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Unit 1 DC Network Theorems
Unit 1 DC Network Theorems
Voltage: “Energy required in transferring a charge of one coulomb from one point to
another point.”
Energy(W)
V Joule/Coulomb or Volts
Charge(Q)
EMF (Electromotive force): “The EMF of a voltage source is the energy imparted by
the source to each coulomb of the charge passing through it.”
Energy(W)
E Joule/Coulomb or Volts
Charge(Q)
Potential Difference: “The pd between two points is the energy required in transferring a
charge of one coulomb from one point to another point.”
Energy(W)
pd Joule/Coulomb or Volts
Charge(Q)
Voltage drop: “The voltage drop between two points is the decrease in energy required
in transferring a charge of one coulomb from one point to another point.”
Energy(W)
Voltage drop Joule/Coulomb or Volts
Charge(Q)
Resistance: “Electric resistance is the property of material which offers opposition to the
flow of current and dissipates energy.”
l
R Ohm or (Law of resistance)
a
Where l Length of the wire
a cross sectional area of the wire
Resistivit y or Specific Resistance of the material
Note:-
1. Resistance also depends on temperature.
Ohm’s Law: “The current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across its ends provided physical conditions are the same.”
I V
1 1 a a
G mho, 1 , Siemens
Resistance (R) l l
Series Circuit:
R1 R2 R3 Req
I V1 V2 V3 I
V V
(b)
(a)
Fig.1
Total voltage V = V1 + V2 + V3
IReq IR1 IR2 IR3
Req R1 R2 R3
Note:-
1. Same current means resistances are in series.
Example 1: Three resistors are connected in series across a 12V battery. The one
resistance has a value of 1 ohm, second has a voltage drop of 4 Volts & third has power
dissipation of 12 W. Calculate value of each resistance & circuit current.
Solution: Hint V V1 V2 V3
12 I 4 12 / I
I = 2 Or 6 Amperes
When I=2 Amp
R1 = 1 R2 = 2 R3 = 3
When I=6 Amp
R1 = 1 R2 = 2/3 R3 = 1/3
2 Basic Electrical Engineering, EE103 Prepared by: Dr. Nafees Ahamad
Parallel Circuit:
I1 R1
Req
I2 R2
I
V
I3 R3
(b)
I
V
(a) Fig.2
V V V
We know I1 I2 I3
R1 R2 R3
Total current I I1 I 2 I 3
V V V V
Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
Req R1 R2 R3
Note:-
1. Same voltage means resistances are in parallel.
2. If two resistances are in parallel and R1=R2=R then
R
Req
2
I4 R4
I1 R1
I3 R3 I5 R5
I2 R2
B C D
A I6 R6 RAD
A RAB B RBC C RCD D
I VAB VBC VCD I
I
V V V
(a) (b) (C)
(c)
Fig.3
R1R2 1 1 1 1
RAB RBC R3
R1 R2 RCD R4 R5 R6
V
So RAD RAB RBC RCD And I
RAD
VAB IR AB From fig.3b
VCD V V
I4 I 5 CD I 6 CD From fig.3a
R4 R5 R6
Power consumed by whole circuit
P I 2 RAD From fig.3c
Or I 2 R AB I 2 R BC I 2 RCD From fig.3b
Or I12 R1 I 22 R2 I32 R3 I 42 R4 I52 R5 I 62 R6 From fig.3a
Fig.5-T-Network
3. So every network may not be a circuit (i.e. T-Network) but every circuit is a network.
D
F E
Loop or Mesh Loop or Mesh
Fig.6
Total no of nodes = 6+2 = 8 (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)
No of principal nodes =2 (B & E)
No of Loops =3 (ABEFA, BCDEB, ABCDEFA)
No of Meshes =2 (ABEFA, BCDEB)
Energy Sources:
Basically Two types
(A) Independent Energy Sources
a. Voltage Source
i. AC/DC
ii. Ideal/Practical
b. Current Source
i. AC/DC
ii. Ideal/Practical
(B) Dependent Energy Sources
a. Voltage Source
b. Current Source
r
V V
b. Current Source
I I R
+ bI1 +
_
aV1 _
Volts Volts
cV1 dI1
Amperes Amperes
R
V ± I R
V IR
(a) Voltage Source (b) Current Source
Fig.7
Current division rule:
In general
I
I1 I2 I3 In
R1 R2 R3 Rn 1 Ri
I1 I
1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 1 Rn
Fig.8b
+
Rn Vn
Fig.9b -
-
I1 R1 R2
A B I2 C
V2
R6 R3
I3 R4
V1
D
F E
Fig.10
Example 3: In the following circuit calculate current in each branch by KCL & KVL
(Fig.11a).
Solution:
B I1+I2
A C
I1 I2
2Ω 4Ω 2Ω 4Ω
6Ω 6Ω
40V 44V 40V 44V
F D
(a) E
(b)
Fig.11
Apply KVL in loop ABEFA 40 2 I 1 4 I 2 44 0 (1)
Apply KVL in loop BCDEB 44 4 I 2 6( I 1 I 2 ) 0 (2)
34 28 62
Solving (1) & (2) I1 A I2 A I1 I 2 A
11 11 11
Mesh Analysis:
Steps are
1. Identify all meshes
2. Assume some mesh current in each mesh (clockwise or anticlockwise)
3. Apply KVL in each mesh.
4. Solve the above equations.
Example 5: Find the current through R3=4 ohm resistance by mesh analysis (Fig.13a)
Solution:
Let the three meshes are having clockwise currents as shown in figure
Apply KVL in mesh 1
10 2 I1 2( I1 I 2 ) 0 (1)
Apply KVL in mesh 2
2( I 2 I1 ) 4( I 2 I 3 ) 0 (2)
Clearly From mesh 3
I 3 5 A (3)
Solving (1), (2) & (3) I 1 1 A I 2 3
Current in R3 = I2-I3 = (-3)-(-5) = 2 A
Node Analysis:
Steps are
1. Identify the all Principal Nodes
2. Assume one node as reference node (Voltage of this node = 0 Volts)
3. Assume some node voltages for other remaining nodes w.r.to
reference node. (V1, V2, V3, etc).
