2022 IEEE 7th International conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT)
Pune, India. Apr 07-09, 2022
Design of an Isolated Bidirectional Active Cell
Balancing circuit for Lithium ion batteries
Srinivasan M P
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
2022 IEEE 7th International conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT) | 978-1-6654-2168-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/I2CT54291.2022.9825103
Hyderabad, Telengana
h2016s400283@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
Abstract— The remaining useful life of a lithium ion cell
module is determined by its rate of getting charged and
discharged. To extend this life, the cell modules need to age
uniformly. This aging process is determined by the amount of
energy stored in a cell module called state of charge. In order
to maintain this state of charge uniformly across cell modules,
a cell balancer is needed. This paper proposes a novel active
cell balancer that supports bidirectional cell balancing
operation with very high efficiency. The active cell balancer is
designed using MATLAB/Simulink for a commercially
available 14S10P 48V/32Ah battery pack. An overall efficiency
of 96.8% is achieved during the cell balancing operation.
Keywords—active cell balancing, lithium ion batteries,
battery management system, open circuit voltage, state of charge,
flyback converter, bidirectional transfer of power
I. INTRODUCTION
There has been a shift in harnessing energy from non-
renewable to renewable sources due to the rapid depletion of
the former. This energy has to be stored for future use, using
cells or batteries [1]. There are many cell chemistries used
like nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, lithium-ion, etc, of which
lithium-ion is widely used due to its increased energy and
power density [2]. Cells are connected in parallel, which are
in turn connected in series to form a battery pack to power
the load. The ability of a cell to power the load is called cell
capacity. The usable capacity of a cell is governed by its
state of charge level (SOC) [3]. Overall pack capacity
depends on the SOC of individual cell modules. However,
cell modules are charged and discharged at unequal rates due
to unequal SOC distribution among them [4]. Hence, for
uniform charging and discharging of cell modules, a uniform
SOC needs to be maintained across the cell modules. Cell
balancing refers to the process of attaining a uniform SOC
among cell modules. There are two types of balancing
methods, viz., passive and active cell balancing [5].
In passive cell balancing, uniform SOC is attained by
discharging stored energy in cell modules as heat [6][7].
Although being widely used due to the circuit simplicity, and
cost-effectiveness, the dissipated heat reduces the battery
pack efficiency and its life. This limits its usage to low-
power battery packs in electric cycles and scooters. For high
power applications like electric excavators, and grid storage
applications, active cell balancing is used.
For active cell balancing, uniform SOC is achieved by re-
distributing the energy stored in cell modules [7]. Final SOC
is the average of cell modules’ initial SOC. Adjacent cell-
based topology is the simplest method, where capacitors are
connected between adjacent cell module pairs [7][8]. All the
cell modules either charge or discharge into this capacitor,
until they reach the desired SOC. Although this method is
978-1-6654-2168-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE. Downloaded on January 20,2023 at 06:59:49 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Prof. Alivelu Manga Parimi
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Hyderabad, Telengana
alivelu@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
simple and easy to implement, there are a few drawbacks.
Firstly, high voltage sources are needed to control the
switches connecting cell modules and the balancing
capacitor. Secondly, multiple storage and conversion stage
layers are needed to balance the entire battery pack [9]. This
increases component count and reduces the overall balancing
efficiency [10]. Thirdly, there is no isolation between cell
modules and the balancing capacitor. Isolation avoids
accidental shorting of cell modules through capacitor and
MOSFET switches. To overcome the above-mentioned
issues, the energy deficient cell module is charged using the
surplus energy from other cell modules [11], where a
capacitor is used to store this energy temporarily. This
process is performed until all the cell modules in the battery
pack reach the same SOC.
A single transformer based implementation in [12][13],
connects individual cell modules to the primary side of
transformer winding using MOSFETs. Cell modules with a
higher SOC undergo discharging. The discharged energy is
stored in the transformer winding, and then charges the cell
modules with lower SOC. This charging and discharging
process is performed until the uniform target SOC is reached
across cell modules. The cell modules are connected on one
side of the transformer, while other side is connected to the
battery pack terminals. A single winding transformer is used
in [12] for all the cell modules, while [13] uses a multiple
winding transformer, with one winding for each cell module.
Although this method is simple, easy to control, and has
isolation between the cell modules and the energy storage
element, high voltage gate drivers are needed to control the
MOSFET switches connecting the cell modules with the
transformer core. Secondly, a large high-frequency
transformer is needed for a high power battery pack as a
single transformer core is used. Thirdly, the entire battery
pack needs to be shut down during a transformer fault as the
cell balancer is out of order.
Hence, separate isolated DC/DC converters are needed to
connect cell modules with the storage capacitor [14],
