Rito bow. he. Bie: /!900 - 2003 - SVEUCILISTE U ZAGREBU ‘TEHNOLOSKI FAKULTET ~ ZAGREB Pape be Baes4e Sifica Ceran-Stefanovie OSNOVE ANALITICKE KEMIJEOdotren Presa peda Senta Zagreb Sapatag 1s vam © ARALENTRKY EBRD ele Analitidet clgnat 1 intornseia 1 1.2, Granion oazodiivanga a rraliveretimecs analist 7 ‘AORETICETE SEAHCISA 2a Pleange kaaiseks ronkaste 2 2.2 akon o Ajetovaasu seaa =e 2.5 Prinokp po He La La Coatelsers » 2ut. Paktort Haft algensaju tonstance Renkseke ne aacie 2 2uter. Koncentewsise { aktéviter a 2.4.2 unsecas taaperature 2 (eos sen Sew Zag 3s REAKCIZE FURLAGA PROTONA 12070 Sets Fagan Kizeloats 4 bastinorts x6 3.25 auvoprototiza vote ~ 53s dakost kiselinn 1 konstanta Rigeling a Bedee Senoot base § konstante besa 8 Sty ToLiprotonshe kiveline, enfoternoet 2 3o5s Mlratactse tooe Bidrolisa % 346, Turereka 124 tenpon otonina sa Yadact reakatsa prelaze protons a it, Detingotsa kamplokea, Stebélnost £ nestebsioost 70 4.2, Hoaplekss 2 Sonia vote 6 de Moajene komplokes 20 idostisinastja enelica 78 ‘Tek Suto lr, Zap, Tema Ta 1 Bro) 1441/SL. a —————— i a5+ REAMOIE rons exzamnON Sele Spontane retake sesketse 512s Tdenstcxacija anelite pronjonen sburade ckaldacte 6 REMKCIIE w S1OeERN HovocaR=N srorENTMA sls Meakotjo prezesa protons £ font 6.2, Hoekolge poelasa alekerona & protena 7» SEvaRAIWE 1 opubaRse Tazo Pals Sevarenje centaca lasetalieaciie Patede Toplysvest 7eAsds Hadintoge talons 7.2, tarnotetoe ronetanta proiukte topttwostt 73s Hoke zajedoldhog Loney Béokt strane te: 7A. uesecns pt oa talotne reekoije ceapange telogs YoBeds Pravotjenjo w elabi olextrenit 7.512, Stvaranja Kospiekinih Lone PaBeSe Okaidensse 7.6. Selextivme talotense { otepanie 7.6.2. Serektimne talotense antiga 206.21 Tadofanfe nidovkaida 7.6.3. Tatotenie Hazboneta Undue ~ ewlotonse 4 otapanse valoes arses eaR n? 7 120 128 a on 0 aNAEzEety mpeU Leds AaeDiSit ena) & satormacsja AngLSthdin Kenta Jo snanost oxtkapljanta, oareasi= ‘ranje { tunadenga snformeotsa o aaterijelaca eustar pono snanatventh netodas fle osnow njornih pokasatelfa ~ sinmala nom eriiis Anslitiin Jo ananatvene diacspiénn, unjatnoet & sm pontisanje pewrin ajerath step pest ne itenge "andco Je to! < Yaak je tots To Je put kojt woth un ‘Aenvangu ostvarenth eignsin { resinaki posterL senor problane Se qusi}say Analien coals asacenetaxe tenicivanje neko napo~ nave evant prisfenan procesa analiaw & aintes 4m postizaransa sisnaia, petzetoe Je proniena stan ansiist= anor usontn, ¥ avedidty ansLStsEkin saamateanse stoss erie 4 user, Heo oredaramte exedine 4 koje Je tadrojen. Yaino So dn a woe ne siseniay de aa analécisar ups viii, 4 ean odabere koje Ge pnonsens na uaorics izervets, eso Mt dobto pour anaitiSks aiendl Urorak o analitSeon| eoistu J chitk eaterije © vivinea Saformact;on, a eneliicar alaas eredatea £ pateve da dobije pun nfomaciju: ‘ut anaiies 140 of pojedinednon prema open, IIDIRIZAIDY puta ‘co eleoror ne aatovolzeve, posinse se novin prenstransenyatu deductivnoe epaianias feko a0 yostepeno manfuye jak intormact st intelectue, aurlastoat teoretaki postavijonog sjadenje 4 njornth eimnale. Sto Jo enalstisie Kenije sintere sansa to oe ponariie dok 20 ne postime murlesnost 4 noniéneatt, knje vote loptinen ueaslafavensu teorige £ eka” perieeate, da o0 stvork preva = Setinite inforsacija 0 rors. Zasacak enelitifers potinis etutls stanon analize § solifSiactjon zetote mada, te chraton 4o- portend weer iventh podatets renin sevoda, de ti dobivens yodutxe aomao etettenseht pros A4tt, Ze otebirenje matote rida 4 votjense enelstifiog process aomuinostt Priston potretias on mast podact o naterigi urorkn (enresstne stan oncensrectsa 4 vrate netori Aepitate strorine, nedivprodakte tifeton tetetobkos 130 4 tinaint protaved. fok protzredage lentroliza ae ponoéy rar~ avekteriatike eirovina od (arora (ridnihy seiediite) do laze nolerute, fon)s Anaiisiger fe eneLitifar preteens areasivanse tu totmolodid. proves, santijera veliko posnavanje anslisi8kth netode { ajthove weditiosnense 24 reslitice anteriiele. Pintl~ i oroterod voSt wei gufaje potaske © idantieshaats { wventicikastt eat siete, upatance tofu treba Sdantiticsnatt tants tat come slit, Analit noe Dit aton, fon, sedeel, funkctonsiaa erupe, estate £15 nilmonslaiaie. Katrics ~ oane= Manisanje anenisisior poetupee oriat © neolito take sores eo prve azroeatne o Piste { kanSjoke kansitentatthe analy as $0 analie uvgetnse Leber neton simone, redsoantimoat eogu Seazvatt popratne otekte, Yobno ‘je < wetsene caspolotive te enalisu hao { tolboes tose Se pom ‘rena. Neohsina Je vafen odnoe analise