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Introduction To Biology
Introduction To Biology
S E N I O R H I G H S C H O O L D E PA R T M E N T
BIOLOGY 1
JASPER A. DOMINGCIL
Master Teacher II
0918-6938863
jasper.domingcil@deped.gov.ph
Introduction to
Biology— The
Study of Life
Life in the Trees
• The lives of gray-headed flying foxes are
closely entwined with the lives of the
eucalyptus trees that form their habitat
• Eucalyptus trees
provide food and
roosting sites for
the flying foxes
• Flying foxes aid in
eucalyptus pollination
and help disperse
the resulting seeds
• Flying foxes are becoming an endangered
species, partly because of habitat destruction
THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
make up a
Spinal cord
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
Nervous system
– interbreeding
TISSUE LEVEL
Nervous
tissue
same species, a
Nerve cell
– organs
COMMUNITY LEVEL
All organisms in
eucalyptus forest
POPULATION LEVEL
– tissues ORGANISM LEVEL
Group of flying foxes
Flying fox
Brain
– cells
Spinal cord
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
Nervous system
ORGAN LEVEL
– molecules Brain
Nerve
TISSUE LEVEL
Nervous
tissue
CELLULAR LEVEL
Nerve cell
Figure 1.2
• In hypothesis-driven science, scientists use
the “scientific method”
– They propose a hypothesis
– They make deductions leading to predictions
– They then test the hypothesis by seeing if the
predictions come true
1.3 With the scientific method, we
pose and test hypotheses
Observation
• The main
steps of the Question
scientific
method Hypothesis
Prediction
Figure 1.3A
• Deductive reasoning is used in testing
hypotheses
– If a hypothesis is
correct, and we test it,
then we can expect a
particular outcome
Figure 1.3B
• Experiments designed to test hypotheses
must be controlled experiments
• Control groups must be tested along with
experimental groups for the meaning of the
results to be clear
• Case study: spider mimicry
Figure 1.3C
Figure 1.3D
• Another test of the spider mimic hypothesis:
wing transplants
Wing
markings
Wing
waving
– Domain Archaea
Figure 1.4A, B
• Domain Eukarya
Figure 1.4C-F
1.5 Unity in diversity: All forms of
life have common features
• All organisms share a set of common
features, signs of unity in life’s vast diversity
• All are made of cells
• All have DNA as
their genetic
blueprint
• These orchids show
the variety possible
within one species
Figure 1.5A
• DNA is made of chemical units called
nucleotides
• Each species has its own nucleotide sequence
Figure 1.5B
• The genetic information in DNA underlies all of
the features that distinguish life from nonlife
– Order and regulation
– Growth and development
– Use of energy from the environment
– Response to environmental stimuli
– Ability to reproduce
– Evolutionary change
1.6 Evolution explains the unity
and diversity of life
• Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology
• He synthesized the theory of evolution by
natural selection
• A theory in science is a
comprehensive idea with
broad explanatory power
• Evolution is the core theme
of biology
Figure 1.6A
• The theory of
natural selection
explains the
main mechanism
whereby all (1) Population with varied inherited traits
species of
organisms
change, or
evolve
(2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Figure 1.6C
1.7 Living organisms and their environments
form interconnecting webs
Figure 1.7A
• Plants, or plant products, are the ultimate
sources of food in an ecosystem
– This African sunbird is consuming nectar, a
plant product
Figure 1.7B
• Chemical nutrients cycle within an
ecosystem’s web
– Energy Sun
flows in
Inflow
and out of
light
Loss
of
constantly energy heat
energy
Air Chemical
energy
Cycling
of
chemical
Organisms nutrients
Soil
Figure 1.7C ECOSYSTEM
BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
1.8 Connection: Biology is connected to
our lives in many ways
• Biology is connected to a great number of
important issues
• Environmental
problems and
solutions
• Genetic engineering
• Medicine
Figure 1.8A
• Many technological advances stem from the
scientific study of life
• Evaluating everyday reports in the press about
a large range of subjects requires critical
thinking and some familiarity with many areas
of biology
– In order to understand
how rain forest
destruction impacts
global climate, it is
important to understand
biology from the molecular
to the ecosystem level
Figure 1.8B
BACARRA NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department