resulting in usage of low voltage MOSFETs and gate drivers
for each cell module. Here the transformer specifications
depend only on the cell module parameters and not on that of
the battery pack configuration and hence remain unaffected
by the number of cell modules in the battery pack, as in [14].
However, the topology in [14], uses an external auxiliary DC
power supply to provide the balancing charge to individual
cell modules, thus supporting only unidirectional power
flow. This solution is suitable for stationary applications like
telecom and server, as a separate DC source can be sourced
easily. However, for mobile applications like electric
vehicles, a separate DC source is unavailable. Hence, for cell
balancing, energy stored in the cell modules needs to be
1
 redistributed. So, an isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter
is needed, as cell modules are either a sink or a source in this
balancing process.
This paper proposes a fault-tolerant, active cell balancer
with localized control, and isolation provided for each cell
module with the storage capacitor separately. The proposed
implementation facilitates the cell modules to reach the
average SOC of the entire battery pack by either charging or
discharging the cell modules simultaneously, thereby
reducing the cell balancing time. The cell balancer thus
supports bidirectional energy transfer by allowing each cell
module to either get charged or discharged. Section II
describes the architecture of the proposed active cell
balancer, with Section III discussing the simulation results.
II. PROPOSED CELL BALANCING ARCHITECTURE
A high-efficiency DC/DC converter is required to
implement an isolated bidirectional cell balancer. The
commonly used DC/DC converters offering a high efficiency
are the LLC resonant converter and phase-shifted full-bridge
converter. These converters offer exceptionally high
efficiency in the forward direction and significantly lower
efficiency in the reverse direction. Also, the control of these
converters is complex for achieving energy flow in the
reverse direction [15]. Hence, the flyback converter is chosen
over the aforementioned topologies due to its ease of
implementation, low component count, and reduced circuit
real estate. However, the flyback converter supports only
unidirectional power flow [16]. A power MOSFET replaces
the diode in the secondary side of the flyback converter. So,
the proposed converter topology has a symmetrical primary
and secondary side, thereby supporting bidirectional power
flow. The architecture of this proposed cell balancer is
shown in Fig 1. The switching signals of both the power
MOSFETs M1 and M2, depend on the direction of power
flow. An intermediate energy storage device (IES) is needed
to temporarily store the energy drawn from the surplus
energy cell modules that is then discharged into the energy-
deficient cell modules.
Fig. 1 Architecture of the proposed cell balancer module
The cell modules are connected across Cell+ and Cell-
terminals of the cell balancer module as shown in Fig 1. To
draw energy from the cell module, the MOSFET switch M1
in the primary side of the flyback converter undergoes pulse
width modulation (PWM) at a predefined fixed frequency
and duty cycle ratio. When the MOSFET M1 is in ON state,
the primary inductor of the flyback transformer gets charged.
The MOSFET switch M2 in the secondary side is in OFF
state during the entire PWM phase of the MOSFET M1,
resulting in storing the energy in the transformer winding.
When the MOSFET M1 is turned OFF, the MOSFET M2
starts conducting through the internal body diode. Energy
stored in the transformer windings gets discharged into the
intermediate energy storage element. This intermediate
energy storage element is shared across all the cell modules
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through the cell balancer modules and is connected across
the Cap+ and Cap- terminals.
The cell module discharges its surplus stored energy by
discharging itself and charging the intermediate energy
storage element. The discharge operation is performed on the
cell modules whose state of charge (SOC) is greater than the
desired target SOC until the target SOC is reached.
This intermediate storage element is typically
implemented either by a capacitor or an inductor. However,
to improve the performance of the cell balancer, a lithium-
ion cell of a reduced capacity compared to the cell modules
is used as the storage element.
This storage element charges the cell modules whose
SOC is lesser than the target SOC. Here, the MOSFET M2
undergoes PWM, while the MOSFET M1 remains in the
OFF state throughout. The energy drawn from the
intermediate energy storage element is stored in the flyback
transformer TXF1 when M2 is the ON state during PWM
and gets discharged into the cell module when M2 is in the
OFF state. This charging operation of the cell module is
performed until the target SOC is reached by the cell module.
The MOSFETs are switched at a very low frequency for
PWM (1 to 20 kHz). A low switching frequency at a fixed
duty cycle, allows an increased power transfer through the
cell balancer module. However, a low frequency greatly
impacts the balancing process by drawing a high current
from the cell modules. Also, a higher frequency reduces the
power transfer capability, and hence reduces the cell balancer
efficiency.
The SOC of a cell module is determined by the open-
circuit voltage method, where SOC is estimated based on the
voltage measured across cell module terminals [17]. In order
to measure the exact open-circuit voltage of a cell module,
the charging or discharging operation on that module is
stopped. The cell module is kept in an idle state, resulting in
the cell voltage getting stabilized. Now the voltage is
measured. Based on the measured voltage, SOC is estimated.