4. Assume some branch currents in different branches.
5. Apply KCL at different nodes and make the equations in terms of node
voltages and circuit elements.
6. Solve the above equations.
V1 40 0 V1 44 0 V1 0 I1 V1 I3
0
2 4 6 I2
372 2 4
V1 Volts
11 6
40V 44V
34
So I1 A Reference or
11 Datum Node, V=0
Fig.14
28
I2 A
11
10 Basic Electrical Engineering, EE103 Prepared by: Dr. Nafees Ahamad
62
I3 A
11
I I’ I”
I1
R1 R2 R1 R2 + R1 R2
I1
V1 V1
Fig.16
2 I’ 2 I”
2 R3 2 R3
10V 5A
(a) (b)
Fig.17
Consider 10 V Voltage source only (Fig.17a)
Thevenin’s theorem:
“Any linear two-terminal circuits can be replaced by an
equivalent network consisting of a voltage source (VTh) in series with a resistance (RTh).”
A A
Any Linear
IL RTh IL
Two
RL RL
terminals
Network VTh
B B
(b) Thevenin’s Equivalent
(a)
Circuit
Fig.19
Where
VTh = Open circuit voltage at load terminals
RTh = Equivalent resistance of the network at load terminals when the
sources are made in-operative.
VTh
And IL
RTh RL
B
(c) Thevenin’s Equivalent
Circuit
VTh 10 0 VTh 0
5
2 2
VTh = 10 Volts
VTh 10
So I L 2 Amps
RTh RL 1 4
Example 11: Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across AB of the following circuit
(Fig.21a).
Solution:
4A
A A
20 Ω 3Ω 20 Ω 3Ω
5Ω 5Ω RTh
30V
2Ω B 2Ω B
(a) (b)
4A
A
Find RTh (Fig.21b)
RTh 20 || 5 3 2 9 20 Ω 3Ω
5Ω
30V I
Find VTh(Fig.21c) 2Ω B
(c)
VTh 3 4 5I B
30
VTh 3 4 5 RTh
20 5
VTh 6 Volts VTh
A
So Its Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is (d) Thevenin’s Equivalent
shown in fig.21d, It is to be noted here Circuit
that terminal B is +Ve and A is –Ve.
Fig.21
A A
Any Linear IL
IL
Two
RL IN RN RL
terminals
Network
B B
(b) Norton’s Equivalent
(a) Circuit
Fig.22
Where
IN = Isc = Short circuit current at load terminals
RN = Equivalent resistance of the network at load terminals when the
sources are made in-operative (=RTh).
RN
And IL IN
R N RL
4Ω 3Ω 4Ω 3Ω
2Ω 5Ω 2Ω RN
6A
15V
(a) (b)
4 4 4 I3
A
4 12 V 4 4 12V
2A 2 6 2 2A 2
I1 I2
B
(a) (b) (c)
RL
VTh2 (2)
( RTh RL ) 2
Example 16: Find out the value of R for maximum power transfer to this load and find
out the value of maximum power (fig.28a).
Solution:
6V
6 6
2A 15 3 R 15 3 RTh
8V
(a) (b)
6V
Find the RTh (Fig.28b)
6 +
21
RTh (15 6) || 3 2A I1
15 3 VTh
8 I2
8V -
Find VTh (Fig.28c)
(c)
Clearly I1 = 2 A
By KVL in mesh 2
6 I 2 6 3I 2 15( I 2 I1 ) 0 Fig.28
So I2 = 1 A
VTh 3I 2 8 11Volts
Hence for maximum power transfer to R
21 V2
RL = RTh and Pmax Th 11.524Watt
8 4 RL
Star-Delta and Delta-Star transformation:
1
1
R1 R31 R12
R3 R2
3 R23 2
3 2 (b) Delta ( ) Connection
(a) Star or WYE (Y)
Connection Fig.29
Proof:
Equivalent resistance at 1 - 2Y Equivalent resistance at 1 - 2
R1 R2 R23 R31 || R12
R12 R23 R31
R1 R2 (1)
R12 R23 R31
Similarly
Equivalent resistance at 2 - 3Y Equivalent resistance at 2 - 3
R2 R3 R12 R31 || R23
R R R31
R2 R3 23 12 (2)
R12 R23 R31
Equivalent resistance at 3 - 1Y Equivalent resistance at 3 - 1
R3 R1 R12 R23 || R31
R R R23
R3 R1 31 12 (3)
R12 R23 R31
Delta to star
Equation (1) + (2) + (3)
b 10 14 b 10 14
(a) (b)
Fig. 30
Apply delta to star transformation
R12 R31 6 4
R1 2
R12 R23 R31 12
R12 R23 6 2
R2 1
R12 R23 R31 12
R23R31 4 2 2
R3
R12 R23 R31 12 3
2
Rab 2 1 14 || 10
3
Rab 8.234