VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Question.1.What is a standard solution ?

Answer. A solution whose strength is known is called a standard solution.
Question.2.What is a normal solution ?
Answer. A solution containing one gram-equivalent mass of the solute per litre of the solution is called a
normal solution.
Question.3.What is the equivalent mass of KMnO4 when it acts as oxidizing agent in acidic medium ?
Answer. KMnO4 loses 5 electrons per molecule, when it acts as oxidizing agent in the presence of acids.
Therefore, its equivalent mass is one-fifth of its molecular mass.
Question.4.Is sodium hydroxide a primary standard ?
Answer. No.
Question.5.Are ‘molality’ and “molarity’’ same ?
Answer. No, molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1000 grams of the
solution whereas molarity tells us about the number of moles of the solute present per litre of the solution.
Question.6.What would be the normality of 0.10M KMnO4 ?
Answer. It will be 0.1 x 5 = 0.5 N.
Question.7.What volume of 10M HCl must be diluted with water to get 1L of 1M HCl ?
Answer. 0.1L.
Question.8.What is the basicity of H2SO4 ?
Answer. 2.
Question.9.What is the relationship between normality (N), molarity (M), molecular mass and equivalent
mass ?
Answer. Normality x Eq. Mass = Molarity x Mol. Mass.
Question.14. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?
Answer. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known volume of
the solution to react, quantitatively with another solution of known concentration.
Question.15. What is titration ?
Answer. The process of adding one solution from the burette to another in the conical flask in order to
complete the chemical reaction involved, is known as titration.
Question.16. What is indicator ?
Answer. Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour at the end point.
Question.17. What is end point ?
Answer. The stage during titration at which the reaction is just complete is known as the end point of
titration.
Question.18. Why a titration flask should not be rinsed ?
Answer. This is because during rinsing-some liquid will remain sticking to the titration flask therefore the
pipetted volume taken in the titration flask will increase.
Question.19. What are primary and secondary standard substances?
Answer. A substance is known as primary standard if it is available in high degree of purity, if it is stable and
unaffected by air, if it does not gain or lose moisture in air, if it is readily soluble and its solution in water
remains as such for long time.
On the other hand, a substance which does not possess the above characteristics is called a secondary
standard substance. Primary standards are crystalline oxalic add, anhydrous Na2CO3 , Mohr’s salt, etc.
Question.20. Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the solution with which they are filled, why ?
Answer. The burette and pipette are rinsed with the solution with which they are filled in order to remove
any water sticking to their sides, which otherwise would decrease the cone, of the solutions to be taken in
them.
Question.21. It is customary to read lower meniscus in case of colourless and transparent solutions and
upper meniscus in case of highly coloured solutions, why ?
Answer. Because it is easy to read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solutions, while the upper
meniscus in case of coloured solutions. In case of coloured solutions lower meniscus is not visible clearly.
Question.22. What is a molar solution ?
Answer. A molar solution is a solution, a litre of which contains one gm-mole of the substance. This is
symbolised as 1M.
Question.23. Why the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette?
Answer. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume measured by the pipette.
Question.24. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ?
Answer. The body temperature may expand the glass and introduce an error in the measurement volume.
Question.25. What is acidimetry and alkalimetry ?
Answer. It is the branch of volumetric analysis involving chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
Question.26. What is permanganometry ?
Answer. Redox titrations involving KMnO4 as the oxidising agent are called permanganometric titrations.
Question.27. Which is an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in the reaction between KMnO4 and FeSO4?
Answer. KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent and FeSO4 acts as reducing agent.
Question.28. What is the indicator used in KMnO4 titration ?
Answer. No indicator is used because KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator.
Question.29. Why does KMnO4 act itself as an indicator ?
Answer. In the presence of dilute sulphuric acid, KMnO4 reacts with reducing agent (oxalic acid or . ferrous
sulphate). When all the reducing agent has been oxidised, the excess of KMnO4 is not decomposed and
imparts pink colour to the solution.
Question.30. What is the end point in KMnO4 titrations ?
Answer. From colourless to permanent light pink.
Question.31. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in volumetric
analysis ?
Answer. This is because of the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferrous
sulphate gets oxidised to ferric sulphate.
Question.32. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard solution
of Mohr’s salt ?
Answer. Few drops of H2SO4 are added to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
Question.33. Why a burette with rubber pinch cock should not be used in KMnO4 titrations ?
Answer. Because KMnO4 attacks rubber.
Question.34. Sometimes a brown ppt. is observed in KMnO4 titrations. Why ?
Answer. It is due to insufficient quantity of dil. sulphuric acid. Brown coloured ppt. (MnO2.H20) is formed due
to the incomplete oxidation of KMnO4.
Question.35. Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before titrating with
KMnO4 solution ?
Answer. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn2+ ions. Oxalic acid is heated to
speed up the liberation of Mn2+ ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the reaction proceeds
rapidly. This also serves the purpose of expelling the carbondioxide evolved during the reaction which
otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion.
36. What is the principle of volumetric analysis ?
Ans. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known volume of this
to react quantitatively with another solution of known concentration.
SALT ANALYSIS
1. What is qualitative analysis ?
Ans. The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a
compound.
2. What is a radical ?
Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a single unit
in chemical reactions.
3. What are acidic and basic radicals ?
Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge are called basic radicals and those carrying negative charge are called
acidic radicals.
4. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt ?
Ans. Electrovalent bond.
5. Why do inorganic salts ionise when dissolved in water ?
Ans. Due to the high dielectric constant of water, the force of attraction holding the two ions in a salt
decreases. Thus, the two ions separate. The ions are further stabilized by solvation.
6. Give examples of some coloured basic radicals.
Ans.Cu2+,Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.
7. What is the colour of iron salts ?
Ans. Ferrous salts are usually light green while ferric salts are generally brown.
8. Name any iron salt which is light green.
Ans. Ferrous sulphate.
9. What is the colour of nickel salts ?
Ans. Bluish green or green.
10. What is the colour of manganese salts ?
Ans. Light pink or flesh colour.
11. Name the basic radicals which are absent, if the given salt is white.
Ans. Cu2+,Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.
12.Why a salt containing lead turn black in colour, when placed for a long time in labora-tory?
Ans. Due to the formation of black lead sulphide by the action of H2S in atmosphere.
13. Name the salts which produce crackling sound when heated.
Ans. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate, potassium bromide, sodium chloride.
14. What is sublimation ?
Ans. It is the process by which a salt directly changes into gaseous phase without melting, when heated. On
cooling vapours condense back to the solid state.
15. Tell the importance of preliminary tests in qualitative analysis.
Ans. Sometimes, preliminary tests give authentic information about an ion in the salt. For example, golden
yellow colour in flame test shows the presence of sodium. In a charcoal cavity test, brown residue shows the
presence of cadmium in a salt and so on.
16. How is dry heating test performed and what information you get if the residue changes to yellow when
hot ?
Ans. In dry heating test, the salt is heated in a dry test tube. Yellow residue when hot shows the presence of
Zn2+ ion.
17. What is the expected observation when copper sulphate is heated in a dry test tube ? Ans. A white
residue is formed and water condenses on the colder walls of the test tube.
18. Name the radical which produces CO2 on heating.
Ans. Carbonate.
19. What is the colour of residue when zinc salt is heated ?
Ans. A residue yellow when hot and white when cold is formed.
20. What is the colour of residue when cadmium salt is heated ?
Ans. A residue brown when hot, brown when cold.
21. If the residue in dry heating test is white, name the radicals which are absent.
Ans. Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Zn2+ and Pb2+.
22. How is charcoal cavity test performed ? Describe the chemistry for the formation of incrustation as well
as metallic bead.
Ans. The salt is mixed with the double the quantity of sodium carbonate and the mixture is heated in the
charcoal cavity in luminous flame (reducing flame).
2. 23. Which flame is used in charcoal cavity test ? How is it obtained ?
Ans. A reducing flame is used in charcoal cavity test. It is obtained by closing the air holes of the burner.
24. Why should we avoid excess of cobalt nitrate in cobalt nitrate test ?
Ans. Excess of cobalt nitrate is avoided because it forms black cobalt oxide in the oxidising flame. This colour
masks the other colours which might be produced during the test.
25. In the flame test, sodium imparts yellow colour to the flame while magnesium does not impart any
colour. Why ?
Ans. In case of magnesium, when the excited electron jumps back to the ground state, the frequency of
radiation emitted does not fall in the visible region.
26. Write the chemistry of flame test.
Ans. In flame test, the valence electron of the atom gets excited and jumps to the higher level. When the
electron jumps back to the ground state, the radiation is emitted whose frequency falls in the visible region.
27. What is the function of blue glass in flame test ?
Ans. The blue glass can absorb a part or whole of the coloured light in certain cases. Therefore, the flame
appears to be of different colour when viewed through blue glass. This helps in identification of some basic
radicals.
28. Why do we use cone. HCl in preparing a paste of the salt for flame test ?
Ans. In order to convert metal salts into metal chlorides which are more volatile than other salts.
29. Why can’t we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing flame test ?
Ans. This is because glass contains sodium silicate which imparts its own golden yellow colour to the flame.