The balancing operation for a particular cell module is then
either continued or stopped based on the estimated SOC. In
reality, all the cell modules reaching the target SOC is a long,
time consuming process. Hence, a tolerance band centered at
the target SOC is defined. This region is defined based on the
accuracy of voltage measured, admissible time for the cell
balancing operation, and capacity of the cell module. This
balancing process of either charging or discharging the cell
modules are performed simultaneously. Once the SOC of a
cell module reaches this region of the target SOC, the
balancing operation for that cell module is stopped. The
balancing operation for the entire battery pack is continued,
until all the cell modules reach the target SOC level. Cell
balancing operation is performed on all the cell modules
simultaneously. The time taken to balance the entire battery
pack depends on the cell module with the maximum SOC
deviation from the target value.
The circuit-level implementation of the proposed active
cell balancer topology for a battery pack consisting of 3 cell
modules connected in series in a battery pack is shown in
Fig. 2. The power level of this bidirectional DC/DC
converter depends on the expected SOC mismatch between
cell modules, cell module capacity, and the permissible
balancing time. The algorithm used for balancing is common
to all the balancing modules, and is shown in Fig. 3.
 Fig. 2 Cell balancer module implemented for a 3S Battery Pack
Fig. 3 Proposed cell balancer algorithm
III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To test this proposed active cell balancing topology, a
48V/32Ah battery pack with 140 18650 cell units in a pack
configuration of 14S10P was considered. All the 14 cell
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modules are assumed to be at different SOC levels initially,
with a maximum mismatch of 5% among them. After the cell
balancing operation is completed, a 0.5% mismatch among
the cell modules is tolerable. The cell balancing operation for
the entire battery pack has to be completed within the time
limit set as 30 minutes. The pack consists of 14 cell modules,
each in a 1S10P configuration. A single 18650 cell unit
under consideration has a nominal voltage of 3.42V and a
rated capacity of 3200mAh. Hence each cell module has a
rated capacity of 32Ah, and a nominal voltage of 3.42V,
thereby storing an energy of 109.44Wh per cell module.
With the expected maximum mismatch of 5% as mentioned
earlier and reported in [18], the balancing energy is
calculated as 5.92Wh. This energy has to be redistributed
across other cell modules within the balancing time limit of
30 minutes. This is the maximum energy that a cell module
needs to either source or drain in order for the pack to get
balanced. Thus, the power level of the bidirectional DC/DC
converter for each cell balancer unit was calculated to be
11W.
With the MOSFET M1 in Fig 1 being in ON state while
undergoing PWM, the cell modules gets discharged by
charging the transformer winding L1 in TXF1. The current
increases linearly from an initial value of 0A. The charging
equation is shown in (1), and on rearranging, we get (2),
ௗ௜೘ೌ೒
ܸ௖௘௟௟ǡ௠௢ௗ௨௟௘ ൌ ‫ܮ‬௠ (1)
ௗ௧
௏೎೐೗೗ǡ೘೚೏ೠ೗೐
ο݅௠௔௚ ൌ  ݅௣௘௔௞  ൌ   ൈ  ܶ௢௡ (2)
௅೘
where ݅௠௔௚ , ܸ௖௘௟௟ǡ௠௢ௗ௨௟௘ , ‫ܮ‬௠ , and ܶ௢௡ refers to the
transformer magnetizing current, nominal cell voltage,
transformer magnetizing inductance and MOSFET M1 ON
time.
 The charging current in the transformer winding,
increases during the ON state of M1. The energy is then
stored in the core and then gets discharged into the IES,
through the internal body diode of MOSFET M2, when
MOSFET M1 is in OFF state. Assuming a 50% duty cycle
ratio for M1, the ON duration of M1 ሺܶ௢௡ ሻ can be written as
(
ଵ
), where ݂௦௪ is the MOSFET switching frequency. Thus
ଶ௙ೞೢ
the average current flowing through the converter can be
calculated as (3). Substituting (2) in (3), we get (4)
௜೛೐ೌೖ
݅௔௩௚ ൌ 
ସ efficiency significantly reduces the energy lost as heat
௏೎೐೗೗ǡ೘೚೏ೠ೗೐
݅௔௩௚ ൌ 
௅೘ ൈ௙ೞೢ ൈ଼
With the nominal voltage of 3.42V, and for a power level
of 11W, the average current of the converter was calculated
to be 3.22A, with the peak current as 12.88A from (4). With
the transformer having a magnetizing inductance ofͳͲͲߤ‫ܪ‬,
the switching frequency is calculated to beͳǤ͵ʹ݇‫ݖܪ‬. Here,
the switching frequency was taken asͳ݇‫ݖܪ‬, and the power
level was calculated as 17W. The transformer is
implemented using an equal turns ratio coupled inductor of
ͳͲͲߤ‫ ܪ‬each, with a coupling coefficient of 99.05%, and a
series leakage resistance of ͳͲ݉π for both the windings.
When the proposed cell balancer topology is operated as
per the algorithm mentioned in Fig. 3, an efficiency of
98.9%, at a power level of 17W was observed, during the
transfer of energy from cell module to storage capacitor. An
efficiency of 97.91% was observed at a power level of
15.33W while transferring energy from the storage capacitor
to the cell module. Thus an efficiency of 96.82% (98.9% x
97.91% = 96.82%) was observed during the overall cell
balancing operation of the entire pack. Here efficiencies are
multiplied since the output energy from forward direction is
the input energy for reverse direction. The very high
(3)
dissipation arising during the balancing process.
(4)
The cell balancing results from simulation studies are
shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The graph in Fig. 4 shows the
SOC gradually attaining the desired target SOC as the
simulation progresses over time, while Fig. 5 shows the cell
module voltage reaching the desired voltage level during the
balancing operation. The cell module voltage so measured
can be corrupted by high frequency noise due to the
switching action of M1. This is overcome, by using a low
voltage 47 μF electrolytic decoupling capacitor (C1 in Fig. 1)
connected across cell module terminals.

