x Cott is atte at Semi Supe Biomedical Signal Processing and Control ELSEVIER Journal homepage: www.elsevier.comvlocatelbspe ighlights Characterizing EEG signals of meditative states using persistent homology and Hodge spectral entropy Kurusett Vinay Gupta’, Jyotranjan Beuria, Laxmidbar Behera + Novel tpologial characterization of EEG signals auociatal wih mete staten + Distinct geomesieal signatures of anterior-frntal and temporoparital brain regions + Bou ares, persistent entropy, and Hodge spoctral enuropy of meditative stats + Achieved 956 clasaicationsceuroy of meiative tates with topolgial Feats Graphical abstract and Research highlights will be displayed in online search result lists, the online contents list and the online article, but will not appear in the article PDF file or print unless it is mentioned in the journal specific style requirement. They are displayed in the proof pdf for review purpose only.Contents lists available at ScienceDincet Biomedical Signal Processing and Control ELSEVIER Journal homepage: www.elsevier.comvlocatelbspe Characterizing EEG signals of meditative states using persistent homology and Hodge spectral entropy Kurusetti Vinay Gupta’, Jyotiranjan Beuria®, Laxmidhar Behera** Deere of Eecial ngeing. on Iie of Tach, Kanha “nts Syc end Meal Vth Car Dan Ist of Fecha, Man a “Inan Keowee Sem Cte, 15 Den ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Reyes ‘We promt a wove topclogicl Ghaacimicatin of EEG Gane aces Aguas anodised with two liatve ree states autobiographical slfreflction and mantr-tased mediation. ‘The rests demonstrate significant Peachy Information geomesic dilerences among the two groups of meditators and the cool group for two brain lge petal eatoyy regions, samely anterior fontal (AF) and temporoparictal (TP). The analysis involves glokl topological Invariants and persistent homlogy features ofthe point cloud data constructed fram the EEG time series Using Takens's embedding. While troditional PEG analyses face the wellknown ass of noise and arefeets, the persistent homology approach is robut to them due to ie emphasis on the overall topological changer rather than the transient structures. We analyse the characteristics of the Bett szeas, peak leation of Bet curves, persistent entropy, persistent amplitude and Tge spectral entropy of the meditative states for up to the second homology dimension. We find thatthe mantr- based meditative sate i rich im persistent features compared to autoblographcal self-reflection. Alo, the enrople measures indicate reduced chaote namics and enhance’ topnigielsrictre formation forthe former. Moreover, the correlation of Hodge spectral entropy with persistent entopy or Bett area ia a group isa key feature in diferentatng the TP find AF channel. These topological features canbe wed to clsily the meditative sats with more than 959% 1. Introducti ‘The continuous electrical activity generated in the brain is recorded using Electroencephalography (EEG). Intensive studies revolve around correlating different linear and nonlinear features [1,2] of EEG signals to different cognitive states of individuals. The primary difficulty in theiranalysis es in distinguishing speci signals produeed in response to stimuli from the bascline spontaneous activity of the brain. The characteristic distinctions are s0 tiny that they are often detected hrough repeated experiments on several subjects and precise statistical procedures. [Numerous approaches, broadly clasified into frequency-domain and time-domain, have been attempted to characterize EEG signals. While the frequency domain focuses on the band power features, ‘ey the variations in EEG rhythm amplitudes, the time domain focuses ‘on the variations in EEG signals’ amplitudes time-locked to a given event/simulus. While these are the most commonly used features, there are other features, such as correlations between signals from diferent channels (connectivity), signal complexity measures, cova ‘ance matrices and their combinations. Although these features have © coreponding author ‘been successful in specific applications, they have not demonstrated convineing representational abilities, which are invariant over ime, users and eonexts [3,41 ‘Owing tothe electrical interactions of billions of neurons within the Drain, the EEG signals are highly complex, nonstationary and ehaotie. Thus, the dynamies associated with EEG signals in response to stimali are highly complicated and essentially nonlinear. In onder to charac terize the