1.

Medical History and Physical Examination: A thorough medical history, including a family history of
SCA or related conditions such as pain episodes, infections, and other health issues, and a physical
examination are usually the initial steps in diagnosing SCA.

2. Blood Tests: A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal the presence of abnormal red blood cells,
such as sickle-shaped cells. Hemoglobin electrophoresis, a specialized blood test, can identify
the specific type of hemoglobin present in the blood, including hemoglobin S, which is
characteristic of SCA.

3. Hemoglobin Solubility Test: This test can detect the presence of hemoglobin S. A small sample of
blood is mixed with a solution, and if hemoglobin S is present, it causes the blood to become
cloudy or turbid, indicating a positive result.

4. Genetic Testing: Genetic testing may be recommended to confirm the presence of the gene
mutation that causes SCA. This may involve DNA analysis to identify the specific mutation in the
HBB gene, which codes for hemoglobin, that causes SCA. Genetic testing can also be used to
determine carrier status for individuals with a family history of SCA or for prenatal testing in
families at risk of having a child with SCA.