u nateict, kao t ko- nthon, Drorot Sanuase 107 4 10°? g rate se centntiro ‘penton, Wmorennsie se ropoina az usonke of 10% as 207? e, e1Sged rancere tadashi do 20° gy nanaeran tenth 10° 2 pikoenan tanta do 107%, KolSSinakt onan Ronponene! drone senesjova nazies lame tonponeate ta enality Hofer 2a of 96 do 1008, sporedne Ronponanta Se ena2St rote elLEC- ‘Be 0,018 do St © aneDtt u tragovine oe nrete Soped 0,018, Yada Rens saline Se obeede 4 analiae infor ‘ectja 0 Sepitivanos natertft. Infornectia obuhvaée rerutta ckeperinentizense, Jorktenja yostojete domunentastje { rarul= ‘ate onrede podataka. Infornacisu dobijou0 proko analitidioe siamala, eo f12t8koe rnatertjs, odzoeno natertjaine pradotive te poruke, Keniekt, ‘szitkt At biolofes svusene Stenivn atenal. Benzene Je tar, rosa se upetreblave de Ceasove Renter, Platkaina 114 Sion sis steve Raapena aoe Bett alenenet (16 opady w neelt- Sean otredsene porace 0 analssicanos 1m vole nemnssevanse fro fo pomsia, © Ste tntor~ feotsa u kenksekos anelist, poolutt f@ pringer tentitthact~ fo 4 olzedsivente ervtostlorice,ast so a raatasane D4 ponltje dotatee erabenth fona, Je potttivan, Zaliverivan kar prisutnooti Hlonié (ona, Bigell og Je elenel-poro- n= ponofs dadetath operacte (Filteirante, sent vvacanse) lari do spaclutes KelSdine arstro-Koride. (Wk atunekin puter (qrevinetsisehi faktor, bebdarne Eriwilse) dolant #8 do intornaciie o Kolifint Werid font. Sada Jo tek defininen snalititea Safornucise © ananity dobive se ne Signed ects odzedonu Konttina tntomacte 6 ality, o nlenovos Wwalitetiomes peiavtnonts 1 irantitatte: 22 Ye1S#ind, Mo Se e€2} enaltze aodsvanse popatnthn intornae ae esata 114 0 struttind materife, “tjetoun materi je sevens krantdtatioma analiza, Gri anabseesa eda ote dvise canoras antlize, usko vezene, Ss oneeanta produit tool fie iss) Pos zs. som i 5 uuu seu, a Grastins poskar odsoss kvanstatimne 4 kvascttatie~ fe analiae xoncentract{e astalnin iooa 107) exten? ‘Presa pojaviitvange sSgnsle /talogs/ dobiva oe predotiba 0 prioutnosti 424 odeutnostt toatenog anslite, Intenaiter ‘signee daje infornsct{u o uvantitation sastavy probey a (srAcAdkt Je to ordinate. Tepsbivange po spsctet, wtvrti= ‘range stgnala duf te cof odgovara kraiitativno3 analisty a njoronion veliSine ondinate aobive ee 2vuntirsctzana tne romeotia o oltSint analtta,‘saxo prouatranjon ebvarunge srebre-kloride, tanutense otops- ‘be { otvarenie eizastor talons, pokaruje de je zatovel;ene onstante prodakta toplsivosti & da fe Avalltetivae peimten lord fone Tek edvagon taloge, nadon niagove obzale, dabiva to wid 0 KolSSint Herida 1 aneliatranos otopink § potpune Aecingcte Morte u urerkis otatek rensanon Azasive stvaranje simels, toss potmajuje 124 nijese prtoutnaot analite, ta prinjer treba dokazats ‘yotenod otorsnt Kiva(1). Grupain seazenson Hlerid Sonos Sethe tobe ae obko toplsérs Hlorids Hive(t), aebra(1) 4 olova(tt)« SLijeds saparectja olova(t) Herida vruton vodees U taloss ootans Kloniaé Hive(T) ¢ arebra(t). Priautnost sive(2) seo titieire se docevanjen anonijaka-na talog: me al ee U nevederon peinjere konne infremct{u 0 polsutmosti Sive(2) fe donive a dea zona (Bit)s Sto Jo sunje Koraka, Sntoreoija se prije dobtvana, Dokasivanse Hive(T) Je provadeno austere postupton, toji aabtijeva prvo seperaciie (Sedan bit) pe doen svanje (Arupt Mt). J fe Klaeddnt tok anal rus aadin rralStatione anehise Je prinfona Kowke ‘ontetttnin tootove Ldentirthecise, Take 60 U navodanoe prinsee ‘jenjtvanjes Ziva(t) Je doxasana Jeinse biton, Sntoraactia 30 ‘ka nero u pevor prinjerse Pie % ‘masiten* tok anebive peiiedan Jo, ako Je usorae potpune sepornat {16 ako se nabistrasu ove Kompenente work, “Venger rene" analize ou some, Eade oo trebe utveditt priutaest 125 oltnoat sano fednog anedta, a Sean dovel joo sntorea- cide 0 oatelis kosponantane sores. 1.2, Cranion olzedstvanta evelieatimog analst Joslit 20 sole dokazett, ako postoss objektiven ‘eritents au otoedssvenje grentine vrijadnosts analita 9 oro bey Granite veliadnost odradssvania je ont) aaiean{t wie somista, Zojt Job Sauzive epectfi#at sigael. Donfa gransoe okasivania, onjetisiveet, eranice garanctse, grantee otksi~ ‘range ou tezoter nasivs ta erunteu clredjivanse Gt grantou entiedieetse. Granton ofredsivanse ovies © neseaniog mast rack, koje Jo momute dokarett u urjetina provedjonsa reaketiee vansteriene tehniha ofredsivensa te eranice provets otopinane enalita ave vedag ruariieAanjas iho je Rencentse- chge otnoe fenatgu wijela enelite { Ro1iine wxorka, onda Jo itntdcn tonsentrectie edooe Lonod ja granitnor eetsfeja