Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exam4 Solutions
Exam4 Solutions
PUID:
______________________________________
ECE
305
Exam
4:
SOLUTIONS
Fall
2014
October
31,
2014
Mark
Lundstrom
Purdue
University
This
is
a
closed
book
exam.
You
may
use
a
calculator
and
the
formula
sheet
at
the
end
of
this
exam.
There
are
three
questions.
To
receive
full
credit,
you
must
show
your
work
(scratch
paper
is
attached).
The
exam
is
designed
to
be
taken
in
50
minutes.
Be
sure
to
fill
in
your
name
and
Purdue
student
ID
at
the
top
of
the
page.
DO
NOT
open
the
exam
until
told
to
do
so,
and
stop
working
immediately
when
time
is
called.
The
last
page
is
an
equation
sheet,
which
you
may
remove,
if
you
want.
75
points
possible
1)
5
points
per
part
–
25
points
total
2)
5
points
per
part
–
40
points
total
3)
5
points
per
part
–
10
points
total.
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
Exam
Integrity
Statement
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
I
certify
that
I
have
neither
given
nor
received
unauthorized
aid
on
this
exam.
Write
out
the
above
statement:
Signature:
______________________________________________
ECE-‐305
1
Fall
2014
Exam
4
SOLUTIONS:
ECE
305
Fall
2014
Answer
the
five
multiple
choice
questions
below
by
drawing
a
circle
around
the
one,
best
answer.
1a)
For
a
Si
diode
under
a
forward
bias
of
V A = 0.6
V,
approximately
what
is
the
maximum
splitting
in
the
quasi-‐Fermi
levels?
a)
1.2
eV.
b)
0.6
eV.
c)
0.3
eV.
d)
0.026
eV.
e)
0.052
eV
1b)
The
saturation
current
of
a
long
N+P
junction
is I 0 = qA ( Dn Ln ) ni2 N A ?
How
does
this
expression
change
for
a
short
PN
junction?
( )
a)
Dn Ln
is
replaced
by
coth Dn Ln
b)
Dn L
is
replaced
by
sinh ( D
n n
L )
n
d)
Dn Ln
is
replaced
by
Dn WN
where
WN
is
the
length
of
the
undepleted
N-‐region.
e)
Ln
is
replaced
by
Ln π .
1c)
The
small-‐signal
model
for
a
NP
diode
consists
of
a
resistor
in
parallel
with
two
capacitors.
How
does
the
small-‐signal
model
for
a
MS
diode
compare?
a)
It
is
identical
to
the
model
for
the
NP
diode.
b)
It
is
the
same,
except
that
the
resistor
is
missing.
c)
It
is
the
same,
except
that
the
junction
capacitance
is
missing.
d)
It
is
the
same,
except
that
the
diffusion
capacitance
is
missing.
e)
It
has
the
same
three
components,
but
they
are
in
parallel,
not
in
series.
1d)
Ohmic
contacts
are
typically
made
by
doping
the
semiconductor
adjacent
to
the
metal
as
heavily
as
possible.
Why?
a)
To
increase
the
electron
affinity.
b)
To
decrease
the
electron
affinity.
c)
To
increase
the
width
of
the
depletion
region
and
suppress
tunneling.
d)
To
decrease
the
width
of
the
depletion
region
and
enhance
tunneling.
e)
To
decrease
the
image
force
lowering.
1e)
What
effect
does
an
increase
in
the
Schottky
barrier
have
on
the
IV
characteristics
of
an
MS
diode?
a) It
increases
the
ideality
factor,
n .
b) It
decreases
the
ideality
factor,
n .
c) It
increases
the
saturation
current
density,
J 0 .
d) It
decreases
the
saturation
current
density,
J 0 .
e) It
lowers
the
reverse
breakdown
voltage.
ECE-‐305
2
Fall
2014
Exam
4
SOLUTIONS:
ECE
305
Fall
2014
2)
This
problem
concerns
the
equilibrium
NP
junction
with
two
metal
contacts
shown
below.
Consider
first
the
separate
N
and
P
regions
and
the
metal.
The
N-‐type
semiconductor
is
doped
so
that
E FN = EC
(we
are
assuming
non-‐degenerate
carrier
statistics).
The
P-‐type
semiconductor
is
doped
so
that
E FP = EV .
The
work
function
of
the
metal
is
equal
to
the
electron
affinity
of
the
semiconductors,
Φ M = χ S .
Assume
EG = 1.5 eV
for
the
semiconductor.
Answer
the
following
questions.
2a)
Draw
energy
band
diagrams
of
the
four
isolated
layers
–
1)
metal,
2)
N-‐
semiconductor,
3)
P-‐semiconductor,
and
4)
metal.