30. Why is platinum metal preferred to other metals for flame test ?
Ans. Because platinum does not react with acids and does not itself impart any characteristic colour to the
flame.
31. Why do barium salts not impart colour to the flame immediately ?
Ans. Because barium chloride is less volatile, it imparts colour to the flame after some time.
32. Why should we avoid the use of platinum wire for testing lead salts ?
Ans. Because lead combines with platinum and the wire gets corroded.
33. Why should only a particle or two of the given salt should be touched with the bead in borax bead
test ?
Ans. If salt is used in excess an opaque bead is formed.
34. Why borax bead test is not applicable in case of white salts ?
Ans. White salts do not form coloured meta-borates.
35. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?
Ans. It is a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide. Its formula is K2[HgI4].
36. Name the acid radicals detected with dil. H2SO4.
Ans. CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2–.
37. Why dil. H2SO4 is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCl ?
Ans. When the salt is treated with HCl, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along with the gas evolved by
the salt. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H2SO4, no such problem arises.
38. Name the acid radicals detected by cone. H2SO4.
Ans. Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–, CH3COO–.
39. Name the radicals which are tested with the help of water extract.
Ans. NO3–, NO2– and CH3COO–.
40. Name the radicals which are confirmed with the help of sodium carbonate extract.
Ans. S2-, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO43-, SO32-, SO42-.
41. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared ?
Ans. The salt is mixed with double the amount of solid Na2CO3 and about 20 ml of distilled water. It is then
boiled till it is reduced to one-third, and then filtered. The filtrate is sodium carbonate extract or (S.E.).
42. What is water extract ?
Ans. The given salt or mixture is shaken well with distilled water and the solution is filtered. The filtrate is
water extract or (W.E.).
43. CO2 and SO2 both turn lime water milky. How will you distinguish between them ?
Ans. By passing through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution. SO2 turns K2Cr2O7 green while CO2 has no effect.
44. CO2 and Br2 both are brown in colour. How will you distinguish between them ?
Ans. By passing through FeSO4 solution. NO2 turns FeSO4 soln. black while Br2 has no effect.
45. How will you test the presence of carbonate ?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H2SO4. CO2 gas is evolved. When the gas is passed through
lime water, it is turned milky.
46. What is lime water ?
Ans. A solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water.
47. What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water ?
Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, therefore,
disappears.
48. How do you test for sulphide ?
Ans. Warm the salt with dil. H2SO4. H2S gas is evolved. It turns a paper dipped in lead acetate black.
49. Is there any gas other than CO2 which turns lime water milky ?
Ans. Yes, it is SO2 gas.
50. All nitrates on heating with cone. H2SO4 in presence of paper pallet evolve NO2 gas. What is the
function of paper pallet ?
Ans. Paper pallet (carbon) reduces HNO3 to NO2
51. How will you test whether the given solution in a bottle is lime water ?
Ans. Take 2 ml of the solution in a test tube and blow into it by means of a glass tubing. Milkiness indicates
that the solution is lime water.
52. How is ring test performed for nitrates ?
Ans. To the salt solution, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added and then sulphuric acid (cone.) is
added along the walls of the tube. A dark brown ring is formed at the junction of the two solutions.
53. Why the hot reaction mixture in case of cone. H2SO4 test is not thrown into the sink ? Ans. In order to
avoid spurting, due to which H2SO4 may fly and spoil clothes and may result into serious injuries.
54. What is Tollen’s reagent ?
Ans. Ammonical AgNO3 solution is called Tollen’s reagent.
55. Give formula of Diphenylamine reagent.
Ans. (C6H5)2 NH.
56. Why a dark brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers in ring test for nitrates ?
Ans. H2S04 being heavier forms the lower layer and reacts only with a small amount of nitrate and FeS04 at
its surface, therefore, a brown ring appears only at the junction of the two layers.
57. Why acetic acid is added before adding lead acetate solution ?
Ans. In order to prevent the hydrolysis of lead acetate which would yield white precipitate of lead hydroxide.
58. What is the formula of Sodium nitroprusside ?
Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO].
59. What is chromyl chloride test ?
Ans. Heat a small amount of the mixture with cone. H2SO4 and solid K2Cr2O7 in a dry test tube. Deep
brownish red vapours of chromyl chloride are formed. Pass these vapours in water. A yellow sol. of H2CrO4 is
formed. Add to this solution NaOH, acetic acid and lead acetate, a yellow ppt. confirms chloride in the
mixture.
60. What is the chemistry of carbon disulphide test for a bromide or iodide ?
Ans. To a part of the soda extract add dil. HCl. Now to this add small amount of CS2 and excess of chlorine
water and shake the solution well. Chlorine displaces bromine or iodine from the bromide or iodide, which
dissolves in carbon disulphide to produce orange or violet colouration.
61. Why do bromides and iodides not respond to chromyl chloride test ?
Ans. Because chromyl bromide (CrO2Br2) and chromyl iodide (CrO2I2) compounds are not formed, instead of
these bromine and iodine are evolved.
62. Describe the chemistry of match stick test.
Ans. In match stick test, the sulphate is reduced to sulphide by carbon of match stick which then gives violet
colour with sodium nitroprusside solution.
63. Why does iodine give a blue colour with starch solution ?
Ans. The blue colour is due to the physical adsorption of iodine upon starch.
64. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?
Ans. Nessler’s reagent is K2[HgI4], Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II). It is used for detecting ammonia and
ammonium ions.
65. Name a cation which is not obtained from a metal.
Ans. Ammonium ion (NH4+).
66. What is aqua regia ?
Ans. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in the ratio 3:1 by volume.
67. What is the name of the product obtained when NH 4+ ions are reacted with Nessler’s Reagent ?
Ans. Basic mercure (II) amido-iodine, HgO . Hg(NH2)I. Its common name is iodide of Millon’s base.
68. Why O.S. is not prepared in cone. HNO3 ?
Ans. HNO3 is an oxidising agent which on decomposition gives oxygen. A yellow ppt. of sulphur is obtained in
presence of HNO3 when H2S is passed.
69. Why is original solution for cations not prepared in concentrated H 2SO4 ?
Ans. H2SO4 would lead to precipitation of cations of group V as sulphates.
70. Name group reagents for different groups.
Ans. Group I—Dil. HCl.
Group II—H2S in the presence of dil. HCl.
Group III—NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.
Group IV—H2S in presence of NH4OH.
Group V—(NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH.
Group VI—No specific group reagent.
71. Why is it essential to add dil. HCl before proceeding to the test for the basic radicals of group II ?
Ans. In the precipitation of group II cations as their sulphides. H2S is used in the presence of dil. HCl. H2S is
itself a weak acid and dissociates as follows :
Hydrochloric acid being a strong acid is largely ionised to H+. Thus, hydrogen ion concentration is increased
and consequently the concentration of sulphide ions produced by the ionisation of H2S is sufficiently
decreased due to common ion effect. As a result of which the sulphide ion concentra¬tion is sufficient only to
exceed the solubility product of the sulphides of group II cations.
Since the solubility products (Ksp) for the sulphides of groups III and IV cations are very high, those cations are
not precipitated out under the above conditions.
72. Why is it essential to boil off H2S gas before precipitation of radicals of group III ?
Ans. Before precipitation of group III cations, the solution is boiled with cone, nitric acid. If H2S is not boiled
off then it would react with HNO3 and would be oxidized to colloidal sulphur, which would interfere with
further analysis.
73. Why is the O.S. boiled with cone. HNO3 in III group ?
Ans. In the presence of NH4Cl, Fe(OH)2 is not completely precipitated because of its high solubility product.
For this reason Fe++ salts are oxidised to Fe+++ salts by boiling with cone. HNO3 before adding NH4Cl and
NH4OH ; otherwise Fe++ would not be completely precipitated in III group.
74. Why is NH4Cl added along with NH4OH in III group ?
Ans. It is done in order to decrease the concentration of OH– ions by suppressing the ionisation of NH4OH by
common ion effect. If NH4OH alone is used in that case, the concentration of OH– is enough to ppt. the
hydroxide of IV, V and VI groups.
75. What is blue lake ?
Ans. It is blue particles, blue litmus adsorbed on white ppt. of Al(OH)3, floating in colourless solution.
76. H2S gas is passed in presence of NH4OH in group IV. Explain why ?
Ans. When H2S gas is passed in alkaline medium or NH4OH, the H+ ions from the dissociation of H2S gas
combine with hydroxyl ions (OH–) from the dissociation of NH4OH to form nearly unionised H2O.
The removal of H+ ions from the solution causes more of H2S to dissociate, thereby increasing the
concentration of S2- ions to such an extent that the ionic product of IV group metal sulphides exceeds their
solubility product. Hence they are precipitated.
77. Presence of NH4Cl is quite essential before the addition of (NH4)2 CO 3in group V. Explain why ?
Ans. Ammonium chloride suppresses the ionisation of NH4OH and (NH4)2 CO3 due to common ion effect
which results in the decrease in the concentration of OH– and CO32- ions. So the ionic product does not exceed
the solubility product of Mg(OH)2 or MgCO3 and thereby they are not precipitated in V group.
78. Why are the group V radicals tested in the order Ba 2+, Sr2+and Ca2+ ?
Ans. Tests of Sr2+ and Ca2+ are given by Ba2+ also. Similarly tests of Ca2+ are given by Sr2+ also. Therefore before
confirming Sr2+ we have to show absence of Ba2+ and before confirming Ca2+ we have to show absence of
Ba2+ and Sr2+.
79. Na2CO3 cannot be used in place of (NH4)2 CO3 in the group V. Explain why ?
Ans. Na2CO3 is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces very high cone, of CO32- ions. As a result ionic
product of MgCO3 may increase its Ksp and it may get precipitated along with the radicals of V group.
80. How will your prepare chlorine water ?
Ans. Take cone. HCl in a test tube and add KMnO4 soln. dropwise till the pink colour starts persisting. Now
add a few drops of cone. HCl so that pink colour disappears. The colourless solution thus obtained is chlorine
water.
81. Can we use ammonium sulphate in place of ammonium chloride in group III precipitation ?
Ans. No, ammonium sulphate cannot be used because it would cause precipitation of group V radicals as their
sulphates in group III.
82. Why does cone. HNO3 kept in a bottle turn yellow in colour ?
Ans. This is due to formation of NO by decomposition of HNO3 which is further oxidized to NO2. Yellow colour
in due to dissolved to NO2.