ane Gta pajnense RoLitine probe, Gretides pritas tog otpeee peidanan fe na s2set 2.probeta) ¥ sitea 2 Canoe granite mosey grentioe Koncentoastje 1 potred= se xoltfine probe ft log-log koordinstnon eustari/ 1s ofnoas grantae nase, gruntine koncentrectie 4 potreb- ze kolitine probe, analitisar mole exidjubstts 1, Podrutfe taped grentne aa ne anaiit ne note ofreatt, peipada usoreina, ete 2. Teramo ae sogu anaiisirati wiorel, Hogi prépatas poo srulju demo of praves *grantina™ xaoa, @ innat pravea ongennga" woltSina zara bs Koncentrisangen ueoraka, aofe oe {ewiitt enalisa 4 1 {evo of pravea granite mase probe, 44, Rezstsetenje probe Jo potrebno kod gorage grantee kon contrectie. arsijetense oe pons uiaetje ne note vide ae etqurnotiy utwnitt prigutaest posttivna reseed jae npatenctse tases analite, fap rerultat aebive expstanes a Jo prisuina 424 negatives seatets je dokasana, 2epatanfa tao zazvisanse bogey pojava tale 5 A1f otapanse ovlee 0 najnanjoj musi tart, koju nofeno oinentiy ino 4 0 urgetinn provocenga reatotie 4 9 wpotzet= janog tehnes rel, Kod nibrolwalseativne enalize roomate su tenatker seaiotje u kapt Yopot tect", restetge ne sm seole £ ronkei a na pretenastog sont Piiter poptre, Prom sfenoa tennte donastvenga mijonge se granica doxestvande, to fe prSkasano na tublict 26 Granioe dozesivange resnin tenathane Tehaiike dovanivange PE, oo teagne Sopishst Henleshelinedis “Elsen 025 0125 ont oe 04005, ons, 2 1 075 ory 04002 ons,-10- oot Pa ons ons ost aattren-2 01250005 0408 ‘Fromgena rocgense wtjonga grenteu dokasivenge. Hed dokast- ‘vane tobalte pouofu ISOM granice dovansvenja oe rele of 0115 pe do 045.85 « pronsoncn reagunse note oe dokazatt £ 0,003 pe aobattes Tako ou to kvalitativne tennike raday ne fomovt dobiveath reakeisa, dobive se 4 safermnciie 0 ret vyol.Eize tovalte “ride 04 0)5 ng 424 sang of Over Gatek intornack fe Lenstvaje fektort Kost mnste fu 4 tine nijenjaju granion identicixactie, mriva taforae- ‘ja tzacivaja tantsaxe neStatole reagenan, tw onedSSéense araze, vote (it porta, Perslelnin radon 06 "eli japan firoe vont sevedens pogrelie se nogu ikloniti, Sligena pscbe Je sana natrica 4 reagens, t). otopina ber tratence eleuenta, Signed ce note sxanjivi usliged gwithe anelita sijeron apttivengar prokongen, ‘eperevangen, stsorpei ion analtta to 4 sekantamnsn renketSena, Bo vods projent informact fos VeLikt Jo utsecad ekspertnentainth pacareteray Het 4 temperature se etenal. Mote se saa justts de Jo gronten dokanivande ve setimoat & epectfidaost xesksije m4 u govoru astonint, ad analstsstos prakat ou raiSith podwovds Belektsrn ostunst snogufugu Ldentarsuectse analtte pod uvfotas eu ll -n- snjorenod aredint nisu prisutne tomponente, Hose exetadus SptcstSEnin eetedane ne enete priautnost drupih Koxpenans~ ‘a, fo notote si ideslne 1 yoteljae, potzebae kod dokasi= anja aualiva tregoviag, ‘4 /reaueige S11 resgensa/ potrarmjeve indtrativnost na sano fednu wupetenciguy « pot pojuon asloxtivnsets /reak- hfe 414 roagense/ Snitzatsmmoet a nalt bref aupatenctsa. Gaatt dn je specttidnost aajvisi stupany selektimosti, Pod pogoan specitiénos- sofe povetats pronjenon lly dodatkan pute a AL maskiranjen, iaskivange jo proces, Hosta eo enotesust sont Kenia trenaforatzagu /telofenje, Komplekeraise/ £ re emetagu donttstiactss anaittes Lepittvende seetait proveds ae tet emetagus sons, No aa posedsoatavl ene tapitivande a4 renslest se mona odsovanst renultate keeplekenog sus ‘saves ta pov tect Sepisivana otopina sadris sane stron = sotagutt ton. Za dust toot prinetuse ee otoptna anaiste 4 strenog tona a ongeru 1120, Otopina anette 4 dertsiéne- se vote u Aston onjeru eluli aa trois tent. ta Setyrtt te ‘Tull Kouplotan usorek bot enatét suotage ne postogey ade ge prvi ee ae ae a eae nog Sntenastote kao sige) treses toate. Ma bees selarecrmostt roskstje mu klasifictsane w pet gra ot Aeneanee seniion 24 Mectstnsctse postupake icontistiastse ‘Brod Homponenate Lose ounana Hlastfinectia ER porket Seatalsa Bootie 2-5 s aes Yo gana gelevtivan 2-1 § dette cotexstvan ‘Froulavanjen selextimests mote taka ako trebe aijenjett odratent analStiSit posta & rulnu tbat, da BS oe postigla ¥e6a selektimcet ayer ‘ages Faktort koji enanjuge grantcu dokastvangay wedso ane jaja aelektimost sesketie, BUSCA BAWOEEEA T NTE PRIWENA 24 PREOVIBARST AYALI- sn REMROISA 2a, Fomngo tontsonth resket ja Toni oxin seoket eon naatagu nove trast, kode snag Keasjote £ Fiathalas evojatve narliSite nego potetae ‘oart. Tondjske reskcija se prikamwse kent eton jetnadtven, Me Lforeg strent gesnaaive pid stmolt erent koje