Lenses

There are 2 basic types of lenses

1 Converging lens Convex lens It converges the light passing through

it at a point
2
Diverging lens Concave lens It diverges the light passing through
rays
it from a point

Converging lens Diverging lens

Characteristics of lens
a optical centre Geometric centre of the lens
Any from optical centre passes undeviated
1 ray passing
 2 Principle Axis Horizontal line pases through

optical centre cuts the lens in 2 equal halfs

Axis
fPriciple

3 Principle focus A point where all light rays

coming parallel to the principle Axis converge

s Focalpoint Priciple focus

Focus
s point

4 Focal length centre

length by optical
focal length
and the food point Principlefocus
T
 lens Axix
5 Focal plane A plane at which
Focal
light rays converge after
Planet
passing the lens

6 lens Axis Vehicle axix that

cub the lens in 2
equal halls and passes

from optical centre

Three to draw
rays can be used ray diagrams
light ray passing through the optical centre passes underiated
light ray coming parallel to principle axis poses through focus
focus passes parallel to the principle
light ray coming through axis

lensA
Properties
Real
Inverted
Diminished small
J
Opposite side of lens
J F
IT I IF
Practical Application
Image Telescope

Case 1 object At Infinity

 2nd Case Object faraway

Axis
lens Properties
Real
Inverted
small
at
Diminished

Opposite side of lens

p p
ay 1 p
Practical Application

pts Camera

Eye

Axis
Object at ZF lens

Properties
Real
jot Inverted
Same Size
F Opposite side of lens
IF Ty
I if
Practical Application
gag Photocopier Machines

I
 F and IF
Object by
Axis
lens
Properties
Real
Inverted
no Enlarged
F F Opposite side of lens
If 1 if
Practical Application
Photo enlargers
I
V Projectors

Axis
Object at F lens

Properties
Virtual
object
Y Upright
I Enlarged
F
F Same side of lens
f I ye

Practice Application

Spot light
 Axis
lens
Properties
Virtual
Upright
Image Magnified
F
IT I
IF Same side of lens
1

Practical Application

Magnifying glass
Magnification factor Linear Magnification
The ratio of image heightto object height

mt
ho
Axis
lens

TI I PF

hi

If M I object and image are of same size

MCI Image is smaller than object dimished image

M 72 Image is larger than object enlarged image

Find the position of lens optical centre food point and
food length

Question
M
A

Step I make
principle Axis
from 2 tails of Arrows
f

Step 2 make a straight from

a
ray
object two heads

Image
M
 p lens
Draw lens or lens axis straight from
a Intersection point
Object
Intersection point

Image
M

Mark optical centre 0

A
Object

E
Image
µ

Draw a to the lens

ray straight
from the head of the arrow of
I object
J
object and join it from Image's
of arrow's head
This point will be the focal point F

Image
M
 Image formation
by Diverging lens

A
Object
µ

IF 11 Image

The light coming parallel to principle axis diverges

ray
such that it is from the focal point
coming

Properties
1 Virtual 2 Upright 3 Diminished

a Same side of lens

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Converging lens