TABLE I. CELL MODULE INITIAL SOC AND OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE

Cell Number Initial SOC Initial OCV
Cell 1 54.37% 3.8816V
Cell 2 48.35% 3.8758V
Cell 3 53.71% 3.8811V
Cell 4 52.23% 3.8797V
Cell 5 57.00% 3.8838V
Cell 6 53.60% 3.8810V
Cell 7 55.19% 3.8824V
Cell 8 51.55% 3.8791V
Cell 9 51.32% 3.8788V
Cell 10 55.45% 3.8826V
Cell 11 47.65% 3.8751V
Cell 12 48.17% 3.8757V
Cell 13 48.60% 3.8761V
Cell 14 50.88% 3.8785V

Fig. 4 Cell module SOC changing with time

To demonstrate the cell balancing operation, the cell
modules are assumed to have their initial SOC and open
circuit voltage as shown in Table 1. The cells used have a
response time of 30 seconds. Thus the cell takes 30 seconds
to respond for a step change in the load, by reaching a stable
state. As per the algorithm proposed earlier in Fig. 3, each
balancing cycle lasts for 100 seconds, with the cell balancing
operation being performed for first 75 seconds, and the cell
modules resting for the remaining 25 seconds. Here, the
resting time was set as 25 seconds as the response time of the
battery was found to be 30 seconds, thereby allowing the cell
module terminal voltage to reach its steady state value.
During the balancing operation, the cell module either
discharges or gets charged depending on whether the current
SOC is greater than or lesser than the target SOC,
respectively. Once the target SOC is reached by a cell
module, the balancing operation for that particular cell
module is stopped. The target SOC which is the average of
the initial SOC was calculated to be 52%. This process is Fig. 5 Cell module voltage changing with time
performed for each cell module until all the cell modules in
the battery pack are completely balanced. This proposed cell The bidirectional nature of the power converters used are
balancer solution was simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. tested and verified by performing both charging and