kee aifokoa reatetion autegu ~ to eu pootured, Rapteme beat- , “2. ve renkedsn nora odratavats eétne prongene koje au aastan ke Jetnedive prixenugu etvarange erebraog Wlorida: ws Hetgonk preduut, Navedene rents Aah M07 ena + cx” =H Agon/e/ + at + Bag cog"? + 2m + 2 en” aasayay 6 2H" + 90,2 Bagh 6 2 e204" + 2 008 « 2 ermB Agca/e/ + 00? «2 0, Sve tet fetnadtbe trebesu pritatats cenovay reskotje erase fe Korie fone 4 arebrath dona pa G6 oe pisett jetzan Jot nadabou ove tt meskes sagt + 02” SE aenn/ey ‘estvt reartonste 1 produiate trobags odrudavatt asitons 4 atrakture pa ce nazivaja zusionstain nasivine, Ha ossova napiaenog kenijekog element S14 epe- Jims © posoty dogovorenth stnbols mofeno anx1fulstt © stand Dogorerene Jer As fofivt gui elersroiite oe piu tao sont, Jer kao tent postoje a vodenia otopinana: H* ¢ O17) Bat + @27y ae? 6 08 2 ao meleiule 414 stant eo pln: e/——siebt ertrenseds 80055 1,04 cro00n1/ teBko tontet epoerts outs sus0yh, ornate 28 talog 4p etrtjeticn $334 potvatonn fonmala epoje, cdnome ae o/ natal 1 nenabnis 62°) 70°) 6° 4 pitnovts OOp// th/e/- Onoskn 24 plin jo etnijetion, 5. U ansregt, ten formule vari, tebe stavits state) ft: stvainog stanga proma tablict: isbel_risiuatno stanse . Punorite a Fema * esto Fas Rbenengey 2 Hy /e/ +p /e/ ze 280 AY epSoune Keni joze Jednadibe nora odraitt tip resuetdey kao 4 wrab epojeva Koji sengizegu 414 reeked fon nastejus U hyalitettwmos analSst se susrets dye oanoma tie ‘a Keni sidh reshoijar reukeije nctatere 4 reskot{e obeiae cise 1 reduketje. Hot meteteeitnss renkotie ne dolat do prongene valenct;je, {u spednju reatctge nestagense labo ontetzenih apojeva io slebih iaeLinay lebih base 4 too plazenth Sona: cnooo" + nt = axyoar 35 Fa +n = mE ts oY es re pelft tne reaije ou 4 sentetjeatvarange te fogs {inv sede pliner: PE 8080, /o/ anys saat eseap! fe + mp + oc ot peaked‘ okaSdacs ie 4 reduiote dolast do preajene ole eLdacizotog Yroja ualised prigelase gr? aa sa =e mm 20 + 3 neh Se Ma osnovs Kenijoke joanedive ae sofeno sald uiits chant ‘tan eotvange Kentguidh reakelja, Gve hantjeke reaketje i= vagu ee preko nize prijetennih stanjey a Jednadibe israia- va uplamen potetno 4 tosedzo atanse, To a mole oprawten 14 veltios besinon ofvi anja reskot eyo kod stati gaxth proufsvanje analitiluth eleteaa acrano enati asbentene th reakeije, Mohanizns veaketja aa valnk tod proudevanga {deo ‘Atthactijo anaiite u ceaiaon states.2.24 taxon 0 ajelovanse mesa Kentjoxe ronkotje wivagu oo rarislstin devine ra, Formate su renkotje koje ae odvijagu godSzane rosiga 424 u iminzane sokundt eo eheplossge. De bt 90 nogao predvidjett tijek { bevine Zentfoke reekesso, potred- no Je eve utjecesne faxtore poverstt matansttEeis pokasee ‘poldins, o Je jodint aatin da ee tapttese 4 usporaze kan rarteriseci{e tenijeiih ststens. taj ofnoe definiralt ox oepegots norvodi wEonjact OnsGuldderg 4 Bokage 4 forme snes ge kao akon © djelorance maaae esise Eesijeke veabsije propersionslas Je sstimin sasans Teopsrejsin tars Aceima suse seaktunate 414 produbate reakesje Ao? = - erin 2 2 > x ea th © > Ae = - mint noth de ge terodtzaneke Konatente Kens ‘umkesse aktiviteta £ teaperetune,- me oooentraotia £ aktivitet cenovoe aneiitidke nsesw ae Koncentrasti Je 20- sasttet (coterna koncastractJa, tvarak Koacentrectie)s ‘Si-jedinica (ie Gyatere International d’unites) 24 2olLSina ssvart elas ‘ot ge KoliGina tard onog alatenn Host eadréava ‘oll fotinkt toLiko Se atoun w 0,012 grena sagljtea 12 ta vad uw anaitidkog Hanis treba pomnavatt one cmntrect{e mess, Uobitajene fistaalne veliine, begins se opiauju Koncostractje enjese u ctopini prikezine eu abies 3+ tonian Jo hosogeoe angeas dvise S14 vise tvari, Hot otopine ‘ns Seton konpononte nasiva otnoalo, a nalast o# u velskos oLtdint proms otosl,ano| trent, Otepeto sole vit + anes Ctapaio ae xarnatea ofvojeno of otopljene tvart, Otopljent tras fo kanLjens wktionie Konponenta, « otapato Jo kane ranfe axtimo, Nolams onceatrectia (H) otepine gatnaka Jo tofu molors otoplgane fvaré u 1 da? otopines Yotaran Koncenn ‘ereotja teaponent A e9 ommadeva kao oy S14 o(8) A24 sagnaioe 1 -3- seoaten 36 Piatialne veltEine noneentrectso Pisteelsa volition imel Deftntoife Jeatntee™ oe a carom keeegeclls fp Pp Po-ay we SERGE ge aya, ae a Prinjer 1s proat 20 wifts? ctopany Be cae ep «ance lingua 12 mol/an? u 1000 ab sedrii 17442 § K; +2 2 oci/as u 1000 al vartd ebre @ Eee) | 2a Regis. Sipiow sus feet on? cans ome te +2 8,0 a ve pete Bringer 25 gfotsona 50,2 6 MOK 2008, Kottke J te pola po an? t :pms sate HOD + 2950 + 140 610 +40 e/a Saco Tats