complexity of brain dynamics throughout various cognitive activities and the resting state, metrics like eorrelation/factal dimen- son [2,5], detrended fluctuation analysis [6,7], Hurst exponent [8,9], approximate entropy [10], sample entropy [11], greatest Lyspunov ‘exponent [12,13], ete. have been investigated. In recent years, modelling of chaotic dynamics using network ge fometry has gained attention (14). Graph-based networks, on the other Inand, only record pairwise connections. However, higher order inter actions are essential for describing several chaotic systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, or social sciences [15-18]. Thus, Topological Email addesesguplakiik.acin (KV. Gupta, joeia@iiumandi.acin J, Bewia),dirctoe@iumandl.cein CL. Behera) tps: //do np/10.1016/ pe 2028.10579 Received 10 October 2023; Received in revise form 8 November 2023; Accepted 25 November 2023Data Analysis (TDA) (19-271 using simplicial complex is gaining popu- larity because i offers @ unique framework to study multidimensional relations sing the concrete foundation of discrete algebraic topology. fall TDA techniques, persistent homology stands out in terms of i cease of use and predictive power. Mathematically simplicial complexes form a topological space. Topological invariants associated with the topological space are thus used to desribe the corresponding dymamics. The central notion of persistent homology Is to replace data points with a parameterized family of simplicial complexes, which may be conceptualized as a union of poins, edges, angles, tetrahedrons, and other higher dimensional polytopes. ‘When dealing with complex systems such 2s BEG signals associated ‘with the human brain, it i dificult to unravel the exact underlying dynamics by conventional analytical methods. Thus, topological data analysis ean be a powerful tool for extracting useful topological and {geometric aspects that are global properties ofthe entire signal spac. However, TDA has yet to attract much attention in the EEG data pro- cessing community. In a recent coupe of year, it has been used for lft and right-hand movement imaginations [28], seizure detection [28,30], brain-computer interfaces (31, emotion recognition [32], schizophre nia identification (33], mental workload recognition [24], epileptic EEG signals [35], delirium detection [36], Alzhelmer's disease detec tion 1371, depression detection [38], etc. However, to the Dest of cour knowledge, the global topological properties associated with the chaotic dynamics of diferent meditative states have not yet attracted ‘much attention, In this work, we study the topological characterises of two medi tative states, Le, mantma-based meditation and autobiographical self reflection. We investigate the correlatlon among several topological ‘markers, such as persistent entropy, persistent amplitude, Betti curves, Botti areas, etc, for the two meditation groups and a contol group. We also explore von Neumann spectral entropy associated with Hodge Laplacian defined on the simplicial complexes. We term this spectral entropy as Hodge spectral entropy. We use these features to clasity the ‘seo classes of meditative states with a Support Vector Machine (SYM) dlassifier. There is a great need of accurately classifying meditative states for several biomedical applications, such as, monitoring, managing and administering meditation based therapy for various mental healt ‘conditions. Thus, our apprasch can serve as a valuable and effec: tive tool for providing real-time feedback to patients and healthcare practitioners It can be integrated into biofeedback systems, helping Individuals Tearn to achleve and maintain meditative states more ef fectively. Accurate classification of meditative sates can help develop cffective neuro feedback application, aiding individuals in enhancing their concentration, memory, and overall cognitive performance. This can be used to develop cutting-edge technology to address mental health challenges ‘The organization of the paper iss follows. Seetion 2 will outline the experimental procedure, EEG data preprocessing, and the mathematical framework underlying Topological Data Analysis. In Section 3, we will discuss the results, including topological features, their correlations, ‘and machine learning elasfiation. Finally, we will conclude by ex ploring the proposed framework’s potential future applications and limitations. 