Received: 9 March 2021 Revised: 29 October 2021 Accepted: 2 December 2021 IET Power Electronics

DOI: 10.1049/pel2.12228

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Research on power system transient stability with wind generation

integration under fault condition to achieve economic benefits

Muhammad Shahid Mastoi1 M. J. Tahir2 Muhammad Usman1 Delin Wang1

Shenxian Zhuang1 Mannan Hassan1

1
School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest
Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
2
School of Electrical Engineering, University Kuala
Lumpur, BMI, Batu 8 Jalan Sungai Pusu, Selengor,
Malaysia
Correspondence
Delin Wang, School of Electrical Engineering,
Southwest Jiaotong University, Sichuan, Chengdu
611756, China.
Email: wangdelin@swjtu.edu.cn
Funding information
National Natural Science Foundation of China,
Grant/Award Number: 51777176
Abstract
For a few decades, electric power growth and demand have increased globally. To fulfil this
demand, distribution generators (DGs) have been installed in the power system. To get
numerous benefits such as comprising reduction of power losses, improvement of (volt-
age, current, rpm) transient stability, leads to economic benefits. DGs integration in the
distribution power system (DPS) was reported as an optimal generator placement (OGP)
problem to maximize these benefits. This paper performs wind turbine (WT) integration
while considering the internal generator’s (rpm) transient stability under fault conditions.
A power loss index (PLI) method is implemented to select potential candidate buses for
generator placement. A self-sorting analytical approach (SSA) is also used to determine
the optimal bus and WT size. The IEEE 14-bus DPS is used as the OGP test system to
demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness in terms of power losses reduction, sys-
tem transient stability, and economic benefits. The IEEE 14 Bus system was considered
using MATLAB with a 3.2 GHz processor to perform the said approach. WT integration
suggested in case-2 results in a 65.80% power losses reduction, which leads to a 60.88%
enhancement of economic benefits of the DPS.

1 INTRODUCTION proposed to increase the system’s transient stability and power

In recent years, integrating renewable resources with DPS has
attracted researchers’ exciting attention due to its matchless eco-
nomic benefits. The optimal DG placement and sizing in the
DPS while considering the generator RPM constraints can max-
imize these benefits. Using this technology, we can get signifi-
cant advantages such as reducing power losses, voltage profile
improvement, rotor angle stability, and overall system stability.
Simultaneously, transient stability study is also crucial for evalu-
ating the system stability during fault conditions to gather eco-
nomic benefits [1, 2].
Recently most of the studies and research are going on
WT integration with the DPS and different control schemes
to enhance the system stability. In a study by [3], a rotor
speed dynamic control model is proposed to minimize the
transients affecting the WT in a fault condition, which works
based on a time scale. In [4, 5], a new pitch angle control
approach based on proportional-integral and fuzzy logic is
efficiency. The hybrid cascaded IGBT-based converters are
operated using a fuzzy-PI-based technique [6] to improve WT
stability.
A synchronized current that governs the WT and STAT-
COM is proposed in [7–10] during heavy grid fault timing and
increases the transient stability margin. The stability of wind
farms based on fixed-speed induction generators and the use
of static Var compensator (SVC) and static synchronous com-
pensator (STATCOM) for the integration of wind farms and
the impact of transient stability of fixed-speed wind turbine,
variable-speed wind turbine, synchronous generator, and the
designation of a fault in the presence of FACTS system [5] is
suggested. Even the critical clearance time is essential in pre-
serving the power system’s transient stability [11]. Mohsen Taj-
dinian et al. have accessed the system’s transient stability in the
presence of WT by critical clearing time dependent on right
kinetic energy [12]. In [13], WT integration is achieved based
on crucial clearing times.