ORGANIC SAMPLE
Question.1.What is a functional group?
Answer. The group of atoms that largely determines the properties of an organic compound is called
functional group.
Question.2.Name any four functional groups.
Answer. Hydroxyl group —OH
Amino group —NH2 Carboxyl group —COOH Aldehydic group —CHO.
Question.3.Name the functional groups present in alkenes and alkynes.
Answer. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with C = C bond present in them. Alkynes are un-saturated
hydrocarbons with C = C bond present in them.
Question.4.What is Baeyer’s test for unsaturation?
Answer. When Baeyer’s reagent (alkaline potassium permanganate) is added to unsaturated com-pound, its
colour gets discharged indicating presence of C = C or C = C in the compound.
Question.5.Do alkynes turn blue litmus paper red?
Answer. No.
Question.6. Which is more acidic: an alcohol or a phenol?
Answer. A phenol.
Question.7. Why is alcohol dried before carrying out sodium metal test?
Answer. Because water also reacts with sodium and gives hydrogen gas with brisk effervescence.
Question.8. What is the use of Lucas reagent?
Answer. It is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Question.9. Which of the two is more acidic: phenol or carboxylic acid?
Answer. Carboxylic acid.
Question.10. Name a test by which you can distinguish between hexylamine (C 6H13NH2) and aniline.
(C6H5NH2).
Answer. Dye test.
Question.11.Name two tests which distinguish aldehydes from ketones?
Answer. Tollen’s test and Fehling’s test.
Question.12. Name a reagent used to detect carbonyl group in a compound.
Answer. DNP (2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine).
Question.13, What is Tollen’s reagent?
Answer. It is ammonical silver nitrate solution.
Question.14. What is the use of Schiff’s reagent?
Answer. Schiff’s reagent is used to detect aldehyde group.
Question.15. Give one test to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.
Answer. Tollen’s test can be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.
Question.16. What is Rochelle’s salt?
Answer. Sodium potassium tartarate is called Rochelle’s salt.
Question.17. What is Fehling’s solution?
Answer. It is a solution obtained by mining equal volumes of copper sulphate solution (Fehling A) and a
solution of sodium hydroxide containing sodium potassium tartarate (Fehling B).
Question.18. How is nitrous acid is prepared?
Answer. When sodium nitrite is reacted with dil. HCl at a temperature below 5°C, nitrous acid is produced.
Question.19. What is application of carbylamine reaction?
Answer. it is used to detect primary amine.
Question.20. How can phenol and aniline be distinguished chemically?
Answer. Phenol is soluble in aqueous NaOH solution whereas aniline is not.
Aniline is soluble in dilute HCl whereas phenol is not.
Question.21. In contrast to aromatic primary amines, aliphatic primary amines do not form stable
diazonium salts. Why?
Answer. Because alkyl carbocation formed on decomposition of diazonium salt is more stable than phenyl
carbocation.
Question.22. Why is aniline weaker base than ammonia?
Answer. Because lone pair of nitrogen in aniline is delocalized over benzene ring and is not fully available for
sharing with acids.
Question.23. How can you distinguish between methanol and ethanol chemically?
Answer. Methanol and ethanol can be distinguished by iodoform test. Ethanol gives yellow ppt. of iodoform
in this test whereas methanol does not give this test positive.
The common ion effect is an effect that suppresses the ionization of an electrolyte when another electrolyte
(which contains an ion which is also present in the first electrolyte, i.e. a common ion) is added. It is
considered to be a consequence of Le Chatlier's principle (or the Equilibrium Law).
chromatography
Question.1. What is chromatography ?
Answer. It is technique for rapid and efficient separation of components of a mixture and purification of
compounds. It is based on differential migration of the various components of a mixture through a stationary
phase under the influence of a moving phase.
Question.2. What is the basis (principle) of chromatographic process ?
Answer. It is based on the differential migration of the individual components of a mixture through a –
stationary phase under the influence of a moving phase.
Question.3. What type of solvents are generally employed in chromatography ?
Answer. Generally solvents having low viscosities are employed in chromatography. This is due to the fact
that the rate of flow of a solvent varies inversely as its viscosity.
Question.4. Name some chromatographic techniques.
Answer. Paper chromatography, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography.
Question.5. What are the moving and stationary phases in paper chromatography ?
Answer. Water absorbed on cellulose constituting the paper serves as the stationary phase and organic
solvent as moving phase.
Question.6. What is meant by the term developing in chromatography ?
Answer. During chromatography, if the components to be separated are colourless, then these separated
components on chromatogram are not visible. Their presence is detected by development, which involves
spraying a suitable reagent (called developing reagent) on the chromatogram, or placing the chromatogram in
iodine chamber, when various components become visible. This process is called developing of
chromatogram.
Question.7. How does the liquid rise through the filter paper ?
Answer. By means of capillary action.
Question.8. What is meant by the term Rf value ?
Answer. Rf (retention factor) of a substance is defined as the ratio of the distance moved up by the solute
from the point of its application to the distance moved up by the solvent from the same point.
Question.9. On what factors does the Rf value of a compound depend ?
Answer.
1. Nature of the compound.
2. Nature of the solvent.
3. Temperature.
Question.10. Give the biochemical uses of chromatography.
Answer. It helps in the separation of amino acids, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, etc.
Question.11. Name the scientist who introduced chromatographic technique.
Answer. Russian botanist M. Tswett (1906).

