11(10.6) 20(19.2) 37(70.2)*** ‫ ا‬PC%
34(12.6) 86(32.0) 149(55.4)*** ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
(+ SD) _P"- ‫ در ا‬%
t=2.144, P=0.035*** 45.91+1.71 ‫ ا‬PC%
Padjustment = 0.37 41.68+1.05 ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
Notes: *Chi square test was applied; **statistical significance at P <0.05. P-value adjusted for age, gender, occupation, and
monthly income; ***correct knowledge.

9
 :  J< 3 %  
`%  
 @HJ


@ 
 5J  
 :  @%J) (4) J H


%  
 @HJ
 "X!% ;1-   J 

.  J< 3 % 
, -(‫ ا‬J‫ ـ و‬7- ‫ ادات ار ا‬1‫ت  ا و ا‬:" :4 ‫ ول‬
P-value@ (D‫ا‬
‫*ة‬- aE‫  ا‬%&' aE‫  ا‬%&' *‫آ‬b %&' aE‫*ة  ا‬- aE‫ ا‬
‫ ـ‬7- ‫ت ا‬:"-‫ا‬ -‫أ‬

‫ أن ا ض‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 7(6.7)* 25(24.0)* 16(15.4) 29(27.9) 27(26.0) ‫ ا‬PC%
75(27.9)* 56(20.8)* 17(6.3) 59(21.9) 62(23.1) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ن‬C ‫ه أو‬, ‫ أن ا‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 27(26.0)* 52(50.0)* 9(8.7) 7(6.6) 9(8.6) ‫ ا‬PC%
89(33.1)* 52(19.3)* 19(7.1) 80(29.7) 29(10.8) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
 7=; ‫ أن ا‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 11(10.6) 27(26.0) 15(14.4) 37(35.6)* 14(13.4)* ‫ ا‬PC%
93(34.5) 47(17.5) 15(5.6) 74(27.5)* 40(14.9)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
G ‫ج ا‬d, 12#+ JC‫ أ‬-,‫أ‬
0.130 0(0.0) 3(2.9) 4(3.8) 21(20.2)* 76(73.1)* ‫ ا‬PC%
1(0.4) 1(0.4) 7(2.6) 75(27.9)* 185(68.6)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ن‬C(‫"ق ا‬N 5 fN ‫ب‬4C(‫ أن ا‬-,‫أ‬
0.382 1(0.9) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 19(18.3)* 84(80.8)* ‫ ا‬PC%
2(0.7) 3(1.1) 5(1.9) 37(13.8)* 222(82.5)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫ل‬8G>‫ ا‬5 5 ‫ ة ا>زواج ا و‬, U -4 ‫ ا‬W‫ وا‬5 JC‫ أ‬-,‫أ‬
0.503 2(1.9) 3(2.9) 6(5.8) 21(20.2)* 72(69.2)* ‫ ا‬PC%
2(0.7) 9(3.4) 7(2.6) 59(21.9)* 192(71.4)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
N? ‫ب‬4C(‫ ا‬1) !‫  ;آ‬:+  ‫="ن‬+ ‫ أن‬5= ‫ ا‬5 JC‫ أ‬-,‫ أ‬،‫ب‬4C(‫ ا‬5‫[و‬7 fP ‫إذا‬
0.0004** 7(6.7) 10(9.6) 16(15.4) 37(35.6) 34(32.7) ‫ ا‬PC%
41(15.3) 45(16.7) 48(17.8) 88(70.4) 47(17.5) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
(SD +) _P"- ‫ درا‬%
t=2.76,P=0.006** 69.68+10.77 ‫ ا‬PC%
Padjustment = 0.37 66.03+11.73 ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
, -(‫ت ا ا‬-‫ ـ‬7- ‫ت ا‬:"-‫ ا‬-‫ب‬
‫ق‬d7 J‫ و‬WP ‫ ا أة‬, ‫ أن‬-,‫أ‬
0.001** 19(18.2)* 32(30.8)* 13(12.5) 24(23.1) 15.4(16) ‫ ا‬PC%
50(18.6)* 46(17.1)* 18(6.7) 66(24.5) 89(33.1) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
‫<ى‬F !‫ [واج ا‬J‫ و‬WP ‫ ا أة‬, ‫ أن‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 9(8.7)* 20(19.2)* 10(9.6) 43(41.3) 22(21.2) ‫ ا‬PC%
16(6.0)* 12(4.5)* 9(3.3) 91(33.8) 141(52.4) ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
1#-7 J‫ و‬WP 5‫ ا[و‬, ‫ أن‬-,‫أ‬
0.417 8(7.8) 15(14.4) 17(16.3) 36(34.6)* 28(26.9)* ‫ ا‬PC%
20(7.5) 27(1.0) 32(11.9) 96(35.7)* 94(34.9)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
W C>‫ل ا‬8G‫ ! أ‬, , -‫ ا "ل ا‬5 JC‫ أ‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 0(0.0) 4(3.8) 4(3.8) 43(41.4)* 35(51.0)* ‫ ا‬PC%
19(7.0) 18(6.7) 43(16.0) 86(32.0)* 103(38.3)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
, -‫ ا(<ب " إ‬+‫ أن أدو‬-,‫أ‬
<0.001** 2(1.9) 2(1.9) 9(8.7) 45(43.3)* 46(44.2)* ‫ ا‬PC%
23(8.6) 25(9.3) 37(13.7) 91(33.8)* 93(34.6)* ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
(SD +) _P"- ‫ درا‬%
t=1.488, P=0.149 61.22+15.81 ‫ ا‬PC%
Padjustment = 0.143 61.22+15.81 ‫ا( ا&دات‬%
Notes: *Positive attitude. @Chi square test was applied; **statistical significance at P <0.05. P-value adjusted for age, gender,
occupation, and monthly income.