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264
A method to enhance system rotor angle stability consid-
ering WT power constraints under fault conditions is pro-
posed in [14]. Similarly, in [15], the influence of WT integra-
tion on the system rotor angle stability is studied. Reference
[16] investigates the equipment’s transient stability by checking
the machine state’s characteristics, including the motor speed,
rotor angle, electrical output, and terminal voltage related to the
fault clearing time after a three-phase fault occurs in the sys-
tem. References [17, 18] provide a valuable method for find-
ing the most appropriate locations for mounting shunt com-
pensators to increase the power system’s transient stability. The
stability of the rotor angle is essential for studying the complex
behaviour of power systems. Time-domain simulation is a stan-
dard method for measuring transient stability. It has two key
drawbacks time-consuming computational requirements and
the incapacity to include specific knowledge about stability
margins.
To decide its optimal size, Jamian et al. [19] used many opti-
mization techniques to control the performance of the DG.
A new proposed rank evolutionary particle swarm optimiza-
tion method, comparative experiments with evolutionary par-
ticle swarm optimization, and a traditional particle swarm opti-
mization were conducted. Implementing evolutionary program-
ming and optimization of particle swarms allowed all particles to
migrate faster towards the desired value. The methodology they
adopted showed a reduction in power loss, which was achieved
by choosing the best DG size.
For optimal DG placement and sizing, combined nature-
inspired algorithms were used in [20]. A two-step optimization
technique has been proposed for integration with the DG. In
the first step, the best size of DG is calculated using particle
swarm optimization metaheuristics, and the results obtained are
tested for reverse power flow using the negative load method.
Then, the best location is determined by the loss sensitivity fac-
tor and poor bus approaches when looking for potential bus
locations. In the second step, the optimal size of DGs is cal-
culated by using three nature-inspired algorithms, that is, parti-
cle swarm optimization, a gravitational search algorithm, and a
combination of the previous two algorithms.
Kotb et al. [21] studied genetic algorithms to determine mul-
tiple DG devices’ optimal location and size. Three key objec-
tives were selected, that is, namely voltage, effective and reac-
tive power loss, and DG size to reduce overall power loss and
increase the voltage curve. In their analysis, a 69-bus power dis-
tribution test system was used for research and evaluation. The
proposed method shows that three DG devices of the same size
are installed in three separate locations of the 69-bus power dis-
tribution test system, reducing power loss and drawing a volt-
age curve. Reference [22] proposed a similar technology that
combines genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization
method to install and select DG in the distribution network.
The proposed strategy aims to increase the voltage, stabilize the
voltage, and reduce the radial system’s power loss. The genetic
algorithm is used to find the best DG system position, and the
particle swarm optimization process is used to determine the
best DG size.
MASTOI ET AL.
Parizad et al. [23] tried to use two different techniques to
determine the optimal position and size of DG based on reduc-
tion loss and voltage stability. The first method determines the
best DG installation location by creating an accurate loss for-
mula to reduce actual power loss. The voltage stability index
is used to locate the DG in the best position in the second
method. Use forward and backward sweep methods to deter-
mine the power flow. The study used two 33 bus (radial) and 30
bus (loop) control networks. The proposed strategy shows a sig-
nificant change in the voltage curve and a power loss reduction.
Safigianni et al. [24] solved the impact of hybrid DG tech-
nology penetrating the medium voltage distribution network.
Power flow and short circuit analysis were carried out to deter-
mine the effect of DG penetration on the current, loss, voltage
curve, and short circuit level of the controlled grid. Their gen-
eral conclusion was that arbitrary accommodation by the DG
leads to network sterilization and the infringement of technical
limitations.
A non-heuristic Olympic ranking method was coupled with
DIgSILENT software in reference [25] to consider various per-
formance indicators, including losses, voltage, loads, and short-
circuit currents. However, since this approach splits the issue
into many problems for each index, it does not ensure that the
minimum solution will be found. An enhanced gravity search
method was used in reference [26] to find the best location and
size for photovoltaic-based DGs with monocrystalline and thin
sheets. Even though this kind of renewable integration produces
minor environmental damage, only the advantage of reduced
power loss has been recognized.
The majority of studies [27] utilize population-based meta-
heuristic algorithms as solution methods. Evolutionary pro-
gramming [28], ant colony optimization [29], artificial bee
colony optimization [30], and tabu search are all examples of
this [31, 32]. All of these methods have been applied to the
issue of determining the best placement and size for DGs.
These techniques are typically highly effective at finding near-
optimal solutions, mainly when dealing with complicated prob-
lems. Although heuristic techniques require a significant amount
of computing work, they often solve DG placement and size
issues. On the other hand, these methods are only used to
determine the positions and sizes of DGs and evaluate their
effects on steady-state performance. However, since DGs are
only represented by their active and reactive power, this ignores
the impacts of the DG dynamics and may result in inaccurate
results.
Reference [33] introduced a hybrid optimization combining
the intelligent water drop technique and ant-lion algorithms to
determine DGs’ size and location in micro-grids while consid-
ering voltage stability and network losses. In contrast, ant-lion
