P.E.

GROUP 1

Volleyball

Volleyball is a team sport typically played on an indoor court or a beach. The objective is to
score points by sending a ball over the net into the opponent's court in a way that it cannot be
returned. It involves two teams, each with six players on the court at a time. The primary
methods of scoring are serving, spiking, and blocking. Volleyball is known for its fast-paced and
dynamic nature, requiring teamwork, agility, and communication among players.

Classifications:

1. Team Sport:
Volleyball is a team sport as it involves two teams competing against each other.

2. Indoor Volleyball:
This is the traditional version of the game, played on a rectangular court with a net. It's
commonly found in schools, universities, and organized leagues.

3. Beach Volleyball:
A variation of volleyball played on sandy courts with two players on each team. Beach volleyball
has a more relaxed atmosphere and different rules compared to indoor volleyball.

4. Olympic Sport:
Volleyball is an Olympic sport, with both indoor and beach volleyball events featuring in the
Summer Olympics.

5. Gender-Specific:
There are separate men's and women's divisions in both indoor and beach volleyball due to
differences in playstyle and physical characteristics.
6. Amateur and Professional:
Volleyball is played at various levels, from casual recreational play to highly competitive
professional leagues and tournaments.

7. Casual and Competitive:

It can be played casually at the beach or in backyards, as well as in organized competitive
settings, such as clubs, schools, and professional leagues.

8. Net Sports:
Volleyball is part of the broader category of net sports, which includes sports like badminton,
tennis, and table tennis.

9. Team Sport with Rotations:

Volleyball is unique in that players rotate positions in a clockwise manner when their team wins
a rally, which adds strategy to the game.

10. Fast-Paced Sport:

It's often classified as a fast-paced sport due to the quick rallies and constant movement of
players.

Historical Background

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, a physical education instructor in

Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA. Originally known as "Mintonette," it was created as a less
physically demanding alternative to basketball. The game quickly gained popularity, and its
name was changed to "volleyball" due to the nature of the sport, where players volleyed the ball
back and forth over a net. Volleyball has since become a global sport, with the first official rules
established in 1896. It was introduced to the Olympics in 1964 (indoor) and 1996 (beach),
further solidifying its status as a widely recognized sport.
Equipment:
1. **Volleyball**: The main ball used in the game, typically made of leather or synthetic
material.

2. **Net**: A high, rectangular barrier that divides the court into two sides.

3. **Antennas**: Thin, vertical rods placed near the sidelines and extending above the net to
determine if a ball is in or out of bounds.

4. **Court**: The designated playing area, divided into two halves by the net.

5. **Volleyball Shoes**: Specialized footwear designed for traction and support on the court.

6. **Knee Pads**: Protective gear worn by players to cushion their knees during dives and falls.

7. **Jersey**: Uniform worn by players to identify their team.

8. **Ankle Braces**: Supportive gear for players with ankle issues.

9. **Whistle**: Used by the referee to signal the start and stop of play.

Terminologies:

1. **Serve**: The first contact made to start a rally.

2. **Pass**: A controlled, accurate ball movement usually used for setting or attacking.

3. **Set**: The second contact made to position the ball for a spike.

4. **Spike**: A powerful, downward attack hit by a player to score points.

5. **Block**: Defensive action at the net where players attempt to stop or deflect the spiked
ball.

6. **Dig**: A defensive move where a player dives to prevent the ball from touching the
ground.

7. **Libero**: A specialized defensive player who can replace back-row players without prior
notice.

8. **Rotation**: The clockwise movement of players around the court after a team wins a rally.

9. **Side Out**: When the receiving team successfully earns the right to serve.

10. **Attack Line (10-Foot Line)**: A line parallel to the net, which restricts where back-row
players can attack from.

These are some fundamental terms and equipment related to volleyball, but the sport has more
specialized terminology and equipment depending on the level of play and variations in the rules.
P.E GROUP 2

6 Basic Skills in Volleyball

Serving- The act of initiating the game by sending the ball over the net to the opposing team.
This can be done using various techniques, such as overhand, underhand, or jump serves.

Passing (Bumping)- The skill of using your forearms to pass the ball to a teammate in a
controlled manner, usually from a serve or an opponent's attack.

Setting- The technique of using your fingertips to accurately position the ball for a spiker to
attack. This is a crucial skill for the team's offense.

Spiking (Hitting)- The offensive move where a player jumps and uses an overhand motion to hit
the ball powerfully into the opponent's court, aiming to score a point.

