Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

where pmin and ε max

p
are user-defined parameters. Once failure has occurred, pressure may
never be negative and the deviatoric components are set to zero:

sij = 0 (19.13.3)

for all time. The failed element can only carry loads in compression.

Material Model 14: Soil and Crushable Foam With Failure

This material model provides the same stress update as model 5. However, if pressure
ever reaches its cutoff value, failure occurs and pressure can never again go negative. In material
model 5, the pressure is limited to its cutoff value in tension.

Material Model 15: Johnson and Cook Plasticity Model

Johnson and Cook express the flow stress as

(
σy = A+ Bε p
n

) (1 + c ln ε ) (1 − T ∗ )
∗ m
(19.15.1)

where A, B, C , n, and m are user defined input constants, and:

ε p = effective plastic strain

ε p
ε ∗ = effective plastic strain rate for ε 0 = 1 s −1
ε0
T − Troom
T* =
Tmelt − Troom

Constants for a variety of materials are provided in Johnson and Cook [1983].
Due to the nonlinearity in the dependence of flow stress on plastic strain, an accurate
value of the flow stress requires iteration for the increment in plastic strain. However, by using a
Taylor series expansion with linearization about the current time, we can solve for σ y with
sufficient accuracy to avoid iteration.
The strain at fracture is given by

ε f = ª¬ D1 + D2 exp D3 σ ∗ º¼ ª¬1 + D4 ln ε ∗ º¼ ª¬1 + D5 T ∗ º¼ (19.15.2)

where Di , i=1,... ,5 are input constants and σ ∗ ҏis the ratio of pressure divided by effective stress:

p
σ∗ = (19.15.3)
σ eff

19.32