algorithms were combined for the same objectives to solve the
optimal allocation of wind turbine DGs [34]. A modified sine
cosine optimization method based on a chaotic map process
was used in reference [35] to optimize the allocation of numer-
ous DGs in distribution networks. Regardless of how successful
these applications are [34, 35], they disregard load fluctuations
and load increases throughout the planning horizon.
MASTOI ET AL.
Reference [36] improved the gray wolf optimizer (GWO)
method and applied it to DGs’ optimal placement and size when
automatic voltage regulators were included. The Bat algorithm
was used in reference [37] to reduce power loss and improve the
voltage profile by considering the peak loading level. A modi-
fied Taguchi technique (TM) was proposed in reference [38]. By
analogy to the ideal solution approach for multi-objective opti-
mization, this method has been expanded to combine with the
technique for order of preference [39]. On the other hand, TM
effectiveness of references [38, 39] said that it relied on brain-
storming sessions to arrive at an appropriate selection of the
relevant variables and levels.
A moth-flame optimization method was integrated with the
loss sensitivity factor (LSF) in references [40, 41] to optimize
the location and size of wind-based renewable DG units to
reduce total losses. The uncertainties of wind generators’ load
and output power were considered in the optimal reactive power
dispatch in reference [42], and the problem was addressed
using a marine predator’s algorithm (MPA). In reference [43],
an enhanced tunicate swarm method was devoted to optimal
DGs allocation with daily load fluctuations, although this study
treated power losses as a single reduction goal. A multi-objective
salp swarm optimizer technique [44] and a coyote optimization
algorithm [45] were also used to achieve various technical and
economic advantages. In reference [46], an analytical method
used an analytical approach to reduce the Network’s aggregated
power losses and voltage stability index.
Gil-González, et al. addressed wind power sources’ optimal
location and size in power networks with changing power fac-
tors [47]. The problem was framed using a mixed-integer non-
linear programming (MINLP) model. The wind energy conver-
sion system’s converter interfaces supply reactive power to the
grid as needed through a non-linear controller design [48]. The
suggested model was solved with good performance in the gen-
eral algebraic modelling system (i.e., GAMS) software for radial
distribution grids and meshed power systems.
The authors of [49, 50] developed differential evolution algo-
rithms to solve several distributed generators’ optimal location,
size, and power factor (DGs) to reduce power losses in a net-
work. A genetic algorithm was used in references [51, 52] to
optimize the location and size of DGs. Ganguly and Samaj-
pati [53] utilized this method to control DGs’ optimal man-
agement after connecting to the Network. Hybrid algorithms,
such as a combined bee swarm and genetic algorithm for DG
allocation developed by Mahmoud et al. [54], have also been
utilized in the specialized literature to enhance voltage con-
trol and decrease active and reactive power losses in the dis-
tribution network. GAMS software has also been used to pro-
pose and solve algebraic natural mathematical models [55]. Fur-
thermore, as mentioned in [47], sufficient planning for DGs’
optimal location and dimensioning is feasible. In [56], an opti-
mization approach for sizing and locating PV, WT, and capac-
itor banks was given, which was applied to a typical radial net-
work, taking into account the uncertainties of demand induced
by electric cars as well as changes in irradiation, wind speed,
and the average load. Reference [57] developed a virtual power
plant model that combines the renewable energy available in the
265
FIGURE 1 Classification of power system stability
research region to optimize the operation’s profit by meeting the
specified demand. Multiple search engines based on hierarchical
clustering, as suggested in [58], are potential combinations of
integrating DGs in a network to decrease computation times.
The injection of reactive power into the grid is an important
research topic since it allows for power factor correction and
avoidance of voltage drops. For example, Quezada et al. [59]
investigated the optimal placement of capacitive banks using
heuristic techniques to enhance the characteristics mentioned
above; the same goal may also be accomplished using batter-
ies, as shown in references [60, 61]. As developed in [62] and
improved by [63] using algorithms capable of searching for the
maximum power point tracking. Current technology allows the
integration of photovoltaic generators via a three-phase inverter
that, in addition to meeting the basic requirements for their inte-
gration, can inject or absorb reactive power into the distribution
system.
Figure 1 shows the general picture of the power system prob-
lems’ stability and determines its category and sub-category. The
following are the description of the stability of the correspond-
ing form phenomenon.
Here it is noteworthy that most of the researchers who
worked on WT integration reported in the literature. Mainly
focus on suggesting the remedies for the transients produced
in the system in normal and faulty conditions and reduction
of power losses, improvement voltage profile by optimal place-
ment, and sizing of DGs. However, very few among them con-
sidered WT integration impact on rotor angle stability under
fault conditions. Interestingly, WT optimal placement and siz-
ing based upon rotor angle stability under fault conditions have
never been performed.
Therefore, considering this rarely discussed the issue, we
proposed the PLI method integrated with the analytical (SSA)
technique for optimal placement and sizing of the WT in
DPS based upon system DGs rotor angle stability under fault
conditions. The PLI approach is used to determine the possible
nominee buses for the WT placement. The SSA technique is
used to determine the optimal placement by PLI and sizing of
WT among the nominated buses and enhance the system’s tran-
sient stability under fault conditions, which improves economic
benefits.
266 MASTOI ET AL.

