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    Curvature and Radius of Curvature

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    Curvature and Radius of Curvature

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    Curvature and radius of curvature

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    Curvature and Radius of Curvature

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    ures Definition: The curvature ofa curve C ata point ? on a curve is defined Ay . as lim =— where the tangent at P on C make an angle w with the positive asco As -axis and the tangent at Q at on are distance (?Q) As on thé curve makes an x angle w + Ay with the positive x-axis. Fig.1 This is usually denoted by « (kappa). AW dw Thus, ture=K= lim — =—. us. curvature A zE The quantity Ay is called the total curvature of the arc length PQ and the A ratio x is called the average curvature of the arc PQ. The inverse of curvature is called the radius of curvature which is denoted by p(tho) and defined by Formula 1: For Cartesian equation (explicit function) y = f(x) or x = fy), 14 y2p2 14.x2)32 p= Ut, taf) v2 * where yor ee xr ax dy @ 2 and y= 4-8 dk dy ge qd For the function y=(x), y, = ea = tan w where w is the angle made by the tangent at (x, y) of the curve with the Positive x-axis oe BY och y AU = sec? dy ds M, Aiea see" Ww sec” Wi ds de ds ds sec? W rE dy % _ e+ ot)!” y2 ' we dst =dy? +e 2 ds (2) faye fea fi+(—) =vIt or az a yi _ ayy? v2 Similarly for the function x = fy), 1432)32 p= (+a) oc) Example‘: Find the radius of curvature at (x, y) on the curve (3) (i) y=a log sec\ 7 9 ronal’) (ii) y=acosh a Gii) 9? = 4ax Solution: (i) Here y = a log sec (2) A x or y, = tan (2) a Pee x ao test(?) Hence, the radius of curvature at (x, y) is given by 32 (14+ t0n°(2)) ary jk ee (ty. v2 1 2(4) ) ~sec a (ii) Here y=a cosh (=) : a ye asion(2)+ = sinh(*) a/a a and Y= (4) cosh() a a Hence, the radius for curvature at (x, y)is given by 3/2 23/2 1+ sinh? (2) d+ yi P a 1 ae *) cosh{ * a a (iii) Here y? = 4ax or then and Hence, the radius of curvature at (x, y) is given by ( y? 32 2 —— p= Cer? +5) x2 1 2a Formula 2: For the implicit Cartesian form fiz 2nd order partial derivatives or or or We known that Hence, Sad? - Uaghely + Ighe + Fe fads ~U abe - ee ay ae p= sey - 42 Sab; ~UeSb,* hehe ind the radius of curvature of the curves Example 2: wo) vray stata D 4 3a 3 (ii) x8 499 = Saxyat (32,22) ' r2 Solution: (i) Here fu) = deadly -1, then *s At(l, 1), — Ge Iden Faby ~2Bayhely + fiyhe God. -1() -2.0+ (t el ey wl re \2 (i) Here fy) =e + -3ary, then fy = 30? — 3ay, f, = 3y? —3ax and fi Z Pe _ 2 2 Gasp seen G E Hence, the radius of le i a ™ ' ( ft + fy? Cech? 2haybehy + hy fe) p= ¥e Ae aCe” 5 3/2 814,81 ‘| (Re * 16" al 4 9a? 9d" 4 gg 81 f| [92-8 ~-3a) +9a-7a 32 (2 8 9x8la® 81x30 9x Bla? 81x30" 8 8 (@ ‘" za 6 _ ks _____81x9a° x8 12x 8la° 8x 23? x12x81xa° 8 = 38 _ 8y2 Formula 3: Poy equation x = (1), y= y(t) (x? + 1253/2 p= Ser xly" —x"y where “” denotes the derivatives with respect to ¢. We know that and Hence, 23/2 _@t+y . xy" — yx” Example 3: Find the radius of curvature of the parametric equations KL 3 ‘tinal Mi) X= a cos 19, y= a sin’ al 0= 4 ti) y= a0 +sin 0), Solution: (i) Here x = @ COs" 8, y = a(1 — cos 0) at 0 y=asin'0 = ~3a cos0 sin 0, 39 + 6a cos 0 sin 0 2 =-3a cos x = 3a sin?@ cos 0 y"=-3a sin°0 + 6a sin @ cos 20 T 3a 3a 2 AtO=F x =-Sp 5p 4° pe 22 ee Oo a2 2N2 = 22 3a "oR and pra oe Yr 22 Hence, the radius of curvature at 8 = 4 is given by 9a 9a? ie _ or +y2 Ug Gy’ ” — y'x") 9a? 9a? 3 oe 3 3 Ge) i293, ia 2 : 4 (ii) Here x = a(6 + sin 8) and = y =a(1 —cos 8), then x =a(at ” = va a+ ad =-a sin ® : _ ¥ =-asin ®, y”=acos 8 H lence, the radius of curvature at @ is given by (x? + y? yp? (x'y" = yx") la(l4 v2 _ [a? 4+ 2a? cos0 ha cos? 04a? sin OP? la? cos0 +a? cos” 0+ a7 sin 20] 0 353 eo e3 a’ 2° cos” 0 2 = da cos _ 2a® + (1+ cos0)? _ a’ (1-+.cos0) a? 20s” o 2 Formula 4: For the polar equation r= (9), JM + ry? 7 1? +2 - 1 emer, =H 2 fF whe 1 de” 2 de ds ds _dsd0_ ao We hi = - So - le have p dy ody dy de Again w=0+o=0+tan! (5) 4 dr do where r, = 70 an os =tand r)\ ay = 1+£{tm-()} do 2 1 Ko -Ir =14—5|+7 r " lt a v-r 7? +2? = rr = i+ et n+ rey Also ds? = Pd? + dr’, then en (4) are (+) oe & = (7? +p? ds ~ dO Peay do Henee, i ere U = Note: For the polar equation of AO) where 3/2 (Ww +ury a Pee) die au here w= Gy and ty = where 4) a0 2 ge Example 4: Find the radius of curvature of the polar equation Y =a(1—cos @) at 0 1 ii) r= ——— at 0=0 wr 1+ecos® = Solution: (i) Here (1 — cos 8), = r, = asin @ and r, =a cos @ 2y3/2 Hence pe eae Pe 2? =I 2 és a’(1—cos0)" + 2a” sin? 6 — a(1—cos®)a cos 8 _ [a? - 2a? fasta cos” 0+ a” sin 2 gp? a’ [1 —2cos@ + cos” 0 + 2sin2 © —cos6 + cos” 6] _ &(2-2c0s0)3” 3a” (1 - cos®) 3/2 é Soya =cos0)"? _ 2V2a a ease) — cose) 3 ——(- cos@)!? 2V2a 0 ; 4 3 2sin> = Ssin(2) (ii) Here r= 1+ecos@ od or ue F(-+ 080) where ue , and Hence, at 6= 7, u= (lt ecos n= i a= ~

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