ene vans y5 ao | covttjean snttiteayltfinn na tnetmeranie | roncetrcise~ ural nie Srfvean» S-dtinonty pean afer na por 092 1 Dhdy pte oS Mh) « = 042 woi/an?, Ze isredunavanje ekvivelentne jedinice nora beoteeh Senedia reakee, Hot aslo-berth rake je 1 oaretivange elkvivatentne jedinice biten ge broj vostko- 2 mak + $04 = Maid, © 2,9 macs + Jago, - }mso, + 2p etecs) + 9¢ J 1390,) Bf, + 5 Aeon ~ hesrO, © 38,0 Faye, + go - bsezo, + a0 alison) = a6 $2,704) od vedsks reoksije bitan jo bro3 olextrena oss auaelufy 1s renkotsi ea tarelumavanie olwivelentne Jedinice: Stace cod 2 sat ome sane nee?) = ac mo) ‘to teratunaranfo toncentraciie wrigell sano on serrijetene vepines tat novi danadu koji no postoje privisine afte, fo je Adeaiae otepin. Fovesanjen Koncentrachje Golesi & cdctupania od Roultowos sekona, Taine u honcentricania otopinane elektro 14ea dotase do erataga Covlemove pivisine ete, koje sam ‘juju slobotu ettanga Seetion 4 ngensas elske deatne obo- pine, Frivieine sile ‘asetu sone rant poveéenien nab; otopljone vant wladagy ao Sdasiné pti tons 2 povetanyen niesove toncenteasisoy ante Je efekttie ‘be koncentractia mange of /anattiShe/ teoretoke koncehe sethateet /ag/. ‘reas PsDebyeutdckel-ovoa salon reeriatende eliedt of snot Semotu axctvitete 4 konoantsectje: teacije. Sa stvaraa krncentrectse nasive Re bee asian T~ woortesjent axciviteta tons © = encontrectia Sona /ao1/an?/nao T= 0m 4? Ea ee 2+ toa setontotenae = nabog soma rostichgont antivitete /Y/ opeta peraston vonsentracie 4 poreston muboja evi pedewtnih fone w otopint. Moedutia ot visceth Koncentrast ey ne wrijede navedent Aszant, ser aga fone parovi. FoveGanjen koncentoast fey pete biifevedu ve ounrotne nabijent font 4 stvarage Lonske pa crore, 1 parovt 40 viedaju Io neutralne Eecticn, ose ne rljenjagu vothitvost otopine, Jo Yetis pevetansen konoen mache stvaraju se Srostrubt ont Fojt pet pores rsa vom stvout otopiney os oe aijenje otnos tanesa rs Pasters te" fot. rijednosts Koeftetienta aktiviteta poprinegu 3 snore = Ateaton otopina ~ Pffenine ofopine -- Gratiis otnos ‘2andu roncentracise Korine Kot noetictjoute aktivitete prtkazan Je na elict 3. Hoeticisjent autivitata recns resrijetent otepinane x10- sltne Kieeline of 0,005 sol/ta? 0 0,5 201/40" ragano pate. ininelnu visJednost poprine kot 0,5 nol/da? Hon. Densasia sraston konowntrachse, wrajednost koeftossenta axtivitets 0 slabo migenga $ krede ako seta cia HOL vowwsave L2nad 2 acl/éa?, koefsotjent abtiviteta ‘yoons angle oanadavagest 45 otopine pokaruju veldia positives deviaciSu press {dasiaos ctopiat. Metutis vada je evakor elektsolite Je epesiti8no, pa razrsietene oto- roncentractsone onto € Hoeticijent aktivitesa neutneine aotekale 414 neslextroli= ‘ee dan fo Sarason: aeeBe net sige Jo K - noetietsent ool. 1X mofo popsinatt 4 posttime 4 nepstione weijednoett. 4s pale sclokale tao Hyy Op 414 00, X Je wrijek posttivan 4 Aanoch oko 0,2, do je X poritivan log f raste, pa se stivitet injedneduje 5 analitidton toncentrect en & suartocente evpinantsvot/ea? pres Ovianost Hoetiessente artivitete { konzentren ‘cije Horde Hiséline lotetupania of Feletyeckle-ovog takons reslntz oteptna~ ‘be ou Seote po je na slict 4, pritasan adnos Snets one wocotskih 4 agenenth vrtdednosts koeftotsenta aretviten ‘ue on Wloridn Kisoliou $ slunintj-nt0rsa, aot aa? Ovienoat onake sakoats koertotienta axtteateta 1S koncentrachge HeD-Aoanety, Jesvuija a = ngorene vet Sednoett HoottekJonta akttittoteherbvuiga b = erafumnto vessednosts Hoot tetjonta axttvi= hrruige © ~ njoreno wriSedsoatt oeftessenta aktiviten ene, eninge 4 ~ tecatunate weijeanontt koofiei genta aktiri= seete 25 AlCl Feiajor be trite ecivitet 0,2 mot/ae? A262, foo ay Oped 1 Oh mol 5. Oh at suet rome. 2s, Bb Bast eae eB on sso 03s mde f= 0)512. 5. YO = ae9 toed = = 1,209, T= 0,067 Sy = Tee = 0,0087 «0,1 = 00687 motte? -B 2ybade Ueseons tomereture ‘Lgeron kensjone sesnetse enereise we note ce2e- buds 125 vesach do tzentva rast S34 pad taapooatare niernog sietene, Tebidajono or YoliSine toptine oslebodse 514 vestne tAokon ofvijanja konioxe reaxetso nasive ental~ iia $ omafave # (0)e Standarint priraot entalpise etateos ( #) an getan proces {inak Jo euns antalpise predutata unenjenos ta cums standart slpsja reaktenata, Toosss oe nesiva opzotemnie, ako se onlobadsa topline {eredunata je nerations © predak= Josome enloterane raskaije shaorbireje ternifis ensestis 2 1 osttivan, modjutin profukt ee mane etabiias of nakoise stvaranse vodene pare Je dersntrane veisesnoséy rineste noterne entsioije £ t2ratons jeinadften: BEC) 6 Bop