Indicate
the
Fermi
level
on
each
diagram.
HINT:
Be
sure
that
the
vacuum
level,
E0 ,
is
the
same
is
each
case.
1)
metal
2)
N-‐semiconductor
3)
P-‐semiconductor
4)
metal.
ECE-‐305
3
Fall
2014
Exam
4
SOLUTIONS:
ECE
305
Fall
2014
2b)
Draw
the
energy
band
diagram
of
the
metal-‐N-‐type
semiconductor
junction.
Note
that
there
is
no
bandbending.
2c)
Determine
the
built-‐in
potential
in
volts
for
the
metal-‐N-‐type
semiconductor
junction.
Solution:
qVbi = E FM − E FN = 0
Vbi = 0
(The
built-‐in
potential
is
t he
b andbending
in
the
semiconductor
–
there
is
no
bandbending.)
2d)
Sketch
the
energy
band
diagram
of
N-‐P
semiconductor
junction.
Indicate
the
built-‐in
potential
on
your
sketch.
ECE-‐305
4
Fall
2014
Exam
4
SOLUTIONS:
ECE
305
Fall
2014
2e)
Determine
the
built-‐in
potential
in
volts
for
the
N-‐P
semiconductor
junction.
Hint:
you
can
do
this
with
either
the
Vbi
formula
for
an
NP
junction
or
by
remembering
that
Vbi
is
the
difference
in
work
functions
divided
by
q.
Assume
EG = 1.5 eV
and
provide
numerical
answer.
Solution:
We
can
do
this
two
ways.
First,
recall
that
Vbi
is
the
difference
in
Fermi
levels
before
the
two
layers
are
brought
into
contact.
qVbi = E FN − E FP = EC − EV = EG
,
so
Vbi = EG q = 1.5 V
k BT ⎛ N A N D ⎞
Another
way
to
do
this
is
to
use
the
formula
for
an
NP
junction:
Vbi = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
q ⎝ ni ⎠
N A
is
really
the
equilibrium
hole
concentration,
N A = p0 P = NV e(
EV − E FP ) k BT
.
Since
the
Fermi
level
on
the
p-‐side
is
at
the
valence
band
edge,
N A = p0 P = NV .
Similarly
for
the
N-‐side,
N D = n0 N = N C
Putting
this
in
the
Vbi
formula:
k BT ⎛ N A N D ⎞ k BT ⎛ N C NV ⎞ k BT ⎛ N C NV ⎞ EG
Vbi = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ln ⎜ −E k BT ⎟ = q ,
q ⎝ ni ⎠ q ⎝ ni ⎠ q ⎝ N C NV e G ⎠
which
is
the
same
answer.
2f)
Draw
the
energy
band
diagram
of
the
P-‐type
semiconductor-‐metal
junction.
Indicate
the
built-‐in
potential
on
your
sketch.
Solution:
Note
that
Φ Bp = EG ,
a
very
large
Schottky
barrier,
while
for
the
N-‐layer,
Φ Bn = 0 .
( )
3a)
Compute
n x p
and
the
electron
current
density
at,
x = x p
for
a
forward
bias
of
V A = 0.2
V.
Solution:
( )
According
to
the
law
of
the
junction:
n x p = n0 p e
qV A k BT
=
ni2 qVA
NA
e
k BT
( )
n x p = 2.2 × 1014 cm -3
( )
Since
the
P-‐region
is
long,
Δn x > x p = Δn x p e ( ) −( x−x p ) Ln
dΔn ( x )
( )
The
current
density
is
J n x = x p = −qDn
dx
=q
Dn
Ln
( )
Δn x p
because
we
are
in
low
x=x p
( ) D
( )
J n x = x p = q n Δn x p = 1.6 × 10−19
Ln
0.026 × 1000
10 −4
× 2.2 × 1014 = 9.2 A/cm 2
J ( x = x ) = 9.2 A/cm
n p
2
( )
From
part
3a)
n x p = n0 p eqVA k BT
= 2.2 × 1014
Note
also
that
p ( x ) = p
p 0n
eqVA k BT
= 2.2 × 103 × 109 = 2.2 × 1012
In
the
undepleted
N
and
P
regions,
the
excess
minority
carrier
concentrations
decay
as
p( x) ∝ e
− x−xn Lp
()
and
n x ∝ e
− x−x p Ln
.
These
are
straight
lines
on
a
log
plot.
Because
the
regions
are
long,
all
excess
carriers
decay
and
we
are
left
with
p0 N and
n0 P
far
away
from
the
junction
(about
three
diffusion
lengths
past
the
edges
of
the
transition).