TABLE 1 Parameters of objective function

Parameters Kp T Kic Kom Kc

Case study 0.06$ 8760 hr/year 1000$ 300$ 3$

FIGURE 2 Power flow in the presence of a DG in a branch K

Further, in Section 2, problem formulation is done consider-
ing system limitations for the stated objective. Then methodol-
ogy is expressed in Section 3, starting from power flow in each
branch to determine each bus’s power loss index and working
While maximizing the economic benefits, system voltage
flow of the self-sorting approach in subsections. Results are dis-
lemmatized between 0. 95 p.u. and 1.05 p.u.
cussed in Section 4 for the considered IEEE 14 bus DPS. In the
last, the paper is concluded for the presented problem.
∙ Maximum apparent power injection:

∑
n ∑
n
2 PROBLEM FORMULATION SDG ( j ) ≤ Sload ( j ) (4)
i=1 j =1
2.1 Objective function
Apparent power injection is optimum lemmatized to load
DPS faces a drop in high voltage due to its complex structure, apparent power, and if it reaches this limit, power loss begins
which causes high power loss in the system. Reducing these to escalate again.
power losses by OGP in a DPS leads to economic advantages,
which this research paper takes on an analytical basis and can be ∙ Apparent injection:
expressed as:
( ) Smin ≤ SDG ≤ Smax (5)
OF = max Economic Bene fits

= max (CostbWT − CostaWT ) (1) The apparent power of the generators is lemmatized up to the
Smin 1 MVA and Smax 151 MVA for the power losses reduction
up to a minimal point and gather maximum economic benefits.
where CostbWT is the total annual cost of the DPS before OGP
and CostaWT is the total annual cost of DPS after OGP. The cost
∙ RPM stability:
function considered for this paper is stated as below.
RPMmin ≤ RPMDG ≤ RPMmax (6)
Total Annual Costb∕a = K p × T × TAPloss (b∕a )