GG) = HOG) — 290.) = 285,05 Her ‘Seandantnt potoast entelesse Ua Se proone epontan 1 da Ge reaktants peifedl » proiukte us cslobedsanie neko topline 4 esativen, sto ened > Je croternan conkots Erijelas vota 12 kapldevitos stanja u plinovite s0 atria Ar dovoijenjo topline:3 OAL = 420 /e/ An 298 4 = + a0 to/non 20 ge endoterma reakots lordje datast do sera! ‘Le cnatelseroy prinetp, Jor $0 30" aofag rermotede unfetovan cdvotoasen 414 dovedensen edgore- agate ensrgie- Kenatante cavnste seasterene reakoie we smansue porectoa temperature, 1 povoéava patca tenperstures uecutia ako Zeliso wrasts endoterans reaketjuy saat ds Je porratos reskctja egtoterma, tida Konstante ravzotele nse ae gues * - RR rb - hr / > 0ne78 to on zoraaton temerstaney a pada radon tearenatn. Otis sano temeravare 4 koetante defiaicen Jo lanssen: ., 2 opie = 12 we AB de ay ris Resa aise ees fa seaman R= linea tonetante / 6,334 Ba") ortdeage temperature Konstante rosket Jo 24 navedens ento- ‘eran reset povadara £6 o4 040162 na 0,028. omnavadoss ternotinanske sxsete oavasence ke ssoke reeves otepande, Honpleustrange 4 neutreLizachse 1 poatsés opti nulne uvgoto Sdentirinactie analtter osu s0 Brees reskotse talofensa S21 ‘Rabunsid potact Go nan pokaswtt da povtlenge temperature a= Jonge konstantu kent joke reskeise neteliko puta, Prinjor 24 Konstente kentseke reaksise na 662% Lenoct 00162 othe Seaoet se 760% uz AB? = + 5,05 233, REMUCISE FASIAZA PROTOWA KISHIO BANIE REAKOWSE ‘eorijey Kose su nastosate poversts 4 chjacntt rometie Hoeline $ otjedu 4 Gooe alkeniate, Alkesiot Vigo ons sokd opsedne tens, nsinovin aeduechais reskotgaaa eybe aJshora haraktert sinereley atjenganse boje biijoth okatraeat Latdedig 1095. gotine, prot ge deriniras ized ey Host cadets vouthy koft ae note nadonjentitt etalon, Tote Jo golize XeParaday uatanovto 44 otopine kdeeliza 4 dete provode olektriiaa struje, ta sh netvae elektreditins ‘vedens uaatZar S.Armonsus portavie je 1847.59- ine teoriiu vode. On je utrodio de jekt elettrolitt u vodenin ovoptnana dontstzage ti. d8 oe nate 18h, @ mange kao aotaiate, KiceLine Je deftairac kao evens tine Ty kofe u votenoy oto- pint aga voter don-k” ¢ anion AT, a base kao trast tine YOR tage daju tation MT A Bldroketl ton OF". Reaxeion Kiselina 4 bes sol. olart do peutrslinaciie i stvarenge Ustenovio ge an Je stupang atasessectse visas o setrtsecsnde 4S polarizectst stepsbas a3 {e asotonténe objadnjenje Kise2son 4 besa protix PSL 90 Je Me Bronsted £8, My Lowry 1925 godine avojon toon jon protenas Gal defintraja tap Keel eval tras kode age pnotone, protondonor, a basen tvar Koja pina peotone, peotooakeeptors Resketse zsedje Riavldne 4 besa nisveli ey protol{tidaie seaetsane. Kiaelina sofe Mth donor poatons sano ako je prioutan tesa, Hoje G4 tas pooton peinttie proton nekog bast, a sloboden par eleitsona u eotehst’ vote fonoruuje fo) 4 da print proton of ike Kiseline, Riestina| SRL base note MEL dation (850°), anton (1505) 424 neteloe (ongcc0n). dakost vezanga t otpatanja protona odeornsn ‘eorija toxe 4 KiseLsna Jo $08 4 danas poteutse, ose on poate ‘odgu pogetinth teort ja, Teortsa vote (Amhenius), teanije ctatena otapale (Prenkiie-terenn), tworiia protons (Bntheted- +e postoje ranne nosugiestce < sponovi {udnabuge on potetaon Koncentrasi{jon kieeline, 4 Jo BR alae kisetines suigeas 5% age ete 2, & sm cat i oy adm be | oe Disoctzactja itsoline arednie akin Kiselina o4 ne note senenartty gy Bile Seteak poSetnog Konsentract st op tude oe koncentractse BY deratune {2 Sapanst oat Via = 7onstante Kiceline #8 wos deftetoast $ ponote tupnde denissctsedy iso odsoe ‘eseey Sontetranih notekula 4 urspneg broje nolexuia prije tontzact onstonta iieelise pevaa Oxtwaldoves zazons rasrtfedonse east et Sm Ta uy ~ pedetn Koncontractie Kheotine ‘nts jeconson oteptne, suanjuse co Honcontrocha Kiseline stupany fontzacize re ‘Poeskonato narcigetengo/ Sontzecssa Je potpuna eiabe X= selina o6 vlads kaa guia Kictline. duo keeling tontetra e+ Ao fo obepina veto erst esena 20 % 8 odgovarejute fy poprinasu veigotnst do 2 « 107%, asia o@ alabon Elselinen. Seetaje jeko Kiseline toninira- 38 of 20.8 do 50% a ctgoveragute Konstante Xe O45. Jake Hiseh4ne dontztzasu of 90 8 Ao 100 %y «Dror ute Konatante aa vote of 207 Jedele Saknot bers 4 konataste base rasivagu solante toe fonietress na centreind aon 4 nianokst2 ton, OW, a slektzonegetiwmcot feentrelnog Joa mange {0 00 24? Sraza Daze ton evaja ko jueiran KieeLin 4 tor x prisutnestt te Kiseline dolene sjesina benoa svosetva do Lerabasa, Jakont Be fo vonstanton baze Hye UeJodsout Ky