Blocking- When players at the net attempt to stop the opponent's spike by jumping and reaching
over the net to deflect the ball back into the opponent's side.

Digging (Defense)- The skill of diving or reaching to save a ball that is close to the ground after
an opponent's attack, with the goal of keeping the ball in play and preventing it from touching
the floor.

In volleyball, there are several types of footwork techniques that players use to position
themselves effectively on the court. Here are some common footwork movements:

Shuffle Step: This is a lateral movement where players take small, quick steps to move laterally
along the court. It's often used for small adjustments in positioning.
Cross-Over Step: Players cross one foot over the other to quickly change direction and move
diagonally across the court. This is useful for getting to balls that are not directly in your path.

Quick Step: A series of small, rapid steps used to approach the net for hitting or blocking. Quick
steps are essential for maintaining agility and balance.

Slide Step: This is a longer, sliding step used to cover more ground quickly, often used for deep
defensive movements or getting into position for a block.

Pivot Step: Players use a pivot step to change direction while keeping one foot in place as a
pivot point. This is particularly useful for setting and for blocking.

Crossover Pivot: A combination of a pivot step and a cross-over step, allowing players to pivot
and change direction swiftly.

Jump Step: Used when transitioning from a defensive position to an attacking position. Players
jump off one foot to quickly move towards the net for an attack.

Retreat Step: Moving backward while maintaining a ready position to respond to the opponent's
attack. This is crucial for defenders.

Split Step: This is a preparatory jump into the air, used to anticipate the opponent's action.
Players land with their feet spread apart, ready to move in any direction.

Backpedal: Moving backward, typically used by defenders to maintain a good defensive

position⁸) while tracking the ball.

Dig Step: A quick, reactive step taken to get under a spiked ball for a dig. It involves moving
quickly to get in line with the ball's trajectory.
Transition Step: When transitioning from one action to another, such as moving from defense to
offense or from receiving to setting.

Ready Position: This is the fundamental stance for all players. It involves bending at the knees
and hips, keeping the arms outstretched in front, and being prepared to move in any direction.

Serve Receive Stance: Players in the back row receiving the serve typically use a platform
stance. They stand with their feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent, and arms forming a
platform for passing.

Setter's Stance: The setter stands in a neutral position with knees slightly bent, ready to set the
ball. This stance allows for quick movement and precise setting.

Hitting Approach Stance: Hitters, like outside hitters and opposite hitters, use an approach
stance when preparing to attack. This involves taking steps to build momentum before jumping
to hit the ball.

Blocking Stance: Blockers position themselves at the net with their hands and arms raised above
the net, ready to block the opposing team's attack. Footwork and positioning are crucial in this
stance.

Libero Defensive Stance: Liberos often use a low, wide stance to facilitate quick movements
and dives. They keep their arms low to the ground to dig or receive low shots.

Diving Stance: When players need to dive to save a ball, they quickly lower their body, often
leading with one arm and their chest, to reach the ball before it hits the ground.

Rotational Stance: Players must be aware of their rotational position in the serve receive,
knowing where to stand based on their rotation in the serving order.
PE GROUP 3

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

What is a “TOURNAMENT”?
A tournament is a competition or contest in which individuals or teams compete against each
other in a series of matches or games, usually following a set of rules, with the aim of
determining a winner. Tournaments are commonly held in various sports, games, and other
competitive activities to determine the best participant or team.

Types of Tournaments
Single Elimination Tournament
Also known as a knockout or sudden-death tournament, teams or individuals compete in a series
of matches. Losing one match eliminates a participant from the tournament until only one
remains as the champion.

Double Elimination Tournament

Similar to single elimination, but participants have a second chance after losing their first match.
They enter a consolation bracket, and only after losing twice are they eliminated.

Round Robin Tournament

Every team plays every other team an equal number of times. This format is often used in
leagues, where the team with the best overall record is declared the winner.
Team vs. Team Tournament
Teams compete against each other, often in a best-of series. This format is common in sports like
basketball, soccer, and esports.
Knockout with Consolation Tournament
Combines single elimination and consolation brackets. Participants who lose in the early rounds
move to the consolation bracket for a chance to compete for a lesser prize.
E-sports Tournaments
These are specific to electronic sports and often follow a bracket-style format, with varying
numbers of players or teams competing in games like Dota 2, League of Legends, or
Counter-Strike.
PE GROUP 4

Referee Hand Signals:

Authorization to Service: The referee indicates that the serving team can start the service by
pointing towards the serving team's player.

