QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

“naturalistic method of inquiry

of research which deals with
the issue on human complexity
by exploring it directly”
(Polit and Beck,2008)
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

•involves process, feelings

and motives (the why’s and
the how’s) and produces in-
depth and holistic data
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Phenomenological Ethnographic
Study Study

COMMON TYPES

Case Study Historical Study

 PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

It seeks to find the essence

or structure of an experience
by explaining how complex
meanings are built out of
simple units of inner
experience.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

It examines human
experiences (lived experiences)
through descriptions provided
by subjects or respondents.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE

LIVED EXPERIENCES OF
NURSES AND STUDENT
NURSES WORTHY OF
DESCRIPTION OR
EXPLORATION?
 Examples:
1)Community Nurses’ Lived
Experiences During COVID
Pandemic
2) Lifestyle of Nurses Working
Abroad
3) Lived Experiences of Nurse
Supervisors Working with GenZ
Nurses
 Examples
1) Experiences on Hospital
Exposure of Level 2 student
Nurses
2) Experiences in preparing for the
Nurses Licensure Exam
3) Lived Experiences of
Primigravida seeking
Consultation in a Rural health
Unit
The phenomenological researcher may
ask the following questions:

•What is this experience like?

(Laverty, 2003)
•What is this or that kind of
experience like? (Van Manen,
1990)
•What is the essence of this
phenomenon as experienced by
these people? (Polit & Beck, 2008)

• What is the meaning of the

phenomenon to those who
experience it? (Polit & Beck, 2008).
 ADVERSITIES AND TRIUMPHS: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS
SOP(General Specific Questions Research Sampling Technique Participants/Lo Research Data
or Grand Tour Design cale Instruments Analysis
Question)

What are the 1)What Phenome Purposive Sampling Semi- Colaizzi

lived adversities were nology structured (1978)
experiences of the encountered? Inclusion Criteria: Interview method of
the nurses a) Graduate nurses Guide qualitative
preparing for 2)What coping research
the NLE? mechanisms were b) Taking the NLE for analysis
employed by the first time
them?
c) Away from home

d) Enrolled in a review
center.
HOW SHOULD YOU GATHER THE
DATA?

ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEW
(KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW)
FGD
WHAT SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE
PARTICIPANTS PRIOR TO THE
CONDUCT OF THE INTERVIEW/FGD?

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

PARTICIPANT AGREEMENT FORM
WHAT LOGISTICAL
REQUIREMENTS SHOULD YOU
PREPARE?

AUDIO-RECORDER
JOURNAL/FIELD NOTES
 HOW SHOULD YOU
ANALYZE THE DATA?
Figure 1. A summary of Colaizzi's strategy for phenomenological data analysis.
Reflexive Thematic Analysis By
Braun and Clark
• PHASE 1: becoming familiar with the data-
• familiarization with the data. It entails the reading and re-reading of
the entire dataset in order to become intimately familiar with the
data.
• PHASE 2: generating codes
• Codes are the fundamental building blocks of what will later become
themes. The goal is to produce a succinct, shorthand descriptive or
interpretive labels for pieces of information that may be of relevance
to the research question
• PHASE 3: generating themes
• The coded data is reviewed and analyzed as to how different codes
may be combined according to shared meanings so that they may
form themes or sub-themes. This will often involve collapsing
multiple codes that share a similar underlying concept or feature of
the data into one single code.
Reflexive Thematic Analysis By
Braun and Clark
• PHASE 4: reviewing themes
Conduct a recursive review of the candidate themes in
relation to the coded data items and the entire dataset. The
researcher may find that some candidate themes may not
function well as meaningful interpretations of the data, or
may not provide information that addresses the research
question.
• PHASE 5: defining and naming themes,
• Presentation of the detailed analysis of the thematic
framework. Each individual theme and sub-theme is to be
expressed in relation to both the dataset and the research
question.
• PHASE 6: producing the report.
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE
MAIN PROBING/ELUCIDATING
1. How do public school 1. What were the activities you perform to
learners perform self care of yourself?
care?
Can you please tell me about those?

2. How did you manage and overcome the

challenges in caring for yourself?

Can you please tell me about those?