2. Methodology 21, Experimenta daca Ninety subjects (15 males, 45 females) with no previous regu Jar meditation experiences were recruited through an advertisement from our educational institution, with ages ranging from 18 to 30 (1220.1, SD=3.0). All of them had pomnal or corrected:to-normal cyesight and were righthanded. Written informed consent was ob- tained from each subjeet before the experimental session. The Inst tute Ethical Committee (Human) of ITT Mandi approved this study (arrayc()/2023/Vb/P2). Every technique employed in this study ‘was carried out in conformity with the relevant rules and regulations. ‘We chose three groups, each consisting of 30 subjects. OF these, two groups are experimental groups following two different meditation [rotocols, and the third one serves asthe contr group. We have presented the overall methodology in Fig. 1. The first group wae prompted on screen eight different questions related to their ‘own life and was asked to reflect om it for thirty seconds with closed eyes. At the end of thirty seconds, a beep was presented to them to ‘open their eyes for the next question. Each question lasted for 5 on sereen. The questions presented to them were: Visualize yourself when someone praised yo a lt las rime!’ Visualize yourself when someone rebuked you heavily ast time! ‘Reflect on the occasions when your hhard endeavour brought you great suecess’ ‘Reflect on the occasions of failure despite your very hard endeavour", ‘How do you look when ‘you stand before the mirror now, HHow do you Took when you stand thefore the mirror after 25 years”, “Contemplate your biggest worry at the present moment’, ‘Contemplate the anxieties you have for your future?” We term thi meditation group “Rall through the subsequent analysis. “The second group was asked to listen attentively with closed eyes an audio recording ofa misical mantra ehant sung by an experienced med. itator ina call-and-response manner called Kirtan meditation. The San ‘rit mantra oF chant ie “Ilare Krishna Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna ire Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rams, Rama Rama Hare Hare”, which is composed of 16 syllables, popularly known as the Mahamantra, Participants were asked only to hear the recitation attentively rather than (0 respond. The duration ofthis Mantra meditation is 300 s in aration, We term this group “M” in our subsequent analysis, “The third group, or the control group, was asked to sit silently with, closed eyes for 300 s. We term this group “C”. The choice of interven: tons was based on the previous findings that R intervention (39] and [M intervention [40-46] could help in dealing with stress, depression and enhancing cognitive performance of subjects. EEG signals were recorded using four channels of Muse$ (inter ‘aXon Inc.) the system has four dry electrodes, two on the forehead ft AF7 and APS and two behind the ears at 1P9 and IDLO, with @ reference electrode at Fpz. The sampling rate ofthe device is 256 1 The choice of placing EEG channels only on the temporoparictal and anteriofrontal regions in the Muse $ headband i a deliberate decision tw balance usbilty, comfort, and effectiveness. Users ean wear the headband comfortably during meditation without being distracted oF feeling encumbered by a larger array of electrodes, These two reglons are strategically chosen because they are associated with significant brainwave activity involved in various cognitive functions, including ‘meditation [47,48]. Monitoring activity in these regions ean provide valuable insights into a user's mental state during there activities. ‘The participants’ EEG signals were recorded while they comfortably, sat in a quiet room throughout the intervention. The subjects were sirictly advised to avoid any physical movements while their EEG was being recorded. Appropriate event markers and timestamps were also recorded through custom Python codes. We consider the list 25 sof EEG data after cach question presented for the R group. Thus, the total duration ofthe KEG recording for the I group considered for subsequent analysis becomes 200 s for every participant. in order to compare this with the M group and C group Appropriately, we consider the last 200 s of EEG data of the M and groups for further analysis. The participants also completed a short {questionnaire marking their alertness before and after interventions. 