Team to Serve: The referee points to the team that has won the right to serve for that particular
rally.

Change of Courts: The referee signals that the teams need to switch sides of the court, typically
done at the halfway point of the set.

Time-Out: The referee forms a "T" shape with their hands to signal that a team has requested a
time-out.

Substitution: The referee shows the number of the player being substituted and then points
towards the player entering the game.

Misconduct Warning (Warning and Penalty): The referee may issue a warning by showing a
yellow card and then a red card if misconduct continues, which could result in a penalty.

Expulsion: The referee signals a player's expulsion from the match by showing a red card.

Disqualification: This indicates that a player is disqualified from the entire match, usually
shown with a red card.
End of Set (or Match): The referee signals the end of a set or match with a hand signal and may
also blow the whistle.
Ball Not Tossed or Released at the Service Hit: The referee signals that the serve was not
performed correctly.

Delay in Service: The referee may give a delay warning or penalty for a server taking too much
time to serve.

Blocking Fault or Screening: The referee indicates a fault during blocking or screening by
forming a fist with one hand and then making a pushing motion with the other.

Positional or Rotational Fault: The referee signals a fault in the rotation or positioning of
players.

Ball "In": The referee signals that the ball landed in the court by pointing downward with one
hand.

Ball "Out": The referee signals that the ball landed out of bounds by extending one arm to the
side.

Catch: The referee indicates that a player caught the ball instead of hitting it.
Double Contact: The referee signals a double contact by tapping one hand against the other.

Four Hits: The referee signals that a team hit the ball four times before sending it over the net.

Net Touched by Player-Served Ball Touches the Net Between the Antennae and Does Not Pass
the Vertical Plane of the Net: The referee makes a specific signal to indicate a net fault.

Reaching Beyond the Net: The referee indicates a fault when a player reaches over the net into
the opponent's space.

Attack Hit Fault: The referee signals an attack hit fault, often by pointing to the attack line and
gesturing.
Penetration into the Opponent/Ball Crossing the Lower Space or the Server Touches the Court
(End Line) or the Player Steps Outside His/Her Higher Court at the Moment of the Service Hit:
The referee makes specific gestures to indicate these faults.

Double Fault and Replay: The referee signals a double fault and calls for a replay of the point.

Ball Touched: The referee signals that a player touched the ball, often by touching their hand
with the opposite hand.

Delay Warning/Delay Penalty: The referee may issue a warning or penalty for delays during
the game.

Line Judges' Official Flag Signals:

Ball "In": The line judge waves their flag to signal that the ball landed inside the court.

Ball "Out": The line judge points their flag outside the court to indicate that the ball landed out
of bounds.

Ball Touched: The line judge waves their flag to signal that a player touched the ball.

Crossing Space Faults, Ball Touched an Outside Object, or Foot Fault by Any Player During
Service: The line judge uses the flag to indicate these various faults.

Judgment Impossible: The line judge signals when they cannot make a judgment on a particular
situation or call.
explanation sa mga hand signals

Misconducts in volleyball can include various actions or behaviors that are not allowed during a
match. Some common misconducts in volleyball include:

1. **Illegal Substitution:** When a player enters or leaves the court without following proper
substitution procedures.

2. **Delay of Game:** Deliberate actions to slow down the pace of the game, such as excessive
timeouts or delaying service.

3. **Unsportsmanlike Conduct:** Any actions or words that show disrespect to opponents,

officials, or spectators, like arguing with the referee or taunting.

4. **Foot Fault:** When a server steps on or over the end line during a serve.

5. **Net Violation:** Touching the net with any part of the body during play, except for hair or
clothing.

6. **Back-Row Attack:** When a back-row player attacks the ball from in front of the 3-meter
line.

7. **Carry or Lift:** Handling the ball in a way that resembles a throw or a catch rather than a
clean hit.

8. **Blocking or attacking a serve:** It's illegal for a player to block or spike an opponent's
serve.

9. **Rotational Fault:** Players must rotate positions in a specific order during serve receive;
any violation is a fault.
10. **Misconduct by Coaches:** Coaches can be penalized for excessive arguing,
unsportsmanlike behavior, or failing to follow substitution rules.

These are just some examples, and the exact rules can vary depending on the level of play and
specific regulations. Sanctions for misconducts may include loss of point, loss of serve, or even
ejection from the game, depending on the severity of the offense.