Question.12. What are the advantages of chromatography over other techniques ?

Answer.
1. It can be used for a mixture containing any number of components.
2. Very small quantities of the substances can be effectively detected and separated from a mixture.
Question.13. What- is loading (or spotting) ?
Answer. The application of the mixture as a spot on the original line on the filter paper strip or addition of
mixture to the column, is called loading (or spotting).
Question.14. What are the essential characteristics of the substance used as a developer ?
Answer.
1. It should be volatile.
2. t should impart colour to the different spots.
3. It should not react with various compounds which are being separated.
Effect of Concentration and Temperature on the Rate of Reaction between Sodium thiosulphate and
Hydrochloric acid

Q1. Name the two solutions used in the experiment.

Answer: Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
Q2. What is the molecular formula of sodium thiosulphate?
Answer: Na2S2O3
Q3. What is the concentration of sodium thiosulphate used in this experiment?
Answer: 0.1 M
Q4. What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in this experiment?
Answer: 1M
Q5. Write the equation for the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
Answer: Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S
Q6. What will happen when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium thiosulphate solution.
Answer: Yellow precipitate will be formed.
Q7. What is the yellow substance produced in sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid reaction?
Answer: Sulphur
Q8. What is the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction?
Answer: The rate of reaction increases with concentration. A higher concentration of a reactant leads to more
collisions of reactant in a specific time, thereby increasing the reaction rate.
Q9. When should we start the stopwatch?
Answer: We should start the stopwatch after pouring half of the hydrochloric acid into the sodium
thiosulphate solution flask.
Q10. What is the importance of concentrated nitric acid?
Answer: Concentrated nitric acid is used to wash the apparatus used in the experiment.
Q11. How will you plot a graph between the concentration and time of reaction?