2.2. BBG data preprocesing Since EEG signals are noisy and frequent affected by artefacts, we first apply a filter in the frequency band of intrest. A linear FIR filter of fourth order with a high-pass filter at 0.1 Hz and a low-pass filter at 45 Hz was implemented using a popular python library, ME [49]Tatone's ombedeing xe “xt © x(t= 20) Vito Ripe Comp ° Primary Tepotogia features The filtered data was decomposed into maximally independent com- ponents using FastICA method [50]. We have employed it primarily for musle-atefact removal. Eye blink removal i unnecessary since the EUG recordings are anociated with closed eyes forall three groups We utilized Artefact subspace reconstruction (ASR), an sutomated, cnlinc, component-based method, to effectively eliminate transient of highamplitide artefacts from multi-channel EEG recordings [511 In order to reduce the computational est, we downsample the time series data for each subject to 64 Hz Also, the TP9 and the TP1O channels are combined to give average time serles data, We call ic the TP channel. Similarly, the time series data for the AF and the AFB channels are combined 0 give the AF channel. Sample EEG signals for one subject from each of the Ry M, and C groups during the initial S-second interval are plotted in Fig. 5 23, Topological data analysis ‘The essential geometrical construct involved in the invest of petsstent homology is the simplicial complex. We provide a brief Introduetion to the basic coneepts associated with persistent homology In this section, We also describe the global topological properties im: portant to our subsequent analysis. Our reader is encouraged to explore some excellent reviews [24,25,27,52] available on the web. 23.1. Chain simplicial complex and homology groups The essential building block of a simplicial complex isa simplex. {A kesimplex isa dimensional polytope which is the convex hull of ts ‘afl vertices. A point, line segment, triangle, and tetrahedron are 0, 1,2, and 3dimensional simplices, respectively. An w-face of the msimplex is fefined asthe convex hill ofa subsctof size m+ of the n+l defining points. For instance, the edges (I-simplex) are the aes of a triangle (2simples, ‘A simplicial complex 2 isa collection of simplices such that every face (#) of # is In.2 and te intersection of any two faces, a, and 7 oF 2 is. common face of both «and ¢, When the maximum dimension of any simplex in th simpicial complex.” equals k, fis said to be 8 simplicialk-complex. One of the popular methods of embedding time series data ar a point cloud is the application of Takens's embedding theorem [53]. It essentially reconstructs an attractor in the state space of the underlying system from one or more time series of ebservations, which is the first and most crucial step in nonlinear analysis. According to Takens? theorem, a delay embedding can be used to ereate structure that is topologically identical to the system's attractor. A discrete time series (ej.8as--+4) Sampled from a high dimensional attractor is embedded via the multivariate time series, jg. je) fOF4 = Oslo this collection, known as the Takens embedding, resembles # point cloud, Here, dis called the embedding dimension, «is called the time delay and the difference between the evenly sampled times 1's is ealled the stride (se Fig. 5). ‘To construct abstract simplical complexes from a set of points, we ‘use Vietoris-Rips complexe, in which cach simplex corresponds to a subset of points whose supremum ofthe distances between their pairs (Giameter) is less than a given threshold. Let P= [XX q} © 1B" represent the point cloud data, with each X, € RY. Let r be a constant radius. The Vietoris-Rips complex of P is an abstract simplicial complex whose ksimplices are the (K+ 1)-tuples of points in P whose pairwise distance i smaller than . The threshold ris termed as the fil ‘ration parameter. The Vitoris-Rips complex i given mathematically by VRAP)= [oS P|d(X,.X)) Sr VX, #X, Ek, o where d(X,.X,) represents the distance metric between two points. In this work, we will use Euclidean distance to construct a simplicial complex. One may choose an alternate distance metric as wel, Unlike the rigid shapes studied in geometry, the study of invariant properties under continuous deformation leads to the topological inves tigation of holes ina structure, The notion of holes in topological spaces are formalized using tools from abstract algebra through homology ‘groups. Loosely speaking, homology class is expressed by a cycle that is not the boundary of any submanifold, and this eycle symbolizes a hole, Here, we formally define the required mathematical framework. AA simplicial K-chain is defined as a finite formal sum of a subset of ‘k-simplices of the simplicil complex. The group €,() of kechains of ‘the simplicial complex.” is given by 29 ={Zmeiimez} @ where cach 9, is an oriented k-simplex of 2. An ordering of the vertices, denoted a5 (,..8), defines the orientation of a A-simplex,a Otel: sale Fle, 2 (@) an stration ofthe Viewrs Rips leaden applied to snl complexss ung de Maton parameter + (b) the eaant barcode represcing the persstence ely in 0 dT dens, @ © Pig 3. 