Deaerator Presentation

L&T Heavy Engineering
DEAERATORS
Gasification and Power plant Equipment

Business Unit
3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 1

Topics of Discussion
Why Deaeration Principle of Deaeration
Deaerator Function Deaerator Types
Stork Deaerator Deaerator Construction
Operation & Maintenance Trouble‐shooting
Question & Answers

WHY DEAERATION
Corrosion is the primary enemy to efficient and trouble

free operation of boilers.
The corrosion is caused by the presence of gases such as
oxygen, carbon dioxide and low pH level.
High pressure cycles aggravates the corrosion.
pH can be raised by chemicals but the mechanical
removal of non-condensable gases is more economical.

WHY DEAERATION
Dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwaters will cause serious

corrosion damage in steam systems by attaching to the
walls of metal piping and other metallic equipment and
forming oxides (rust).
Dissolved carbon dioxide combines with water to form
carbonic acid that causes further corrosion.

PRINCIPLE OF DEAERATION
Using Henry's law of partial pressures: The quantity of

a gas dissolved in a given quantity of liquid is directly
proportional to its partial pressure surrounding the
liquid.
Reducing partial pressures of the unwanted gasses
diminishes the solubility of the gases. This achieved by
spraying the water into a concurrent flow of steam.
The new atmosphere of the steam reduces the partial
pressure of the gasses and hence they are released.

PRINCIPLE OF DEAERATION contd..
Steam is free of dissolved gases.

Solubility of the gases in liquid reduces with the
increase in the temperature and the steam increases the
feedwater temperature.
The feedwater is sprayed in thin films over steam to
increase the contact area with the steam.

DEAERATOR FUNCTION
Primary function of Deaerator is to release oxygen and

non-condensables out of the feed water by using steam
Remove O2 & non-condensable through vent nozzle to
atmosphere.
Removal of oxygen is of essential need in systems
where water is used. Small amounts of oxygen cause
great corrosive activity in the system – equipment and
piping.
Secondary function of deaerator is to act as a storage
vessel for the boiler feed pumps (BFP).
Pre-heat the feedwater.

DEAERATOR IN STEAM POWER

PLANT CYCLE
DEAERATOR

DEAERATOR- TYPES
• STORK type deaerators (Spray type)
• STERLING type deaerators (Spray-tray type)

STORK SPRAY TYPE DEAERATOR

DEAERATOR OPERATION
Primary deaeration
Water is sprayed against a splash plate in a section
of the steam space called spray chamber. Fine
water particle comes in contact with steam and
releases O2
Secondary deaeration
Happens in main section of storage tank where
steam is brought through sparger pipe in close
contact with the water primarily deaerated from
spray chamber

DEAERATOR CONSTRUCTION
Cylindrical Shell with Two Dished Ends
Stork Sprayer
Steam Sparger Pipes
Y - rake
H - rake
Baffles
Large baffle
Small baffle
Air vents

• Sprayer
3-Sep-13 Condenser Sections

© 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 14
DISC TYPE SPRAYER

The main elements of the disc-type sprayer are the
dynamically balanced discs made of stainless steel
These discs are clamped between rings perforated along their
entire periphery. These are hold together by means of tie rods.
The disc-type sprayer is practically insensitive to dirt and has
no wear and tear parts.
The overpressure in the sprayer in relation to the pressure in
the deaerator steam space forces the discs apart so that the
main condensate squirts into the steam space as a water film
3-Sep-13 Condenser Sections

© 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 15
DEAERATOR MANUFACTURING
• Shell Fabrication

• Shell Fabrication

• Dished End

• Sparger Pipe

• Assembly

• Assembly

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Typical Materials used in construction of Deaerator
Shell, D’End Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

Sparger Pipes Carbon Steel - A106 Gr.B
Heater Drains Stainless Steel - SS 304
Baffles Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

DEAERATOR
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

DEAERATOR OPERATION
Start-up
Normal Operating Mode
Stand by Mode
Steam Bypass operation

Cold Start up
Before use of the sprayer:- Make sure the whole pipe line
leading to the sprayer is filled with water and no air is left
behind in this piping up to the sprayer. This pipe line must
be filled carefully to prevent the sprayers from being
damaged by water hammer.
Cold start-up means: the deaerator is at atmospheric
pressure and temperature of the water in the deaerator is
lower than 100°C
Open start up vent line
Deaerator to be filled with water upto 900mm from
deaerator bottom
Charge auxiliary steam to deaerator through A-rake
sparger