10

% O  5E J<%   @HJ J
 " %
%17
 @J1 &81 
 ;
 %17
  F @ H> 2
 7 
A Q 6  
 :  J
 ;

% %69.68)  J 
 @ 
 5J  J% 7 
"1
5;4< 8%:
 %   .( P =0.006 ;t =2.76 ,%66.03
  81% = H!
  
 T 1 6 
 R7J


`%  
 @HJ
 @ % E & 
 7<
.(P =0.007 ;t =2.72) 
 :  J 5E  %J ) 2>
J 
   :  J " " 2 !
 0B> OE

 J
 N 6 :37>   J 
 @ 
 5J 
  &(P =0.13 5

  %96.6 % %93.3)  %8
5

  %96.3 % %99.1) 5717) O 68  4

  J %J "  
 +,- 1   (P =0.38
:  0J> .(P =0.50 5

  %93.3 % %89.4)
 J 
 @ 
 5J  J " 2>  %J ‹% 

 %42.4 % %49.0) 8 1% 2! 
 :"X%
G% 1 0J7< 5E 2! D  72) &(P<0.001 5


;5

  %87.9 % %68.3) 0J7< H
O%1 "

% %76.0) "47 >   A 
 "> (P=0.004

 :  %J) @72 &(P <0.001 ;5

  %52.4

 "X%  J 
 @ 
 5J  "  %1 2>
.(P <0.001 5

  %45.0 % %53.9): 

D " 2> OE &
  J< @%
% O  E

@ 
 5J  J C47 " 2> 
 :  J
 %57.6 % %35.5) OG8
  5%1 2!%  J 

&0J7< " "  
 " J,
 
 5E (P <0.001 5


@ .
 :  J 5E =7 O 6% 2> % J I
T >   +,
 >/ OG8
 % 2 57%
 "X% E<
J " %70.6  
 :  J " %61.5 %F "
"  %
9
 E> T >   .(P =0.42) @ 
 5J 
 J 
 @ 
 5J  J 
 :  J
% %92.4) 0 %7> 68   E
%  %J ‹%

% %4
  > "> (P <0.001 5

  %70.3
I (P =0.003 5

  %68.4 % %87.5)   J
 2!% @HJ
 @72 .
 :  T
2>  :6
%17 81  !  H> 2   
 @% %  

5J  
 :  " % =7 O E J  I J 

 %64.06 % %61.22) 8%:
 %F  J 
 @ 


(P =0.143) 8%:
 % > (P =0.15 ;t=1.49 5


. 
 Y% <

11
@ 
 5J  (%82.7) 
 :  "  %
9
 E>
@F
 R67 5E " J,
 G2 E   :% (%85.4)  J 

G2 > J,
 > +,
 "X% E> " Q
 .(P =0.79)
>  7 
A @Q %17%  H 

 3  
"2 .(P =0.034 ;%31.1 % %37.5) 
 :  J 5E
4

 : 
- IJ 
  A
 ?17
 5;4 >
" J
 " " 2 !
 I J E) 01 1
 
5J  " %95.2 % 
 :  " %93.3) % 
" %44.2 F E Y
Q I .(P =0.56  J 
 @ 

">  J 
 @ 
 5J  " %34.9  
 : 
.(P =0.10) 57
 IJ 
  %  Π!
 > \


(5 J)