3. Were there other things that were not

asked that you would like to share?
 SAMPLE TRANSCRIPT 1
1] R1 Interview Transcriptions (43 MALE SINGLE 19 YEARS MA-ENGLISH)
2] Me: What challenges did you encounter in teaching basic grammar
3] subject?
4] LG: Ah… my 19 years of teaching am, well of course I have to say that I
5] am teaching college students about grammar and I think the difficulty
6] that I have is always on how to make the students understand for
7] example subject-verb agreement, tenses of the verb even the spelling
8] at times it actually pop up as a problem in teaching am I think those are
9] the most common problems, the subject- verb agreement, the tenses
10] of the verb.
SAMPLE TRANSCRIPT 1
 SAMPLE TRANSCRIPT 2
11] R2 Interview Transcriptions (52 F MARRIED 18 YEARS MA-
12] ENGLISH)
13] Me: What challenges did you encounter in teaching basic
14] grammar subject?
15] AS: I need to exert extra effort extra patience with the goal that
16] I need to teach them because if I don’t have these surely they
17] will never learn and appreciate grammar
18] Kasi they don’t have the focus and grammar is very complicated,
19] a lot of topics for nouns a lot of topics for
20] pronouns 8 parts of speech pa lang and there are a lot of topics
21] to be considered
 Significant Statements Transcript No. Line No. Page
No.

“…the difficulty that I have is always on how to make the 1 5-7 1

students understand for example subject-verb
agreement, tenses of the verb even the spelling”
“…most common problems, the subject- verb 1 9-10 1
agreement, the tenses of the verb.”
“…they don’t have the focus…” “ 2 18 2

“…grammar is very complicated…” 2 18 2

“…a lot of topics for nouns a lot of topics for 2 19-20 2

pronouns…”
“…there are a lot of topics to be considered..” 2 20-21 2
“…the difficulty that I have is always on how to
make the students understand for example subject-
verb agreement, tenses of the verb even the
spelling”(T1,L5-7,P1)
 SAMPLE THEMATIC ANALYSIS USING COLAIZZI’S METHOD
SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTS FORMULATED MEANINGS THEME EMERGENT
CLUSTERS THEMES
“…the difficulty that I have is Difficulty in making students 1.Difficulties 1.Understandin
always on how to make the understand the subject-verb Handling Students’ g Barriers
students understand for example agreement, tenses, and spelling Grammatical
subject-verb agreement, tenses of Incompetence
the verb even the spelling”(T1,L5-
7,P1)
“…most common problems, the Difficulty in making students 2.Difficulties
subject- verb agreement, the understand the subject-verb Handling Students’
tenses of the verb.” (T1,L9-10,P1) agreement, tenses of verbs Grammatical
Incompetence
“…they don’t have the Students lack focus in learning 3.Lack Focus 2.Attitude
focus…”(T2,L18,P2) Problem
“…grammar is very Grammar subject is complicated 4.Topic Difficulty 3. Subject
complicated…”(T2,L18,P2) Complexity
“…a lot of topics for nouns a lot of Grammar subject has many 5.Topic Variation
topics for pronouns…”(T2,L19- topics
20,P2)
“…there are a lot of topics to be Grammar subject has many 6.Topic
considered..” (T2,L20-21,P2) topics Consideration
SAMPLE SIMULACRUM OF THEMATIC ANALYSIS
 SAMPLE DISCUSSIONS
Major Findings

This qualitative phenomenological research

revealed that teachers who were handling Basic
Grammar Subject in ____encountered difficulties in
the face of diversity. They found it hard to teach
students from diverse backgrounds and learning
orientations, those who lack focus and interest in
teaching; students who performed low in the class,
their background knowledge or orientation, learning
abilities/ capacities.
 SAMPLE DISCUSSIONS

They were also challenged with the topics they

were teaching due to the complexity of
grammar concepts and lessons. Aside from
those mentioned was the challenge in teaching
students with the problem in attitude and the
teacher’s unpleasant feelings towards
students’ performance in class.
 SAMPLE DISCUSSIONS

They were also challenged with the topics they

were teaching due to the complexity of
grammar concepts and lessons. Aside from
those mentioned was the challenge in teaching
students with the problem in attitude and the
teacher’s unpleasant feelings towards
students’ performance in class.
 GROUP ACTIVITY
TITLE:___________________________________________________
SOP SPECIFIC RESEARCH SAMPLING PARTICIPANTS RESEARCH DATA
(GENERAL OR QUESTIONS DESIGN TECHNIQUE INSTRUMENT ANALYSIS
GRAND TOUR
QUESTION)
 GROUP ACTIVITY

SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDE

MAIN QUESTION PROBING/ELUCIDATING

 GROUP ACTIVITY

TRANSCRIPTS

1 _______________________________________________________
2 _______________________________________________________
3 _______________________________________________________
4 _______________________________________________________
5 _______________________________________________________
6 _______________________________________________________
7 _______________________________________________________
8 _______________________________________________________
9 _______________________________________________________
10 _______________________________________________________
Significant Transcript Line Page
Statements No. No. No.
 THEMATIC ANALYSIS

SIGNIFICANT FORMULATED THEME EMERGENT

STATEMENTS MEANINGS CLUSTERS THEMES
MAJOR FINDINGS
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________