Cold Start up
After attaining operating temperature, fill the deaerator
through sprayer upto NWL.
Amount of steam during this stage, may not exceed
because of steam velocity in the steam sparging device.
Keep the heat balanced in the deaerator during filling to
NWL. Amount of incoming steam and amount of
incoming water to be tuned in a way that pressure in the
deaerator maintains constant.
Switch the heating steam from auxilliary steam (A-rake) to
main steam (Y-rake).
Start-up vent line to be closed after water level is reached

Warm Start up
Warm start-up applies when the temperature in the

deaerator is 100°C or higher.
Follow same procedure as for cold start up
considering following exceptions
The water level may be anywhere between start-up
level and NWL
Start up vent to be closed just after normal
operating pressure / temperature is reached and
maintained

Deaerator Normal Operating Mode

Deaerator pressure is controlled by steam supply
control valve
Level in deaerator is controlled by the incoming water
control valves
Large peaks in the incoming water flow shall be
avoided

Deaerator Stand by Mode

When, for any reason, the deaerator is temporarily not
in operation, the vent valves can be closed to avoid
heat loss. With its vents closed, the deaerator will
remain warm and pressurized for a longer time.
Care must be taken to avoid vacuum in deaerator as a
result of cooling down
Steam Bypass Mode

• Steam charged through both A-rake and Y-rake

Items Requiring Special Attention

Do not put sprayer into use without ensuring that there
is no air left in the condensate piping
Gently increase the condensate flow over the sprayer
to avoid large pressure fluctuations
Do not fill the deaerator above start up level indicated
during cold start up as it may result in an unsteady
start.
Ensure orifices are installed in vent pipes
Ensure the direction of NRV in steam balancing line is
correct

DEAERATOR MAINTENANCE
• The following checks shall be performed during periodic

maintenance
• Overall condition of vessel, corrosion, local cracks,etc.
• Welds of sparger pipes to header
• Steam pipe supports
• Check steam pipes
• Check sprayer for fouling

DEAERATOR
TROUBLE SHOOTING

High O2 content in outlet

Check direction of steam balancing line NRV
Calibrate instruments and check air tightness
Ensure vent valves are open for venting of non-condensables
Inspect and clean sprayer
Inspect steam rakes for any damage
Check input parameters of deaerator
Ensure the deaerator is air tight
Steam entering the deaerator above the water level.
If there is O2 dosing in the system deaerator will show very high O2
at BFP outlet

High vibration in deaerator

Check water levels. If high reduce water level
Check for high flow variations in condensate and steam
line
Check direction of steam balancing line NRV
Ensure sprayer is installed
Ensure steam is entering the deaerator below the water
level. Steam sparger shall be submerged under water.
Inspect steam rakes for any damage

QUESTION - ANSWERS

Contact Details
Tanmay Raha
Email: tanmay.raha@larsentoubro.com
Tel: +91-22-67053053
Mob: +91-9820126978

THANK YOU

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L&T Heavy Engineering

Gasification and Power plant Equipment

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 1

Why Deaeration Principle of Deaeration

Deaerator Function Deaerator Types

Stork Deaerator Deaerator Construction

Operation & Maintenance Trouble‐shooting

Question & Answers

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 2

 Corrosion is the primary enemy to efficient and trouble

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 3

 Dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwaters will cause serious

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 4

 Using Henry's law of partial pressures: The quantity of

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 5

PRINCIPLE OF DEAERATION contd..

 Steam is free of dissolved gases.

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 6

 Primary function of Deaerator is to release oxygen and

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 7

DEAERATOR IN STEAM POWER

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 8

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 9

STORK SPRAY TYPE DEAERATOR

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 10

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 11

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 13

3-Sep-13 Condenser Sections

DISC TYPE SPRAYER

3-Sep-13 Condenser Sections

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 16

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 17

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 18

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 19

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 20

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 21

Typical Materials used in construction of Deaerator

 Shell, D’End Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 22

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 23

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 24

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 25

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 26

 Warm start-up applies when the temperature in the

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 27

Deaerator Normal Operating Mode

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 28

Deaerator Stand by Mode

Steam Bypass Mode

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 29

Items Requiring Special Attention

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 30

• The following checks shall be performed during periodic

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 31

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 32

High O2 content in outlet

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 33

High vibration in deaerator

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 34

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 35

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 36

3-Sep-13 © 2012 Larsen & Toubro Limited : All rights reserved 37

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Corrosion is the primary enemy to efficient and trouble

Dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwaters will cause serious

Using Henry's law of partial pressures: The quantity of

Steam is free of dissolved gases.

Primary function of Deaerator is to release oxygen and

Shell, D’End Carbon Steel - A516 Gr.70

Warm start-up applies when the temperature in the