 7- ‫ن ا> "ر ا‬F;‫ ادات ـ‬1‫ت  ا(<ب و ا‬:" :5 ‫ ول‬
*P-value ‫ ادات‬1‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬ ‫ال‬H‫ا‬
N(269) N(104)
N(%) N(%)
‫ أو?؟‬J ) 12#+ JC‫ أ‬- 5‫أي ا[و‬
31(11.6) 14(13.5) ‫اوج‬
8(3.0) 4(3.8) (‫او‬
0.794 229(85.4) 86(82.7) ‫ه‬#‫آ‬
‫ ا؟‬1) ‫"م‬7‫ ا‬7+ 5 7,
7(2.6) 5(4.8) ‫اوج‬
8(3.0) 10(9.6) (‫او‬
66(24.5) 24(23.1) ‫ه‬#‫آ‬
0.034* 188(69.9) 65(62.5) *A‫` أ‬
‫ج؟‬d‫ ا‬17- ?‫ أو‬J ‫هب‬k‫! ا‬Y8+ 5
256(95.2) 97(93.3) ‫ ;ء وو`دة‬:I‫أ‬
12(4.5) 7(6.7) e&f/d
0.556 1(0.4) 0(0.0) ‫ى‬%I‫أ‬
‫ج؟‬d‫ ا‬17- CE J ‫هب‬k‫! ا‬Y8+ 5
173(64.8) 57(54.8) ‫ ;ء وو`دة‬:I‫أ‬
94(35.2) 46(44.2) e&f/d
0.103 0(0.0) 1(1.0) ‫ى‬%I‫أ‬
Notes: *Chi square test was applied; **statistical significance at P <0.05.

T
%4
 " 1
;!
 @1 
 (1) 2!
 H

 F
 @72 .04 <    
 %F 
 : 
T
 ! @1 
 PQ 2> " 
 ? F >   !

 %!
  -  1 H  &" J
 " %60 5

(%22) 7   QB> 7  (%39) :
 1   (%42)
.(%12) " 
 " CF


12
  "‫دة ا‬+[ ‫ت  ا(<ب‬P‫ر‬ :1 !=T

:!F7

"X!% C 
 @HJ
  @ IJ
1 
 @4
 E2 B 
% E 
 %  .=1
 I J
 5E 

= J> 5
 " % 1 H> E &

 ?7> " 2 5E
" (
 "1 5E "H %
B) >  17500 " 0   
"2 0J7< %4
% O 
 E 
 T 1 ">  !


 7 1  J 7 I J 7
 PQ OE  .[8]6 :
N6 7) " " % 2 N6 7  2!% E 
 T 1 "X%
@ 
 5J  
 :  5E E 
 81  %17
 4
 @ ! 
% Q - 7 .%4
 5  %8 "  J 

"> \; 7
 Y "  17 "> "2 &8E 8
 

"2 
% 8% 
  
 8 
% E 
 T 1
"  7 J % E  2> 
 :  "2 . : 
E Y
Q I .%4
 5  %8  J 
 @ 
 5J 
. 
 Y% <  8%: % CG < Q 6 

 @! %4
   % 
 "  8% 

 
 ;4  ) 0J7< Π  ("1
  )  E B 
01> (N
 87 5E   J @  O%1  H!

.(" 
 2
 58  )   
 @
  

13
0%1> 0B> ˆ 4 2!% 1 
 PQ 5E "2 !
 
0%1 A 5
 
 ˆ 4 2!%  
"2
 

ˆ 4 2!% " J
 G2 " C47
 " 0    .

%4< 0
E @7F 17  H!
 
  7 
0      .
0%1X2  17
 ?:- @%H
%
O%1
  1< "> " J
 G2 " " 2 !
 C47 "
">  
 " 
I7
 0

 > 
 I7  F-
5" 1  \; 7 I \; 7
 PQ OE  .
=
PQ  1   
) = F  < Q .[8]"" 
E:) Q   &
% H%%1 " C
 0%1% I7

.[8] 7
 
 5E 5

 0J7<  2! 
)

%F Ž% 
?51
 X
 
) @1 
 "  
 @ !>

J!7-   "
?