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 discharging operations on different cell modules. Here, the
cells undergo balancing operation in order to maintain a
uniform SOC among them at ~52%. In consumer electric
vehicles, the usable range of the battery is limited to a
maximum charge limit of 85%, and with a discharge limit set
as 25%, thus providing a 60% energy window for usage
[19][20]. The midpoint of the usage window is calculated to
be 55%, hence the cell balancing operation was simulated for
this point. The same simulation can be performed for the end
points of the usable SOC range of 25% and 85%, and the
efficiency was found to lie in the same range of almost 97%
in both directions and thereby providing an overall cell
balancing efficiency of almost 96%, similar to the
performance achieved at the midpoint of the operational
range.
The various balancing topologies proposed in the
literature, are listed in Table 2, along with the proposed
topology and compared with essential parameters like
efficiency, components in the cell balancing module,
architectures etc. Although the proposed method has a
relatively lower efficiency compared to [12], this design is
simple, easy to control, scalable, has a low component count,
and supports bidirectional energy transfer of cell module to
the intermediate energy storage element and vice versa.

TABLE II. COMPARISON OF BALANCING TOPOLOGIES PROPOSED IN LITERATURE

Reference
Components per cell Balancing Method Efficiency Important points
work
TXF x1
Isolation between Source and cell
[21] Diode x1 Pack to Cell 85%
module
MOSFET x1
TXF x1
From an external DC Balance charge from an external DC
[14] Diode x2 64%
source source
MOSFET x1
MOSFET x4
For battery packs, with MN cells, with
[9] TXF x(M+1)/(MN) Pack to Cell 61%
M modules
Diode x(M+1)/(MN)
MOSFET x4
[22] Cell to Cell 80.4% External DC source for gate drivers
TXF x (1/N)
MOSFET x2
[12] Cell to Pack to Cell 99.2% Very high efficiency
TXF x2
MOSFET x1
Battery module to
[13] Diode x(N+M/N) Not Available Divide pack into modules
Cell
TXF x(M+1)
MOSFET x2
[23] Cell to Cell 93% No isolation between cell modules
Inductor x1
MOSFET x1
[24] Cell to Cell Not Available Not Available
Inductor x1
MOSFET x4
[25] Buck Converter x(1/N) Cell to pack to cell 93% Non isolated
Boost Converter x(1/N)
High efficiency (LLC topology)
MOSFET x4
High power MOSFET switch for
TXF x(1/N)
[26] Cell to Cell 94.5% deciding power flow direction for each
Power MOSFETs (4/N)
cell module
Diode x(2/N)
Very long balancing time
MOSFET x(2N+10)/N
No isolation between cell modules
Diode x(6/N)
[27] Cell to Cell 78.9% High efficiency at low power levels
Inductor x1
Very long balancing times
Capacitor x1
Low efficiency
TXF x1
[28] Cell to Cell 60% Low power level
MOSFET x2
Long balancing time
One Li-ion cell for temporary storage
TXF x1 Very high efficiency in both directions
Proposed
MOSFET x2 Cell to Cell 96.8% Replace only fault unit when faulted
work
MCU x1 Low balancing time
Scalable architecture

IV. CONCLUSION
An isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter-based active
cell balancer is proposed and implemented in this paper. The
solution provides the required isolation between the battery
pack and the energy storage element. This solution has a very
high efficiency of 98.9% in the forward direction, and an
efficiency of 97.9% in the reverse direction, thus having an
overall balancing efficiency of 96.8%.
The proposed balancer unit can be used for a wide range
of applications ranging from low power battery packs in
electric cycles and scooters to heavy loads like electric cars,
excavators, and high power mobile grid storage applications
by choosing components of the required power rating. Also,
this cell balancer allows an increase or decrease in the
number of cell balancer modules needed when the battery
pack undergoes reconfiguration, thereby greatly reducing the
cost and time needed for the new design.
Also, currently, the SOC is determined by using the open
circuit voltage method. The accuracy of the SOC can be
increased by measuring the current flow in the cell balancer
and incorporating accurate SOC estimation algorithms like
Kalman Filters. This improves the performance of the cell

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 balancer at the expense of circuit complexity, computational
resource requirement and cost. Hence, there is a tradeoff
between the SOC accuracy and implementation overheads.
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