∑
n This is an important and unique constraint considered in
+ Kic × Nwt + Kom × Nwt + (Kc × W Tr )
wt = 1
where K p is the coefficient of active power price in $∕kWh and
T is operating time in hr/year and TAPloss (b∕a) is the total active
power losses of the DPS before and after OGP and Kic is the
installation cost of Nwt number of wind turbines and Kom is the
maintenance cost of Nwt number of wind turbines and Kc is the
wind turbine cost in $/kW of W Tr Wind turbine rating. For
more details, refer to Table 1.
2.2 System limitations
It is imperative to take into consideration certain constraints in
order to maximize the economic benefits of i-e DGs rpm, volt-
age, apparent rating, and maximum apparent power.
∙ Voltage constraints:
(2) this paper for optimal DPS placement synchronous genera-
tor (OPSG). The existing generators are considered constraints
under the fault condition while suggesting DGs placement and
sizing RPM. RPM of the generators are lemmatized up to the
RPMmin 1830 and RPMmax 1770 for the enhancement of eco-
nomic benefits up to a significant index.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Power flow
The power flow of a DPS in the presence of additional genera-
tors is essential to consider for achieving the optimal minimum
power losses. The flow of power within the branch and the load
in DG’s presence shown in Figure 2 can be expressed as [64]
Psupply∕i = Pload ∕ j + Pline−loss∕k − PDG ∕ j (7)

Vi min ≤ Vi ≤ Vi max (3) Qsupply∕i = Qload ∕ j + Qline−loss∕k − QDG ∕ j (8)

MASTOI ET AL. 267

where Psupply∕i does the substation supply the power on the bus TABLE 2 Potential buses indexing by PLI method
i, Pline−loss∕k is the in-branch power loss k, PDG ∕ j is the additional Bus index PLI
generator supplying the power of the apartment on bus j, Pload ∕ j
2 1.000
is the power consumed by the load. Power losses in a branch
depending on the supply source vector and additional generator 5 0.6878
resulting from it, which is expressed as follows: 3 0.5794
4 0.4151
Pline−loss∕k = Iline∕k
2
× Rline∕k (9) 13 0.0392
14 0.0224
Qline−loss∕k = Iline∕k
2
× Xline∕k (10) 12 0.0149
11 0.0088

⎛ 2 ⎞ 10 0.0007
⎜ Pload ∕ j + Qload ∕ j − PDG ∕ j − QDG ∕ j ⎟
2 2 2
Pline−loss∕k =⎜ ⎟ × RLine∕k
⎜ | |2 ⎟
⎝ |V | ⎠
| j| Table 2.
(11)
LRbus (i ) − LRmin
⎛ 2 ⎞ PLIbus (i ) = (15)
⎜ Pload ∕ j + Qload ∕ j − PDG ∕ j − QDG ∕ j ⎟
2 2 2
LRmax − LRmin
Qline−loss∕k =⎜ ⎟ × XLine∕k
⎜ | |2 ⎟
⎝ |V j | ⎠ where LRbus(i ) is the loss reduction at bus(i ). LRmin and
| |
LRmax are the minimum and maximum loss reduction values.
(12)