% > 
 J
 " 2 7 
 %
" 2 !
 C47 " 0  E "†   .[11,12] Q
 
)
 " 
 "X% " A " J
 G2 " 1 
 PQ 5E
% 
 O 8
 " " 
 " KGF< "2 .
 0%1> "
" @ J> 1  @ .%4
 " 1

 :  %F "
" KGFg
,J
  !
 [13]""  %7 " %F
0 %8
 %F "    , E "> @ H> " 

  5E  4
  
 J 5E " 
 > \


." 
 " KGF< O  5E AE 72 "2 , 04 )

37 " :
 " %  ! 7 2> "2 0J7< X "> 

! F 5
  2 7 2< @%
 I " :
 B " %
PQ 5E " J
 G2 C47 " 0   "2 &[14]


) = F  :
 " 
 "X% " 7  1 

1  "‹E 1 
 PQ 5E " 2 !
 " %20 01% .

1  01% .

G 
 8
G  6 7
 :

 , @J .[15] ""  17F"  J> %1
"1  5;G
 ?17
 "  94 J 5E 8E 
 8 
H 
 &  1
 C 7
 57%
 8!7
 " T 1 >
> 0J7< T 1
 6 7 @8!7
 " % FG  >
8!7
 7
 1 
 
 
 +   .%4

"  ,
 
) +  
 " +G
 >  F
 5E 57%

8 
%  
  ?:
 81 "> 0J Y
Q I .D%

Q) @ :
 B ?17
 81> 5E 
 

.!% H71 

G2 5E %4
  71
 "> "2
 "

%4< 8  ,% 71
 8% &?17
 5E .[16]" 17J

@6: NHJ<  :%<   H!
  
 0 8:‹%
14

) = 71
 ">  
 J &J
 5E .[17]

 %
9
 F> &1 
 PQ 5E .[18] 7
 @7 
 C:
5J  " %55  
 :  " %70) " 2 !
 "
%4
 X  72‹%  4  4% ( J 
 @ 

& - QH%   2> 
 :  J @72 .71
%
5E .: 
 " J
 PQ 5E 71
 H 0%1% %
= 2Q
 
 " "7 J "> J [18]T > 1 
30 < 1J
  2) C:>  G % 2> 71
"  72
 
FG
 PQ "> A) &H;7 F " (²/ J 2
.PQ 7 1  5E  % 

 6
 " 2
 

 ?7> I J 5E R7
 IJ


 "> 0%1% %4
  %J7< 4
   ;8

"X!% ;8
  6
 @72 . :
 I :
 " % 
" 2 !
 5 J G2 5E  ! 7 1 
 PQ 5E 

(%58.8)  %8
F 
 0%1-/"J
 (%67.5) 1
2
I @E @HJ
 PQ .(%67.29) 5:
 8!7
 1 
O   !
 @ % " < D  &[8,3]%1 @1  \; 7
Π!
/\

 %   .;1 , A 
0%12  %8


 :  " %6.7 %17% 
 +G
57
 - IJ 

PQ R2 F . J 
 @ 
 5J  " %44.2 
">  %8
 
"2 A 37X% =
  < J 7

" %60 "> J &

 7 1  5E .N - I J 56!
08 %F " 
 ? %  F
 "1  
 : 
 
 5   > \; 7
 PQH
 & %8
 1

" Q
 +,- 7 " D F    5E  4

N% %
 ;% F-  %4
 2! " "7
  
 \ %
   .
 D
%8
 @G 

=1
 I J
 @HJ 9  5
 J   ,
  :
, 2
 
) J
 &  J< 3 6: 
 "X!%
 4
 @
 
) 
 :  3 J  4  4%
 2 5%8
 =>
 08 5E H 1  4
 @1 

.+G
  :6

 2!% 
 "HJ ?17
 "‹E  167 7 HJ "

R67
 
 0; 2< O
 ?
 