Setnako a0 4 yy 02 pefuje 64 Onbeehdovis rakonon sterijetenge tako 2 HL voilsivont Aacrafsvane bare u otopinane sarl4Estih et piietenga. Bivivolestna vod jtvoet pri beckonsSzon raz ijetenga odsessge op $14 exstoapolaction {1 sunicansen tbl jivoets ations ba suieiase 1 neraotelt dtecot socio, a njens ee koacentrectje w rane ietentn otopinana be DraeedSes ne migenge + obunvaton fn Jeu weidodnonts Ky, Tako au uvifok tabedtzane ised ost Hy $24 plgy zonstenta nongugtrane beso so.terstunen se sararee encentruct a sloboiatn protons a vedanta otepinasa basa sania je of 10°? onda", a tod jain bana ovat sans 0 onceatrectt bare 4 Serefunava ge ¢2 ferese: Bie it s Toe 6 ~ woncentrastse bese w notds™?iy ~ tonatante konjugirane Heo1Sae sae oncentosoi{e bésoatun Sona glabsh bass tezataneve 60 1 serene: ea Pm Pie ta bene erdnie utonth vee etnoss org Ponots Plootovog grate /Sitka 5./ otsatase 26 DH neslisiein otopina kao funkot fa konseatracte Kizeltne olds", o8ttan> wifednoat 28 PK + 5. fabio radunskin putea + es pot, - $row? - 5 Ostae ranmetrensa hao t {evedt au stetvetat kao 4 2aa Jet, Fortprotanske Aiselizey antotersost ‘ottprotonske Kineline sags suicostvno otpustath rile protons, pa ou one karaktortztrane 2 vide ontsaci= ‘rouctrino kerbonatas Heeliou, #4 Hoo kateno 3a Je ain protoneka jer dieoeirs & & vpn 160,555 woos" + a moog St oo,2 + Jokost nastslih Kieelina dafsoicana ge onstantan th kis etsna { edgovarasucin Mt Sut wor. geet Ee wes se settee 6 yt ay + 10,9 tte conor veigelnortt nig aofe oo eakngulsts aa ‘otpulte nego drugi 4 ta $e 1,005 Je {Se Kiseliza 02 £005", Aho ge azedinay w ofos oe oavise svskotje kisela, prve revnotola 0 ponte u 143 soanguge utto toma 100,” £ 00, Zon HOO,” ae pevog reakctst viada kao batey av crug09 a projstvo dons £24 molemtay aa c0 ovlane © nottiuy vi ost Lancet 1)7/ pil poliprotonarih Kiseling, tose eu u dt 9 raaiva ca sntotexnoet, /oLevtoonogatt= (gon 114 Cobain etupniavina antolitty Saredunava ee pose- ey seen ws bane my ‘seansaaoet tena #00," 4 00,2 Jo evtene 0 pit reding, « noseinost postejange posedtnih tone £14 molekse te Kot protvitenos nl prtzasans Jo fsgurettv: 5,205 7 *H0057 Hog" 7°00, 00, ee 3 ‘Yosfornn Kieelina otpulte eukessiimo tt protena ayo, =P ago, + a nyo, sme,* + a wo,PSt Re, + Tevedene seekoige su feftninane ¢ tet Konstonte 1 GABE sata a- me = ee 22.10 wes ne KE ott angers Sit. yi? orisnost postojanse 4 stebiineett podedinth tons ge priie- Me aw mye ne Preis a a fe) <(] fos] - AY 2 ‘Stebtlaost pogetinin tone oviet o pH otepine: SER,” SFO aro, 0, % v cf Ze pascijelnih Konatants xemozets sléjed eunsras kom tanta dontrectge Ht 2, oe nome Et sew lasogen mulfid ctsotre av stigmas ako jo toplstront M8 oko 0,1 aoten"? assets 1gsSwert fe ogee = 12. 107% norPeas a. > sean prota 20H rte si copie teste use sedstte tshirt erotin roti ntazae «re tenrtate ny WB ae? eer 35, Waratectse Lona - nidvotise Anstogso slebin KlseLisenh 41 besana xeesinay vodnue otepine elextzolite ~ aot.= 56 Sold stapangon u vost mt jenfagu neutral reskei rote, To su renkoise pidrelise. Ovepine ogy eeapirets neu soon neke alabe Kiseline {24 kation nok elebe bares Ya ‘ne, anton slabe Kiseline, odzosno ation alabe taze regi ‘baju 9 moleiniens vote, prt Same nastads nolelade slate Ki feline, odzonno olabe bare 4 ostebatasu ao A font 424 oF” sont = vepootavage {15 vonstastans, Roun revnctote Lonteacise rode prea Le Cuaterseru, ovias o Jakorts ziselize $24 ene, Kose etvee sage sols Roakotje senate sols 4 vote ang se prosatrets deror Sotint osnoms alse cold, 4/4 nation Jo sak donor protonay pa 66 ‘yotena otopina vate ito slabs Kizeline 4 wnisedi odsoe a dantunevange pi otopine solts S Bot my + 8 esos ‘eke votens storia MOL nengine kao Aba kis 444 torte 0 noncontractss sot 4 aonatentklseline mrt, moSS m+ om osors t mou + ut + 017 -o- 2, miaroLisun coli, HIgh anion Je akceptor protons. Yoder 1 koja vrigelt ree raecises wee 76 Beaty ob 208 oyna Yotans otopina Hatt eeagiza hao elaba bese, £1Jt 98 ovt= 24 0 nono} tonsentracisi { konstants kioeitne HOH/CI™ eon SE Me* +O agp = or mat 6 ca «or Js Otoping acid, ELs4 vation ge elsbs donor protons, © soton slab akeeptor protons, ee vietaga kao antolitt, sa koje veijeas pit as Dm, som / PE aefolstiéeth aolt ovtel emo o gskott nastate ki elise 4 boze, dzoano asshovih pH weisednoatiy a ne ovt= ‘Ho Koncentract{ soli. myer," 6 or nostor + atoo 4, U statage eada postogt gednait afinitet anfone 4 katie fa prom protoru £ niareketl Lom vedey se migenfa 20 BH fer ne aolast do reatesse « ontea vote 76 $e Ti vor onsh otepine ten gett 72 mann Ee + 2" so SS acest mat car oat axe fats Some Jub. Paterake 114 tanpon otepina Ctopina, Hoje eedelt olebu Kiselios 4 njos odetvae rajutu tol, odnomno oiabu bast 4 afod oégovaragucu fol, na ‘hog efente snfedaidkog tone taka otepine inaju Konetentan DE, pa ae dodathon laftna $11 Kigeline puterirano otepiat, seein nH ne atfengas Paferske otopine veos eu valine W yn eakes sane, kogtnn e9 oslobadesu dont 8 ALL Oy a age 0 odviiatt us konetanten sl, Puferske otoptne Dringenjuja u novodane ceparactie 4 detexchge a2 cdstavange cptisalaes nt ‘ako puferake otopina nofe bist sishe kleeLina etatna Kiselina 1 ngesine potpuno ‘ontasnana oh ~ Ma acetaty fe costa Son kao bata. Dufercha ans seo Heo 5 = 59 ote bith £ slabs bana tao Hto Je ezonigax ¢ col - 3,02 dy bane £ odgovaragute Kigelina ~ qxonts ton. epdersonova jedandiba, 2vedene {2 touetante Miootine, |aratave ovisnost HH 0 Koncentrest34 oolt /¢yay4/s Htseline Poyseeriae! 112880 /opug/! soinék a ee voters otopina sols proastra zac elabu bast 434 klseLinu, Handersonova Jocnadibe 2a kisel4 pater glaats Bs ny + top GSS lsoiersonows jodaadiba ae bares pater glass B+ iy + 0s oi Hentereonov Saran ge eraftStt prikasan aa sitet 6. Ponotu geanedtoe 414 grartthog prikase note 62 [reaeiagett puter 28 tratono 3H poteute. 440 ou Koncentre- igo alt 4 xencentranie odgovarasuce elsbe Hoeline 426 Sodoakt, teda ae pi dejednatt on py 4 to Je podratse Ajelovanse puters. Jotnadioe vetoes an DH pocratse of & fo 20. tapecttet pure ‘rosutage se prin Ko1iSint doganey= dots etextrotte 0,96 » 0401 = 996 + 20™%aoian? = 3 = 0,987 = 2,013 Prinjor 2. Chis sites 6. Gratides prikat ajelovange pufere ringer 3. Tnratunaste pf 0,2 H OFOOOH + OM myCL. 0 fete pate 415 klselize, koe u puforu unroinje cdseaens, pronSen pi. Maspomnetiss ou putert aay (10008 + cxcocwa, Hou + 102, MaETO, + TeHPOyy ale0, + Heg00 HX angood = sem 78,00 =" 60 0 je sajean Gvisu slsbih itselina, Kako $e Bhe dete t- setine, Sto ae Dekluluge 2 Yrtecsontl py My” ne Bijenge ne wee ooo - Bag icl = 20108 me aPetayer 4. Ponjebano $6 TaBO, 0.1 20165"? 4 041 nord? narop. | Roitet Je 08 7 Ham, * 92 Hao, * 34 tg + #40 SE Me” + oH + Oy a aso + 80 SE tah + ca + amg to $e otopiaa tju stabth basay ose ttenise me? s Bb. 92+ frogs aso ste bate Jo Day Prins 6. : PoetSobne ou Oj olde? mar £ 0,1 astas"? Hao, ear ae Mmoyno 7 2t! mgot + Ho SE Mon + w+ cl state niselinn ako, +950 SE am, +a? SOT Stabe bare -6- Pee ve eine 3 ct sae seta Jared] mee ews 6 : Prinier 7. UW kojex onseru treba pontfefats UadO, 4 HBO, da nH pucerske topine ble 10, PE a20,/20,7 BE + 92+ 106 HES + s0y2 tog Me a uo, Be 2 ora Fino, + 92 Toliko g Mylo tebe dodatt u 2 nota"? ake, 40 nt putere bate 540 (ic) = 8. 95 = 17,0 6a- we -6- a oo wy sua mor, men le | nnn 2 Peinger 10. oa oto re ala hgeetraige euiitioen = otepot bs ose fo Of aod, prije maton dodeange HO Oy) Sel a. Po ee Re 9.10% 1,107 ce rye az. ie?? i oncesteciie sult fon0 66 anangtie, eset agsrews nse? 1 20 at otori= ares ee oe ie) a", Taratonaste I n3eo0 Hyg, + 942 a Hs cr + mon = my 6 cL + HD Pride dotevanse 0,2 sols"? Ho 202-20 .01 , 10,01 atoo senneise © myog ° ENG AL OL. 125 Os) 12a 20° . et : = 0,02 voraa? & emer + BB + sf = 0,08 ante?Pringer 12. HEL 4 10 at 0,02 netan"? neo. Giete Prana t LS i ep 7 3 + ore05e 4 = otopine 30 mL + 00058 = 40 a1 « cp uy + 25220 - 0,000 aetan> 10 + 0,01 = 40 82 « epson eyecy = OL» oy0ne5 eorea™? cyt = 400m - 00085» oye0ns noiaar® Bes 20015 6 107? = 202 Pringer 13. Tarafunasee pi 0,0025 oda"? Be/Ct/» Bayo, <= matt + 2 at te = Pn * BS Sg = 24 25 6 207 = O46. 10°F none? PH — 206 956 «2073 = 258 Bt = aso. pon = 11466 Daredtte 1H otopine neageze aiJetanjen 1 30 xl 0,0058 motas” stunaste pl vodane otopine piridsns 0,015 sold", 1,7 63079 “ois 0050 = cg a -t Wore 2 TPIT TTI + 505. 206 3 Jj BH meas Kost andes 0,1 nordat? oH,0008 jay ako mi se oda 8 wilinota Hedy eno 8 nilinoli #260, 7 ake Je 6748 % Lontrinan, wea nts 18 2888s as ct wapeotevsa remotetes york + OF ayo" + 2,0 ay = 0,200 = 0,008 = 0,092 sonaar? ©-sagooot * 040678 + 0,008 + 0,076 notan™> Hn NS + 106 BOE = ns nk 8,80, pontte sevnotetecaycoo" + 8c caycoon csonpeo”, "x08 = 0008 = 0105 saree"? p00 : = 04100 + 0,008 = 0,108 s18a"> cago Bee A + 106 9B = ur odathon jake Indias S24 joke Kisehine ft puter otapine #0 me 72s sb tor oscar = 79 ole stfengee Peizger 164 Oropljene Je 254 ag Mol u 250 at vote, TareCunaste it ovopine mig = 9,2. amigCl = 554 BOL Hp = mor 8 6 cI” ata Kiantine Bt ay Hee Goons —=ee 00 a m+ b92-b ree oom = 6 Pringer 17. Stop geno DE otopine 7 29,5 me HotHyC00 uw 250 mn vodes Holes 36 Beste 7 NE