where Pline−loss∕k and Qline−loss∕k are the real and reactive power 3.3 Self-sorting algorithm
losses of a particular branch in the presence of DG.
The enhancement of economic benefits in a DPS is an essen-
⎛ 2 ⎞ tial task that OPSG has gained. To accomplish this task, this
⎜ Pload ∕ j + Qload ∕ j − PDG ∕ j − QDG ∕ j ⎟
2 2 2
∑
TAPloss = ⎜ ⎟ paper proposes a self-sorting analytical (SSA) approach. Previ-
⎜ | |2 ⎟ ously, flower pollination algorithm (FPA), particle swarm opti-
2 ≤ j ≤ Nb ⎝ |V | ⎠
| | j
mization (PSO) approaches were used to minimize total annual
1 < k < Nb − 1
costs by proposing optimal capacitor placement and sizing in
× RLine∕k (13) [66, 67]. SSA approach expressed for the OGP problem in a
flow chart below, as shown in Figure 3. The approach begins
⎛ 2 ⎞ with the initial load-flow analysis of the IEEE DPS being con-
⎜ Pload ∕ j + Qload ∕ j − PDG ∕ j − QDG ∕ j ⎟
2 2 2
∑ sidered. Using Equations (13) and (14), total active and reac-
TRPloss = ⎜ ⎟ tive power losses of the DPS can be cumulated. After finding
⎜ | |2 ⎟
2 ≤ j ≤ Nb ⎝ |V | ⎠
| j| initial power losses, potential buses are considered, suggested
1 < k < Nb − 1 by the PLI method see Table 1 using Equation (15) for DG
× XLine∕k (14)
placement.
The SSA approach applied to the considered test system,
considering the system limitations, particularly the rpm limita-
where TAPloss and TRPloss are the sum of real and reactive power
tion of the DGs rotor system under fault conditions. It is neces-
losses that occurred in k branches of the DPS.
sary to mention here that placement by DG is divided into two
cases. In case-1, only a top-order bus is selected as a potential
bus using PLI, and the SSA approach has suggested the DG rat-
3.2 Power loss index
ing for that particular bus. In case-2, SSA itself decides the DG
and candidate bus rating among all the potential buses suggested
In the literature, many analytical approaches are mentioned
by the PLI method to achieve the DPS’ maximum economic
which are used to solve the problem of OGPs. The PLI method
benefits. As initially, potential candidate buses are highlighted by
has been used in this paper to nominate the potential buses
the PLI method; this helps to reduce the overall computational
for optimal placement of DG. The power loss index (PLI) rep-
time. Once candidate buses are highlighted, SSA starts inserting
resents the loss reduction of that specific bus concerning the
WT with minimum rating on each bus and reaches maximum
system’s maximum and minimum loss reductions. When DG
until the system remains stable and power losses are minimized
units are installed on buses with high PLI, maximum loss reduc-
maximally. This means the SSA algorithm will not insert a higher
tion can be anticipated. The indexing of the potential buses
rating of WT if the next iteration result is poor than the previ-
can be done by using the expression given below [65], refer to
ous iteration result. This approach helps the SSA algorithm to
268 MASTOI ET AL.

TABLE 3 Self-sorting algorithm approach steps

Approach
steps Case-1 Case-2

1 Perform initial load flow Perform initial load flow

2 Treat top-tier buses as
candidate buses suggested
by the PLI method
3 Start from Smin rating for WT
sizing
4 If constraints are satisfied to
go to the next iteration
5 Increase WT size in each Increase WT size in each iteration
iteration until constraints
are satisfied, and losses
reduction with maximum
economic benefits achieved
6 SSA recommends WT rating
Treat all buses as candidate buses
suggested by the PLI method
Start from Smin rating for WT
sizing
If constraints are satisfied to go to
the next iteration
until constraints are satisfied,
and losses reduction with
maximum economic benefits
achieved
SSA also recommends WT
placement, and its rating as well

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by

FIGURE 3 The flow chart of the proposed self-sorting algorithm
reduce the operating time again. As a result, the overall com-
putational time is well managed. See Table 3 for a step-by-step
approach to both cases. Pseudocode of the proposed approach
is a list below:
Step 1: Defines the data for the load case and initial load
flow run.
Step 2: Find candidate buses using data from PLI and
defining system constraints.
Step 3: idx(i), wt(j).
Step 4: Connect DG to a given bus for each test DG, per-
form TAPloss(i) load flow analysis and store the results
as a scenario.
Step 5: [idx(i), WT(j)] = max {Economic Benefits(i)}.
Step 6: Store [idx(i), WT(j)] until Swt ≤ Smax .
Step 7: Select a scenario for optimal WT sizing and place-
ment with the lowest power loss.
Figure 3 presents the flow chart of a self-sorting algorithm
and has the following structure.
the IEEE 14 Bus system and MATLAB 2015 with CPU @
3.20 GHz 64 bit is used as a platform. Optimal DG position-
ing and sizing are conducted using the SSA method to ful-
fil the objective function, that is, maximizing economic ben-
efits. To stabilize the DPS, it is necessary to mention before
discussing the results here that other existing generators’ rpm
stability under fault conditions in DPS is mainly taken as a
constraint while suggesting the DG placement and its sizing.
WT type 4 is considered for placement and sizing of DG.
It delivers active power but also absorbs reactive power. The
magnitude of this WT reactive absorption depends on this
expression:
( )
Wind Turbineq = − 0.05 + 0.04 × PWT
2
(16)
DG capacity and its configuration are done based on the
transient stability of the system. For example, our algorithm
suggested 135 MW DG capacity with bus 3 configuration
when transient stability is not considered. Although more power
losses can be minimized in the DPS with this sizing and place-
ment, the system will not be stable in transient or fault condi-
tions. So, considering transient stability, our algorithm proposed
a 115 MW capacity of the DG on bus 3. This approach can help
stabilize DPS in transient or fault conditions, as expressed in
Figures 5–8.
4.1 IEEE 14 DPS
The system expressed in Figure 4 is IEEE 14 bus system; it is
a modified American distribution system [68] that contains five
synchronous machines, three for reactive support only. There
are 20 branches in the network. It operates at 1 kV and 259
MASTOI ET AL. 269