Answer:
Q12. What is the rate equation for a first-order reaction?
Answer: k = 2.303 / t log a / a-x
Q13. What are the factors that affect the rate of a reaction?
Answer: Various factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
 Temperature
 Concentration of the reactant
 Physical state
 Catalyst
Q14. What is the law of mass action?
Answer: Law of Mass Action states that the rate of the chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the
masses of the reacting substances, with each mass raised to a power equal to the coefficient that occurs in
the chemical equation.
Q15. For which type of reactions, do order and molecularity have the same value?
Answer: Order and molecularity have the same value for elementary reactions taking place in a single step.
Q16. What is the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction?
Answer: The rate of reaction increases with temperature. With the increasing temperature, the energy
possessed by the reacting species increases. As a result, more species are in a position to cross the activation
barrier. Therefore the reaction rate increases with a temperature rise.
Q17. Write the rate equation for the reaction 2A + B → C if the reaction order is zero.
Answer: The rate equation for the reaction 2A + B → C in the zero-order reaction is
Rate = k [A]0 [B]0 = k
Q18. Why can’t the molecularity of any reaction be equal to zero?
Answer: The molecularity of any reaction is the number of the reactant molecules or species colliding
simultaneously in an elementary reaction. A minimum of one reactant is needed to initiate a chemical
reaction. Therefore, the molecularity of the reaction cannot be zero.
Q19. Why is a reaction with a molecularity of more than three rare?
Answer: Reaction with a molecularity of more than three is rare because a simultaneous collision between
more than three particles is rare.
Q20. What are the units of the rate of reaction?
Answer: Mol -1 L -1 sec -1
Preparation of aluminum hydroxide
1. How to prepare 2% Aluminium chloride solution?
Ans: Mix 2 g of Aluminium chloride in 100 mL of distilled water.
2. Why is it important to clean the apparatus by steaming out the process?
Ans: Aluminium hydroxide sol gets affected due to the presence of ionic impurities. Therefore the apparatus
is steam cleaned before performing the experiment.
3. Boil the mixture of Aluminium chloride solution and distilled water until it attains _______ colour.
Ans: White colour.
4. Hydrolysis of Aluminium chloride results in ________.
Ans: Hydrochloric acid.
5. What is the quantity of Aluminium chloride solution added to 100 mL distilled water?
Ans: 10 mL.
Preparation of starch
Q1: How do you identify egg yolk and egg albumin?
Answer: Egg yolk is the yellow colour present in the egg, while egg albumin is the colourless liquid found in
the egg.
Q2: Constant stirring is required while adding the Egg albumin to the sodium chloride solution. True or false?
Answer: True.
Q3: How to extract egg albumin from egg yolk and egg albumin mixture?
Answer: Break the egg shell into a glass bowl and pipette out the colourless liquid.
Q4: What is starch mixed with?
Answer: Starch is mixed with distilled water.
Q5: How much distilled water is taken to prepare 500 mg of starch sol?
Answer: 100 mL
Q6: The starch and distilled water is heated to what temperature?
Answer: 100° C.
Q7: What is the preparation procedure for egg albumin sol?
Answer: The preparation for egg albumin sol involves two steps:
Prepare the 100mL of 5% solution of NaCl in water in a 250mL beaker.
Break one egg in a porcelain dish and pipette out the albumin and pour it into the NaCl solution. Stir well to
ensure the sol is well prepared.
Q8: What is starch sol?
Answer: When water is used as the dispersion medium, starch produces a lyophilic sol. Heating accelerates
the creation of sol. Heat the starch and water at roughly 100°C to make the starch sol. It is highly stable and is
unaffected by the presence of electrolytic impurities.
Q9: What do you mean by Solvation?
Answer: The interaction of solute and solvent molecules is called solvation. Solute and solvent molecules are
rearranged into solvent complexes, with solute ions surrounded by a concentric shell of solvent ions during
solvation.
Q10: What is the test for starch?
Answer: The indicator used for the starch test is the iodine solution. We add drops of iodine solution to the
starch sol to test for starch, and the presence of violet colour shows the presence of starch. If we make a
colloidal starch solution according to the instructions, we can tint it violet by adding a few drops of iodine
solution. This will show that the sol we have created is a colloidal starch solution.
Q11: What is Lyophilic Sol?
Answer: Lyophilic sols are colloidal solutions in which the dispersed phase particles have a significant affinity
to the dispersion medium.
Q12: What are the precautions to be taken while preparing the lyophilic sol gum?
Answer: The precautions to be taken are as follows:
 The experiment’s apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned with distilled water.
 Gum sol is made with distilled water.
 Make sure the gum is finely ground before adding it to the boiling water in the beaker.
 While making gum sol, keep stirring the mixture constantly.
Q13: What are the apparatus required for this experiment?
Answer: The apparatus required are:
 Tripod stand
 Beaker of about 50 to 250 mL
 Funnel
 Distilled water
 Wire gauze
 Glass rod
 Pestle and mortar
 Burner
 Filter paper
 500 mg starch/gum/soluble starch
Q14: What are the use of parchment paper in the Dialysis of Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sol experiment?
Answer: In this experiment, we use parchment paper because colloidal particles cannot pass through it while
ions can, causing them to be separated.
Q15: How can a colloidal solution and a true solution of the same colour be distinguished?
Answer: When a bright beam of light is passed through both true and colloidal solutions in a glass vessel, only
the colloidal solution exhibits the Tyndall effect, while the true solution does not.
Q16: What is peptisation?
Answer: Peptisation is breaking down a precipitate into colloidal form by shaking it with a dispersion medium
in the presence of an electrolyte. A peptising agent is an electrolyte utilised for this purpose.
Q17: What’s the Tyndall effect?
Answer: The Tyndall effect, also known as the Tyndall phenomenon, is the scattering of a light beam by a
medium containing microscopic suspended particles—for example, smoke or dust in a room—making a light
beam entering a window visible.
Q18: Where do we find albumin in human beings?
Answer: Albumin is a protein found primarily in human blood and milk. In humans, albumin is usually created
by the blood of our liver. Its principal role is to assist us in maintaining a proper colloidal osmotic pressure,
which prevents the loss of plasma in our blood.
Simple daniel cell
Q 1. What happens when the daniell cell’s standard electrode potential is 1.1 V?
Answer. You will notice that the voltmeter does not show any current flow in the cell.
Q 2. What happens when a zinc rod is immersed in a 0.1 M solution of ZnSO4?
Answer. As the concentration of ZnSO4 solution decreases, so does the standard electric potential.
Q 3. What happens when current flows from zinc electrodes to copper electrodes?
Answer. When current flows from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode, copper deposits in the cathode
and zinc dissolves in the electrolyte.
Q 4. What is oxidation?
Answer. According to Classical or earlier concept oxidation is a process which involves the addition of oxygen
or any electronegative element or the removal of hydrogen or any electropositive element.
According to electronic concept oxidation is defined as the process in which an atom or ion loses one or more
electrons.
Q 5. What is reduction?
Answer. According to Classical or earlier concept reduction is a process which involves the addition of
hydrogen or any electropositive element or the removal of oxygen or any electronegative element.
According to electronic concept reduction is defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains one or more
