Exercise no.

Major Groups of Plant Diseasses

Introduction:
An irregularity in the structure and/or function of the host plant's cells and/or
tissue brought on by persistent irritation from a pathogenic agent or environmental
element is referred to as a plant disease. A disease is a set of changes that a plant
experiences; it is not static. Every plant is susceptible to disease to some degree.
Plant diseases that are commonly encountered can be classified into three groups:
fungal, bacterial, and viral. Fungi is the cause of fungal illnesses. Any group of
organisms that produce spores and consume organic stuff is referred to as a fungus.
A few instances of fungal illnesses are Botrytis blight, Rust, and Black spot.

Objectives:
1. To acquaint students to the major groups of plant diseases
2. Identified the living, non living and environmental causes that induce the
disease
3. Defined as the state of local or systemic abnormal physiological functioning of
a plant
4. different varieties are genetically identical. If a disease can kill one, it may kill
them all.

Metholodogy:
Cultural customs including choosing the right planting date, preparing the
seedbed, and managing water assist prevent disease. Shade, poorly drained soils,
and other elements can make plants more prone to disease. Plants should be
arranged correctly, removed, and replaced with more suited species if necessary.

Results and Discussion:

Plant diseases– their occurrence and severity– result from the impact of three
factors: the host plant, the pathogen, and the environmental conditions. This is
represented with the disease triangle. If any one of the three factors is missing, the
triangle is not complete, no disease will occur.
Types of Characteristics Sign Symptoms Means of Methods of Contro
Pathogen Transmission Identification
1 Bacteria Microscopic Dark brown Leaf spots, Enter plants Fluorescence Manip
organisms to black blights, wilts, through in-situ enviro
lesions of scabs, wounds, and Hybridization conditi
various sizes cankers and they spread remov
and shapes soft rots of from plant to infecte
on leaves, roots, storage plant through plants
fruit, and organs and the soil, apply
stems. fruit, and through tools protec
overgrowth. and direct pestici
handling of
plants, or
through insect
vectors
2 fungus Heterotrophic Changes in Color and wind currents, Routine Avoid
the shape water microbiological overhe
appearance changes, (splashing and tests. wateri
of skin and rotting, rain), soil
itching wounds, and (dust), insects,
wilting birds, and the
remains of
plants that
once were
infected.
3 viruses Microscopic Fever, chills,mosaic Fifty to 60 Polymerase The
particles sore throat, patterns, viruses are chain reaction emplo
nasal flower-break, transmitted in (PCR) and of any
congestion, deformed seed, and a isothermal organi
runny nose, growth, few seed- amplification. comba
cough, and a chlorosis or borne viruses, specifi
lot of times yellowing, such as sour- diseas
you can have stunting and cherry yellows, pest th
some body leaf are carried in parasi
aches. distortion, pollen and antibio
ringspots, transmitted by compe
and vein insects. for res
clearing.
4 nematodes Cylindrical Yellowing, yellowing, any physical Morphological Sanita
stunting, and stunting, and means that and choice
wilting, wilting, can move soil anatomical plant
accompanied accompanied particles about differences varieti
by a yield by a yield —equipment, using
decline. decline. tools, shoes, microscopic
birds, insects, image analysis.
dust, wind and
water.
Conclusion
Plant diseases can be broadly classified according to the nature of their primary
causal agent, either infectious or noninfectious. Infectious plant diseases are caused
by a pathogenic organism such as a fungus, bacterium, mycoplasma, virus, viroid,
nematode, or parasitic flowering plant.

References:
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Major+Groups+of+Plant+Diseasses&btnG=#d=g
s_cit&t=1701617706696&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AAgXWy2zk9nUJ
%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl
%3Den
James, W. C. (1974). Assessment of plant diseases and losses. Annual
review of Phytopathology, 12(1), 27-48.