 5E  ,%
\; 7 I OE \; 7
 PQ .[3]  7< 5E 26

" %30.1 8E 
 :  " %37.5 "> 5E 

 7 1 
J,
 "X%  F (P = 0.034)  J 
 @ 
 5J 
"  1
 7 .
 2! 5E "G G2 > +,
 >
G2 5E " 2 !
 " %80 " 2> 0J> A> 34E 0J "
"  5E @F
 R67 5E " J,
 G2 E 0J 37X% " J

5E .J,
 > +,
 )    " 2 !
  % ">
15

 %  0%1% "H167> " ?17
 & 7 G
 2 >
O  E @HJ
 "‹E J<% .[19] F   J 4
:  J 5E 2> 2!%  %J ) @72 3 G   
%
%    J 
 @ 
 5J  J 5E   


 :  T
 %J < @HJ
 @72 .Y% <  8%:
 &6 
 @G 
 PJ %4
 5  %8 " % H7 2>
2> @

 :  " +,- HJ "X% 5

  H HJ J 
) = F  4 !
 J
 0%1%
. %J ) 2>

I J
 5E   J : > % 8E  %8 2! 
  A

F  7 
 0Q
  7   J< @
 D  =1

.5 J< > 54 !
 T 1
  !6
 I 
 =1
"    1J >  6
?1 "H
,7 5E ?17
?1< 
?9
)  > " 1> 
) T >   "1 > D 
 "
%   .[21,20]0J7< "8 1 A "2 Q) P H7) > "HJ,
%J %  A 37> A) 5G1< K !
 5E ,;J @J,
 
     
        
   "! # $%
 # '&

 F &  A
&[22]6 /  "!  #."! (
 &) #  #"! * +   #"! -, . 
    . #/  "! # $%
 # 0&  1
 23  4
 +5   5
" 1
 D
1 
 PQ 
) !>  2
 " 
 "> A)
GE 2  .I J
 5E @8
  -%  7
 
5% 
 I J
 5E    "2 @J,
  "> 567 "2
" HJ, +,   %8
 C 
 5E J,
 N  A D 
@J,
  "> 
) ;A
 @ !>  
 5E .T > > )
5E . !
  J< 72
    !  %  "2
=7 2!% A  
 :  H 


 7 1 
A J,
 @72 Q) T >   +,
 > OG8
  :6

3J
 R2 "> "2 A \; 7
 PQ "> A) &0J7< I 8 1
&T >   +,
 > OG8
 PJ 
 :  I J
5%1

.F    %8
  
 5%
8 " @HJ
 PQ "2


 :  " " 2 !
 5 J @HJ @72 E AJ)
  J< @%
%  
  J 
 @ 
 5J 
.@HJ 
 ;
 81 
 %17 " H 2   

+,V
 
 @G 
 8 5E   Y7 "2

"> 1 
 PQ 5E H .%4
 2! " "7 " Q

:  J T
 7 J % 
% @72 
  >

 " "2 .@ 
 5J  J " 2> 

? J‹% %F (%92.4) %  
 :  I J ">  g

@ 
 5J  " %29.7 , A "  5E 0 %7- 68>
5E 3
%F B % 
 Q : > " 2X  B  J 


 :  T
 %J < @HJ
 5  . 7 
 0Q

16
HJ "X% 6 
 @G 
 PJ %4
 5  %8 " 2>
 4 !
 J
 0%1% 2> @

 :  " +,-
1  5E . %J ) 2> 
  H HJ J 
) =
2> "> " B
  & [23]""  5!> "  J> %1
"> A) 0 %7-   04 <% E   72 " 2 !

" 7  %39 I +G
 UJ7 4 E  5E 9
%  

 %40 " % 68  4
 5E UJ7  H 
+,- "X%
UJ7  
 :   %
B IF PQ 7 1  5E .%100
5E UJ7
  "2 IF
 5E 37> "  5E &%74  %25 " %
"2 1 
 PQ 5E &[24]%20 " % F 
 


.
 2 5E %17 UJ7
 

 
 &
 : 
 
 @ 
 > 68 57% 

B 
 " "7 " Q
  
 
 5E +,- "
0%1% 8%:% "2
 68> 57%
 1  +G
%

I7  1  K6 A &57% 
"  
 68- F
 1
  % 
 2
 5E .[25]NHJ< " 7  

C    
A
"
62" 5G1< ˆ84
  1
."8<" 57  6 " 5 X =Q
 ˆ84
 Q &57%
%
 2
 " 
 8> .7:
 FG " 2>  J 5E C4
& 7% 
  1- 68
 " %  77
 FG
 F
FG
 I8F A 68
  