FIGURE 4 IEEE 14 bus single line diagram

FIGURE 5 Generators RPM without WT IEEE 14 DPS with 0.100 CCT

FIGURE 6 Generators RPM with 66 MW WT at bus 3 IEEE-14 DPS with 0.115 CCT
270
FIGURE 7 Generators RPM with 1 MW WT at bus 2 IEEE-14 DPS with 0.100 CCT
FIGURE 8 Generators RPM with 115 MW WT at bus 3 on IEEE-14 DPS with 0.135 CCT
MW, with loads of 73.5 MVAr with an initial power loss of
13.393 MW and a minimum voltage of 1.01 p.u. at bus 3.
Moreover, its interlocking type of distribution system makes
it capable of allowing megawatts of power to flow in the sys-
tem. PLI-suggested busses for case-1 and case-2 are regarded
as WT candidate buses. WT placement and sizing were per-
formed using the SSA approach to achieve optimal power loss
reduction turns and DPS stability to maximize the economic
benefits. To observe the initial stability conditions of the DPS,
a 3-phase fault is inserted on bus 5 (maximum loaded). Criti-
cal clearing time (when the system remains stable) of the DPS
without WT is considered 100 ms, so the fault is inserted at
0.5 s and cleared at 0.6 s Initial stability condition of the rotor
rpm of the system DGs under fault condition is presented in
Figure 5. The DGs rotor gets high rpm under fault condition
(G4-1927 rpm at 0.741 s); these oscillatory RPMs take time to
stabilize and reach up to 1838 rpm in 3 s, which are still not the
normal rpm. So, without WT, DPS has 13.393 MW active power
MASTOI ET AL.
losses and 7,039,504$ total annual cost with zero economic ben-
efits and 1835 rpm for all DGs; see Tables 4 and 5 for more
details.
For the comparative study, see Table 4, an analytical approach
[13] suggested 66 MW WT with 115 ms CCT is to get transient
stability which eventually leads to economic benefits. A fault is
inserted at 0.5 s and cleared at 0.615 s to stabilize the system. G1
and G2 get stable rpm i-e 1825 and 1826 at 1.5 s with the sug-
gested 66 MW WT, and all DGs get stable 1823 rpm at 3 s, see
Figure 6. This WT integration results in a 50.56% power loss
reduction, which leads to a 47.73% enhancement of the eco-
nomic benefits of the DPS see Table 4.
In this paper, case-1 see Table 4, bus 2 suggested by the PLI
method is taken as the optimal bus, and the 151 MW WT rating
suggested by the SSA technique is integrated with the DPS to
gain the maximum economic benefits. It is impressive to see that
even integrating 1 MW WT with 100 ms CCT on bus 2 while
inserting the fault at 0.500 s clearing it at 0.600 s, RPMs of the
MASTOI ET AL. 271

TABLE 4 Results suggested by SSA

DG type Type-4 (WT)

Base case AM [13 ] PLI PLI-SSA

Active power losses (kW) 13.393 6.622 8.840 4.581

Reactive power losses (kVAr) 30.122 6.244 14.815 1.468
Power losses reduction (%) — 50.56 33.99 65.80
Minimum bus voltage (p.u), and bus index 1.01 (3) 1.01 (3) 1.01 (3) 1.01 (3)
Total WT power generation (MW/MVAr) — 66/174 151/986 115/529
Generator bus index — 3 2 3
Power losses cost 7,039,504 3,480,278 4,646,127 2,407,867
Saving WT placement — 3,559,226 2,393,377 4,631,637
WT power generation cost — 199,000 454,000 346,000
Total Annual Cost 7,039,504 3,679,578 5,100,427 2,754,167
Economic benefits — 3,359,926 1,939,077 4,285,337
(%) Economic benefits — 47.73 27.55 60.88