electrons.
Q 6. What is a voltaic cell or electrochemical cell?
Answer. A galvanic cell or voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of
spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy.
Q 7. Can copper be oxidised by zinc ions?
Answer. An element in the highest oxidation state acts only as a reducing agent. Cu cannot be oxidised by
Zn2+ ion.
Q 8. What is a salt bridge?
Answer. A salt bridge is a connection in a galvanic cell that contains a weak electrolyte between the oxidation
and reduction half-cells (e.g., voltaic cell, Daniell cell). Its purpose is to prevent the electrochemical reaction
from reaching equilibrium too soon. Without a salt bridge, one solution quickly accumulates positive charge
while the other quickly accumulates negative charge. This would put an end to the reaction and, as a result,
the generation of electricity.
Q 9. What is the function of a porous pot in a Daniell cell?
Answer. The porous pot serves two purposes in Daniell Cell.
(i) To complete the circuit by allowing ions to pass through it.
(ii) To create a barrier between two solutions and keep them from mixing.
Q 10. Name the electrolytes that can be used in salt bridge.
Answer. Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Potassium Chloride (KCl), Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), Potassium Sulphate
(KSO4) are generally used electrolytes.
Q 11. What is the direction of flow of current in an electrochemical cell?
Answer. In an electrolytic cell, current flows from cathode to anode in the outer circuit.
Q 12. What is the direction of flow of current in a Daniell cell?
Answer. In a Daniell cell, current flows from anode to cathode in the outer circuit.
Q 13. What is the effect of [Zn2+] on E.M.F. of the cell Zn | Zn2+|| Cu2+ | Cu?
Answer. E.M.F. decreases with the increase in molar concentration of Zn2+ ions.
Q14. What is the effect of [Cu2+] on E.M.F. of the cell Zn | Zn2+|| Cu2+ | Cu?
Answer. E.M.F. increases with the increase in molar concentration of Cu2+ ions.
Q 15. What is the sign of △G for the reaction in electrochemical cell?
Answer. For spontaneous reaction, △G is negative and K>1.
Q 16. What factor is kept in mind while selecting an electrolytic solution for the construction of a salt
bridge?
Answer. Ions of the electrolyte in the salt should not react with ions of electrolytes near electrodes.
Q 17. Is it possible to measure the single-electrode potential?
Answer. The absolute value of a single electrode cannot be determined experimentally because half-cell
reactions cannot occur independently. Only the difference between the electrode potentials of any two half-
cell reactions can be determined.
Q. 18. Define the term E.M.F?
Answer. The electric potential generated by an electrochemical cell or a changing magnetic field is referred to
as electromotive force. It is also referred to as voltage. It is electrical action generated by a non-electrical
source, such as a battery (which converts chemical energy to electrical energy) or a generator (converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy).
Electromotive force is commonly abbreviated as emf, EMF, or a cursive letter E.
The volt is the SI unit for electromotive force.
Q 19. What is a half cell?
Answer. A half-cell is one-half of an electrolytic or voltaic cell that undergoes either oxidation or reduction.
The anode half-cell reaction is oxidation, while the cathode half-cell reaction is reduction.
Q 20. Mention the names of anode and cathode of a Daniell cell?
Answer. Copper strips act as cathode whereas zinc strips act as anode.
Preparation of double salt
Q1: What is the experiment’s aim?
Answer:
Mohr’s salt is made by combining ferrous sulphate with ammonium sulphate in the presence of acid to form
ferrous ammonium sulphate.
Q2: What is double salt? Give an example.
Answer:
The term “double salt” refers to a mixture of many compounds that primarily comprise two salts in equimolar
concentration. A good example of double salt is potash alum.
Q3: What is the oxidation state of Fe in Mohr’s salt?
Answer:
Iron has a +2 oxidation state in Mohr’s salt.
Q4: What is the difference between double salt and complex salt?
Answer:
Double salt is a simple salt that dissociates in aqueous solutions. A complex salt may or may not be simple in
an aqueous solution, but it does not dissociate.
Q5: What will happen when concentrated sulphuric acid is added instead of dilute sulphuric acid?
Answer:
Concentrated sulphuric acid will oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+.
Q6: Give the applications of Mohr’s Salt.
Answer:
 Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate is used to make iron blue and in the metal industry as a component of
brass colouring baths and iron plating solutions, and as a ferrous sulphate alternative in a variety of
applications.
 Iron deficiency can be remedied by spraying iron sulphate, chelated iron, ferrous ammonium sulphate
with pesticides or using iron-containing complete analysis fertilisers.
 The most common and usually least priced is ferrous ammonium sulphate, containing 21% iron. The
quickest-acting substance is ferrous sulphate; it improves lawn colour in days, but the effect is short-
lived.
Q7: What are the precautions to be taken during the experiment?
Answer:
 To get good crystals, cool the solution slowly.
 While the solution is cooling, do not disturb it.
 If you heat the solution too long, ferrous ions will oxidise and become ferric ions.
Q8: Why is ferrous ammonium sulfate a double salt?
Answer:
It is classed as a double salt of ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate because it contains two different
cations, Fe2+ and NH4+. It’s a popular laboratory reagent since it crystallises easily and resists air oxidation.
Q9: What is Potash Alum?
Answer:
Potash alum, also known as potassium aluminium sulphate, is a chemical compound most commonly found in
the dodecahydrate form. It’s a two-salt compound that’s commonly utilised in medicine and water
purification. Alum potash is a simple salt. K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O is the chemical formula for potash alum.
Q10: What is the shape of crystals of potash alum formed?
Answer:
The crystals of potash alum produced are octahedral in shape.
Q11: What is the action of heat on potash alum?
Answer:
When modestly heated, it dissolves in its water of crystallisation. Sulphuric acid is released when more
strongly heated water molecules evaporate, and when exposed to extremely high temperatures, the leftover
combination contains alumina and potash sulphate.
Q12: Why is sulphuric acid added during the preparation of potash alum?
Answer:
Potash alum is made with diluted sulfuric acid to prevent the salt from hydrolysing (aluminium sulphate). It
aids in the dissolution of aluminium sulphate in warm water.
Q13: Why is ferrous sulphate not used instead of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
Answer:
Iron in Mohr’s salt has an oxidation value of +2. During the reaction, iron is oxidised, and its oxidation number
changes from +2 to +3. The heating of the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution is not needed for this titration
because of reaction rate is very high, even at room temperature.
Q14: What is the chemical name of potash alum?
Answer:
Aluminum sulfate, also known as potassium alum or potash alum, has a molecular formula of
K2(SO4)·Al2(SO4)3·24H2O or KAl(SO4)2·12H2O.
Q15: What are the uses of potash alum?
Answer:
It is used to purify contaminated water. It’s also used in the dyeing business to stop bleeding from a wound.
Q16: How does potash alum help in the purification of water?
Answer:
When potash alum is added to contaminated water, it causes colloidal contaminants in the water to
coagulate. Filtration or decantation might be used to remove the contaminants that have accumulated.
Q17: Why is Mohr’s salt preferred?
Answer:
Because of its long shelf life and resistance to oxidation, Mohr’s salt is the favoured source of ferrous ions in
analytical chemistry. Sulfuric acid is frequently added to ferrous ammonium sulphate solutions to prevent
ferric iron from oxidising.