  1- ?6 ) "2 A Q)
 1-  2
 " 
 2Q  
% . ;H7 68
%
OE ."  
 68
 =
 @1
H7X%  7% 

:  J " 1 
 PQ 5E " 2 !
 "  %
9

 >   J 
 @ 
 5J  J 

PQ . % 2 57%
 5E 68- " "  
 " J,

1 3  d 4 1
 D % H,
 R2 F J 7

d 1 .[26]"" H2 7J
 5E 
 E2 7> " ;

2  7
 R67% P%   F 7% 1 3  d 4
.37% "2

:1 
  F

5E H
J) "2 5
  
 N% N% PQ 7 1 
"2

&
 : 
 %17 1 
 7  J 94 &A> :5 †
D%- 5E 7 
 PQ J  , H
 "E 3 
Y
 7 % 
 :  0B> "> B % . % 1

1 
 H ! F 1 
 @F G 5E  %8
 , ,
%

" Q
 
 :   C  
HJ Q%7 
77> A)
"  F " Q
  %8
 , ,
% Y
 7  J
1 
 7    7 % &
 :  "  %2 %17
.4  4 F   J J
17
E   E 9J 87 " @?J \; 7
 "> 0%1% & 7
.T -  E 9J
 O87
    
%F "2 A

@ 21 H
"2 Q)  " 2 !
  1  
&


E &H %4  H   87 X % " ! C 2 >  8
"%8 A H7> A) & 8
     " F "72
.H167>  
 PQ

 %8% 
 "X!% @HJ
 C 
 X F &%

 " J 7 
 "2 Q) > =7 > 5
> ) 

 I J I 
  
 .J,
 > +,
%  
@ 
N 
2 1 
 PQ 5E 
 
 8

E  T 1 R F 7 @
 PQ % )  
 .G 
, 2
  F .1 
 PQ 5E EH 1
 7 
 @HJ 
. 2> @1  5E 87
 PQ 

:4G


! 1 
 PQ \; 7 "> A) , 
 PQ " 7
 C 4%
"2 "> "2
 " 
% E 
 =  !- "> 
)
54
  
 08 X 
) =  4 B @ 21 H


 %
 @JG
 ">   \; 7
 PQ R2 .6

> 7   QB> 7 > \

/Π!
 " 1
 082
:  T
 %! @  , A " 
 ? %  F


 4
  
 5    \; 7
 PQH
 .

.
 D
%8
 @G 
 N%
+,- %F
&%4
 5  %8  J 
 @ 
 5J  I 7 
%
 E %2> =7 2!%  %J ) @HJ 
 :  H>
  04 <2 6 
  %8
 @G 
 
% O
.%4
  > > 0 %7-

 6
 ˆ 4 N 9
54
 C 
 @G 3 J 0J

  .
% 8% 
 8
 %  
 ;8

@HJ  C  T 1 IE
  :   
 \ %

2 .  J< 3 %  
 "X!% " 1
 " 78

E 
 
) 
 :  3 J  4 64% , 2
 0J
 !
 08 5E H 1  4
 @1 
  4

 4 % C 
 @
  ) 0J 2 . %8

"   
I J
0 %7-   04 < @  UJ7
 A 0J 2 .574
 ˆ 
 UJ7  5E 9
%

I J 5E @HJ
 87  
 % 1
 D%- ? J‹%
. 2!% I J
 5E 
 : 
18
 :   2!
d% Y
 ,2  %F " H    @>% 1 
 PQ
2 ! " Q
 ?:- I J 2!7 . %8
 D%V
5