TABLE 5 Results suggested by SSA
Active power losses (kW)
Reactive power losses (kVAr)
Power losses reduction (%)
Minimum bus voltage (p.u), and bus index
Total WT power generation (MW/MVAr)
Generator bus index
Power losses cost
Saving WT placement
WT power generation cost
Total annual cost
Economic benefits
(%) Economic benefits
rpm remains in the rpm upper and lower limit, due to which
DG type Type-4 (WT) the system remains in a stable condition shown in Figure 8. WT
integration suggested in case-2 results in a 65.80% power loss
Base case PLI-SSA reduction, which leads to a 60.88% enhancement of economic
13.393 4.581 benefits of the DPS, as shown in Table 4. From Table 4, it is
30.122 1.468
clear that the SSA approach gives much better results in case-2
compared with case-1 and the analytical method [13]. It is nec-
— 65.80
essary to ensure that the top-order bus (2) suggested by the PLI
1.01 (3) 1.01 (3) method in case *1 has a greater capacity than other buses. Still,
— 115/529 that bus cannot stabilize the machine and gain economic bene-
— 3 fits instead of the bus i-e (3), suggested by the SSA approach in
7,039,504 2,407,867 case-2.
— 4,631,637
Figure 9 illustrates the impact of WT placement for all cases
stated in Table 4 as a minimum voltage at bus 3 for all cases
— 346,000
are the same. So, there is no such improvement in the voltage
7,039,504 2,754,167 profile as the objective is to stabilize the system DGs under fault
— 4,285,337 conditions by the optimal placement of WT, which enhances net
— 60.88 savings.

DGs of the DPS goes high (2150 rpm at 3 s), which takes the
system into an unstable condition see Figure 7. Although WT
integration suggested in case-1 results in 33.99% power losses
reduction, it leads to 27.55% enhancement of economic benefits
of the DPS see Table 4. The proposed approach in case-1 i-e bus
2 with the suggested WT rating is not recommended due to the
factors mentioned above.
In this paper, case-2 (see Table 4) bus 3 taken as an optimal
bus and 115 MW WT rating suggested by the SSA technique is
integrated with the DPS to obtain the system’s transient stabil-
ity, which leads to maximum economic benefits. It is interesting
to see the integration of 115 MW WT with 135 ms CCT on bus
3 to insert the fault at 0.500 s and clearing at 0.635 s. RPMs of
the DGs of the DPS go stable (1800 rpm at 3 s), and all DGs
5 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, an economic enhancement-based analytical SSA
technique was effectively proposed for the optimal placement
and sizing of the WT while considering the rotor stability of
the system DGs. The proposed technique (case 2) has achieved
an infamous enhancement of the economic benefits. The sug-
gested approach was tested for the OPSG problem on consid-
ered IEEE 14 bus DPS to show the effectiveness. Our sug-
gested case-1 and case-2 techniques have been compared with
the analytical approach recently reported in the literature (see
Table 3). The results tabulated in Table 4 and Figure 8 reflect
the proposed technique’s performance regarding the power
system’s transient stability, reduction of losses, and economic
benefits.
272 MASTOI ET AL.

FIGURE 9 Voltage profile IEEE-14 DPS

The significant point of the conclusion is listed as follows: M. J. Tahir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-6194

Delin Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-5251
∙ WT integration suggested in case-2 results in a 65.80% Mannan Hassan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-8449
power loss reduction, leading to a 60.88% enhancement of
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How to cite this article: Mastoi, M.S., Tahir, M.J.,
Usman, M., Wang, D., Zhuang, S., Hassan, M.: Research
on power system transient stability with wind generation
integration under fault condition to achieve economic
benefits. IET Power Electron. 15, 263–274 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12228