Test for Unsaturation

Q3. Name some tests used to test unsaturation in organic compounds?
Answer: Bromine water test and Baeyer’s reagent test detect unsaturation in organic compounds.
Q4. How does the bromine water test detect the presence of unsaturation?
Answer: There won’t be any change if a saturated organic compound is added to the bromine water. However, it will
decolourise if an unsaturated organic compound is added to the bromine water.
Saturated organic compound + Br₂ → No Reaction (No colour change)
Unsaturated organic compound + Br₂ → Reaction will occur (Decolourise)
Q5. What is Baeyer’s reagent?
Answer: Baeyer’s reagent is an alkaline potassium permanganate solution. It is useful in detecting unsaturation in organic
compounds. It decolourises in the presence of unsaturated organic compounds.
Q6. Are alkynes acidic? If yes, then will they turn blue litmus red?
Answer: Alkynes are acidic, but they don’t turn blue litmus red.
Q7. Do aromatic compounds give Bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent test?
Answer: No, aromatic compounds do not give Bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent test
Q8. What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds?
Answer: The primary difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds is that saturated compounds contain only a
single bond between carbon atoms. In contrast, unsaturated compounds have at least one double or triple bond between
carbon atoms.
Q9. Does phenol decolourise bromine water?
Answer: No, phenol does not decolourise bromine water.
Q10. What type of reaction takes place between alkenes and bromine water?
Answer: An addition reaction takes place between alkenes and bromine water.
Also, Read Tests for Unsaturation
Test for Alcoholic (R-OH) Group
Q11. Which is more acidic: alcoholic or phenolic?
Answer: Phenolic group are more acidic than the alcoholic group.
Q12. Why do you dry alcohol before carrying out the sodium metal test?
Answer: Alcohols are dried before carrying the sodium metal test because sodium metal reacts with the moisture explosively
and liberates hydrogen gas. It may also catch fire.
Q13. What is Lucas’s reagent?
Answer: Lucas reagent is anhydrous zinc chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid solution. It is predominantly used to
distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Q14. Name a test useful in distinguishing methanol and ethanol?
Answer: The iodoform test helps determine methanol and ethanol. Ethanol gives a yellow precipitate with the iodoform test.
In contrast, methanol does not give an iodoform test.
Q15. What is the primary use of Lucas’s reagent?
Answer: Lucas’s reagent is primarily used to classify low molecular weight alcohols.
Also, Read Test for Alcoholic (R-OH) Group

Test for Phenolic Group

Q16. Which is more acidic: carboxylic or phenolic?
Answer: Carboxylic group are more acidic than the phenolic group.
Q17. How will you distinguish phenol and aniline?
Answer: Phenols are soluble in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, whereas anilines are not. Further, anilines are soluble
in dilute hydrochloric acid solution, whereas phenols are not.
Q18. Name the reagent used in the phthalein dye test.
Answer: Phthalic anhydride is used as a reagent in the phthalein dye test.
Q19. Name a test useful in detecting the presence of the phenolic group?
Answer: Libermann’s test is useful in detecting the presence of a phenolic group.
Q20. While preparing ferric chloride solution, the brown precipitate formed is of which compound?
Answer: While preparing ferric chloride solution, the brown precipitate formed is of ferric hydroxide.
Q21. Name the intermediate compound formed in the phthalein dye test?
Answer: The intermediate compound formed in the phthalein dye test is phenolphthalein.
Q22. What kind of reaction occurs when phenol is treated with bromine water?
Answer: Aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction occurs when phenol is treated with bromine water.

Test for Aldehydic Group

Q23. Name a test useful in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the carbonyl group.
Q24. What is Tollen’s reagent?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. It is valuable in determining the presence of aldehyde and
alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q25. What is the primary use of schiff’s reagent?
Answer: Schiff’s reagent is primarily used to detect the presence of an aldehydic group.
Q26. What is Rochelle’s salt?
Answer: Rochelle’s salt is a double salt of tartaric acid. It is a primary ingredient of the fehlings solution test.
Q27. Name a test used to distinguish the aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Answer: Tollen’s and Fehling’s tests help determine aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Q28. What is Fehling’s solution?
Answer: Fehling’s solution is a mixture of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide containing sodium potassium tartrate
(Rochelle’s salt).
Also, Read Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Test for Ketonic Group

Q29. Name a test used to distinguish the aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Answer: Tollen’s and Fehling’s tests help determine aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Q30. Name a test that helps in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the carbonyl group.
Q31. Name a test used to determine the presence of alpha-hydroxy ketone?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is used to determine the presence of alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q32. What is Tollen’s reagent?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. It is valuable in determining the presence of aldehyde and
alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q33. What is Fehling’s solution?
Answer: Fehling’s solution is a mixture of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide containing sodium potassium tartrate
(Rochelle’s salt).
Q34. What is Rochelle’s salt?
Answer: Rochelle’s salt is a double salt of tartaric acid. It is a primary ingredient of the fehlings solution test.
Also, Read Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Test for Carboxylic Group