d% Y
 ,2 % D%- 517
 "7 ‹%  7 .H E
  17† 6 !; 17†  %8
 D%V
5


  2
 G1   1
 = %J
 ? 17† C 8

1 
 @%4> " Q
 &= 8
 07 , 17† " 1 "J
R7 > 7J  1
2!
%  7 .H7 % 72
Y
 ,2 % 
 0 2 : > 2!7 . % 2
 H 1

5E  , J7< 9
 J 
 %8
 D%V
5

 d%
 .4   , J7) 9
Œ17  81% D%
 O >


  6 4
 D%- 1  \7 % 5E 
 Q  

 Π %  %8
 D%V
5

 d% Y
 ,2 

.2012

.
 Q 5E ˆ
4 0 : => J % " %
 F>

```````````````````````````````````````````````````````
:IJ 

[1]. Sami N, Ali TS. The cultural politics of gender for infertile women in Karachi, Pakistan: Proceedings of the
FOTIM Gender Studies Conference; January 17–19, 2006; Pretoria, South Africa.
[2]. Kamel RM. Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol. ReprodBiolEndocrinol. 2010;8:21.
[3]. Fido A. Emotional distress in infertile women in Kuwait. Int J FertilWomens Med. 2004;49(1):24–28.
[4]. World Health Organization [webpage on the Internet]. Gender and genetics: assisted reproductive
technologies (ARTs). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. Available from:
http://www.who.int/genomics/gender/en/index6.html. Accessed January 12, 2013.
[5]. Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J. Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of
US women: data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 23.2005;(25): 1–160.
[6]. Ledward RS. Infertility in Saudi Arabia: initial experience in a new gynaecological unit. Trop Doct.
1980;10(3):117–119.
[7]. Namujju J. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards infertility among adults 18–40 years in Kalisizo, Rakai
District in Uganda. Uganda Scholarly Digital Library, thesis, 2008. Available from:
http://dspace.mak.ac.ug/handle/123456789/972. Accessed January 12, 2013.
[8]. Ali S, Sophie R, Imam AM, et al. Knowledge, perceptions and myths regarding infertility among selected adult
population in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:760.
[9]. Bunting L, Boivin J. Knowledge about infertility risk factors, fertility myths and illusory benefits of healthy
habits in young people. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(8):1858–1864.
[10]. Kjellberg S, Sydsjö G, Glebe K, Sundelid M. Knowledge of and attitudes towards infertility held by members of
two county councils in Sweden. ActaObstetGynecol Scand. 2000;79(11):1015–1020.
[11]. Younglai EV, Foster WG, Hughes EG, Trim K, Jarrell JF. Levels of environmental contaminants in human
follicular fluid, serum, and seminal plasma of couples undergoing in vitro fertilization.Arch Environ ContamToxicol.
2002;43(1):121–126.

19
 [12]. Shiloh H, Lahav-Baratz S, Koifman M, et al. The impact of cigarette smoking on zonapellucida thickness of
oocytes and embryos prior to transfer into the uterine cavity.Hum Reprod. 2004;19(1):157–159.
[13]. Aryanpur M, Heydari G, Tarahomi M, Akhondi MM, Ardakani HS, Masjedi MR. How effective is brief smoking
cessation counseling in infertile couples? Journal of Family and Reproductive Health. 2010;4(1):35–40.
[14]. Warren MP, Perlroth NE. The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system.J Endocrinol.
2001;170(1):3–11.
[15]. Gudmundsdottir SL, Flanders WD, Augestad LB. Physical activity and fertility in women: the North-Trøndelag
Health Study. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(12):3196–3204.
[16]. Brannian JD. Obesity and fertility.S D Med. 2011;64(7):251–254.
[17]. ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Nutrition and reproduction in women.Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12(3):193–
207.
[18]. Fedorcsák P, Dale PO, Storeng R, et al. Impact of overweight and underweight on assisted reproduction
treatment. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(11): 2523–2528.
[19]. Luna F. Assisted reproductive technologies in Latin America: some ethical and sociocultural issues. In: Vayena
E, Rowe PJ, Griffin PD, editors. Medical, Ethical and Social Aspects of Assisted Reproduction. Geneva, Switzerland:
World Health Organization; 2002. 31–40.
[20]. van Balen F, Trimbos-Kemper TC. Long-term infertile couples: a study of their well-being. J
PsychosomObstetGynaecol. 1993;14 Suppl:53–60.
[21]. Ahmed AU. Socio-economic determinants of divorce in Bangladesh.Rural Demogr. 1987;14(1–2):61–77.
[22]. (3) g ،‫;ء‬1‫ رة ا‬Y
[23]. Adashi EY, Cohen J, Hamberfer L, et al. Public perception on infertility and its treatment: an international
survey. The Bertarelli Foundation Scientific Board.Hum Reprod. 2000;15(2):330–334.
[24]. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J,
Lancaster P, Nygren KG, Sullivan E, Zegers-Hochschild F. World collaborative report on in vitro fertilization, 2000.
FertilSteril. 2006;85(6):1586–1622.
[25]. Ezugwu FO, Obi SN, Onah HE. The knowledge, attitude and practice of child adoption among infertile Nigerian
women.J ObstetGynaecol. 2002;22(2):211–216.
[26]. l1 m‫ ا‬C‫* ر‬Y n GY n (5304 F‫ ر‬k*A) ‫ري‬,>‫ ا‬i&/j

20

View publication stats