Q35. How will you distinguish between phenol and carboxylic acid?
Answer: Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas, whereas phenols don’t.
Q36. What causes a brisk effervescence in the sodium bicarbonate test?
Answer: Liberation of carbon dioxide gives a brisk effervescence in the sodium bicarbonate test.
Q37. Name a test useful in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the carbonyl group.
Also, Read Test for Carboxyl Group

Test for Primary Amino Group

Q38. Name a test used to distinguish hexylamine and aniline.
Answer: The dye test is used to distinguish hexylamine and aniline.
Q39. Name some tests used to determine primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
Answer: Nitrous acid test and carbyl amine test determines primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Q40. How can you synthesise nitrous acid?
Answer: Nitrous acid is synthesised by reacting sodium nitrite with dilute hydrochloric acid below 5°C.
Q41. How will you distinguish phenol and aniline?
Answer: Phenols are soluble in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, whereas anilines are not. Further, anilines are soluble
in dilute hydrochloric acid solution, whereas phenols are not.
Q42. In contrast to primary aromatic amines, primary aliphatic amines do not form stable diazonium salts. Why?
Answer: Primary aliphatic amines do not form stable diazonium salts because alkyl carbocation formed on the decomposition
of diazonium salt is more stable than phenyl carbocation.
Q43. Why is an aniline a weaker base than ammonia?
Answer: Aniline is a soft base because lone pair of nitrogen is delocalised over the benzene ring and is not fully available for
sharing.
Q44. Name a test used to distinguish ethylamine and diethylamine.
Answer: Hinsberg test is used to differentiate between ethylamine and diethylamine.
Q45. Why are diazonium chloride soluble in water?
Answer: Diazonium salt is an ionic crystalline solid. Thus, it is soluble in polar water.
Q46. How are isocyanides destroyed in the carbylamine test?
Answer: Isocyanides are eliminated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the solution.
Q47. What is the name of the reagent used in the Hinsberg test?
Answer: Benzene sulfonyl chloride reagent is used in the Hinsberg test.

FAS
Q1. Why is dil. sulphuric acid suitable for permanganate titration?
Answer. KMnO4 acts as a good oxidising agent in acidic medium. If acid is not used KMnO4 may be oxidised to MnO2 giving a
brown precipitate.
Q2. What type of salt is Mohr’s salt?
Answer. Mohr’s salt, or ammonium iron(II) sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
Q3. What is the formula for Mohr’s salt?
Answer. The formula for Mohr’s salt is (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
Q4. What are double salts?
Answer. A double salt is a mixture of two different salts taken together as a single substance in a specific molecular
proportion.
Q5. What is the oxidation state of Fe in Mohr’s salt?
Answer. In Mohr’s salt, iron has an oxidation state of +2.
Q6. What is the distinction between double and complex salt?
Answer. A simple salt that dissociates in aqueous solutions is referred to as double salt. Complex salts can be simple or
complex, but they do not dissociate in an aqueous solution.
Q7. What is a normal solution?
Answer. A normal solution is one that contains one gram-equivalent mass of the solute per litre of solution.
Q8. What is a standard solution?
Answer. A standard solution is one that has a known strength.
Q9. What are the different types of titration?
Answer. The different types of titration are:

 Iodometric titration
 Permanganate titration
 Complexometric titration
 Precipitation titration
 Acid-base titration
 Redox titration
Q10. What is the function of sulphuric acid in the titration of mohr salt against KMnO4?
Answer. The most basic role of sulphuric acid in the redox titration of the mohr salt against potassium permanganate is to
prevent the hydrolysis of the ferric ion (Fe2+) because the titration occurs in the presence of KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7, both of which
are good oxidising agents.
Q11. Why is ferrous ammonium sulphate solution not heated before titration?
Answer. Heating of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution is not required in this titration because the reaction rate is very high
even at room temperature. Furthermore, at high temperatures, oxygen in the air may oxidise ferrous ions to ferric ions,
introducing errors into the experiment.
Q12. Why is nitric acid or hydrochloric acid not used in permanganate titration? Explain.
Answer. Nitric acid is not used because it is an oxidising agent in its own, and hydrochloric acid is usually avoided because it
reacts with KMnO4 to produce chlorine, which is also an oxidising agent in an aqueous solution.
Q13. Why is dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
Answer. To prevent ferrous sulphate hydrolysis, dilute sulphuric acid is added. Excessive heating is avoided when dissolving
the salt mixture in water. This is for preventing the conversion of Fe2+ ions (light green) to Fe3+ ions (yellow).
Q14. How will you prepare 100 mL of 0.1 M standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
Answer. To prepare a 0.1 M solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate, dissolve 3.92 grams of ferrous ammonium sulphate in
100 ml of distilled water.
Q15. Why is KMnO4 not regarded as a primary standard?
Answer. KMnO4 is not used as a primary standard because it is difficult to obtain in its pure state because it contains MnO2.
Furthermore, the colour is so bright that it acts as its own indicator.
Q16. What type of titrations are given the name redox titrations? Name some other redox titrations?
Answer. A redox titration is a titration that is based on a redox reaction between the analyte and the titrant. It is one of the
most widely used laboratory methods for determining the concentration of unknown analytes.
Types of Redox Titrations

 Bromometry uses a bromine (Br2) titrant.

 Cerimetry employs cerium(IV) salts.
 Dichrometry uses potassium dichromate.
 Iodometry uses iodine (I2).
 Permanganometry uses potassium permanganate.
Q17. Which of the following is an oxidising agent and which is a reducing agent in the reaction of KMnO 4 and FeSO4?
Answer. The oxidising agent is KMnO4, and the reducing agent is FeSO4.
Q18. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard in volumetric analysis over ferrous sulphate?
Answer. This is due to the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and does not readily oxidise in the presence of air. Ferrous sulphate is
converted to ferric sulphate by oxidation.
Q19. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added when making a standard Mohr’s salt solution?
Answer. A few drops of H2SO4 are added to prevent ferrous sulphate from hydrolyzing.
Q20. Why isn’t the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution heated before titration, but the oxalic acid is?
Answer. Before titration, oxalic acid is heated to remove any excess CO2. However, no such decomposition occurs in the case
of ferrous ammonium sulphate. It may also decompose into ferrous oxide when heated. As a result, this ferrous ammonium
sulphate is not heated prior to titration.