20 representation ofthe mpl complex fo TP canal (2) Rand () Mou) € group or he et 5+ EE daa withthe law that two orderings describe the same orientation if and only if they differ by an even permutation. C, is a free abelian group whose bass isin injective mapping with the set of &~simpliees In The boundary operator is a homomorphism given by WG 846d) = YM. 8b) where 0, is the vertex deleted from an oriented simplex . The Abelian groups (C,a) form a hain complex linked By homomor phisms (boundary operators) such that the composition of any two con ecutive mappinge i the zero map because the boundary of something bas no boundary o In C,, elements of the subgroup Z = ker dy ie, the set of all G,that has no boundary are referred to as eyes and the elements of the subgroup By = imdgy3, Les the images of d, are referred to as boundaries, Its to he noted that herd) Cim(dy,y) since k-boundaries fre also keycles. Our goal is to quantify the mumber of k-dimensional holesin 2. Thus, a quotient abelian group, known asthe kth homology group # of 2, Is defined as “lB o {hat consists of k-eyeles on 2° that are not boundarles, representing ‘k-dimensional holes inthe complex. The kth Betti number of % which 's the rank ofthe Ath homology group, Mi = rank(tf,(2), counts the number of dimensional holes of 2. A list of mathematical symbols used inthis work is given in Table A. CF Oa GG We) 23.2. Fllraton parameter and persistence The clasical homology does not provide rich information for & certain point cloud data P- However, a change in the homology of P can be detected using a multi-scale approach to homology using tration parameters. We define a collection of simplicial complexes 2; over the point cloud P for a set of 6 vals, 0 that for a 0, Ly = 18, for where LY, and Lise encodes the diffusion from a-simplices to ‘simples via (a ysimplices and (a + lpsimplices, respectivelyYap eat TP Channel ® AF Channel ° Fig. 9. Cortatons between toplist within he R rope (4) TP and (AF tamele TP Channel = @ AF Channel oe ah ee ae o Fig. 10, Corlatos bute opal fates wiki he M group acre) TP and (b) AF chan, 12 and 10 can be expressed in terms of the boundary operators 2 follows Bl. By Bass In‘Table 5, we present the mean Hodge spectral entropy associated with the TP and AF channel of EEG data forall the groups. We see that the mean Hodge spectral entropy for group M is the highest for first-order entropy and lowest forthe second-order. Kruskal-Wallis non parametric test reveals that groups R, Mand Care sigifiantly different (@-< 005) only for $** of both TP and AF channels. 6, Persistent amplitude Persistent amplitude defined on D, the se of persistent (rth, death) pairs as a function As D=R, for which there exists a vectorization @: Dav, with V @ normed space such that AG) = loco forall x € D. Wealso chose the Wasserstein metric forthe computation of distances, We present the average persistent amplitude associated with the ‘TP and AF channel of EEG data for all the groups in Table 6. We ‘observe that for both TP and AP channels, the zeroth order mean persistent amplitude for group Mis lower than for group R. However, in other cases, its prety similar, Regarding persistent amplitude the ‘Kruskal-Wallis non parametric est reveals that groups R, M and G are significantly different (p < 0.05) only for Ay of the AF channel and Ay of the TP channel 3.7. Correlations benewen topological fearaes ‘The mutual correlations between persistent entropy (SP), Bett area(B4,) and Hodge spectral entropy(S") across different homolog ical dimensions in TP and AF brain regions for the R group are given in Fig. 9. The more persistent a feature is the lesser would be its associated persistent entropy and the higher would be its correspondingTP Channel AF Channel » Fig. 11, Cielito betncen opi ests within he Croup Aro) TP and (8) AF chanel, Receiver Operating Character faa ig 12, lasiteaton Ress or Ks. M group wig al plop Fetes ett area, We denote the corelation between two distributions, A and B by CIA.) in subsequent discussions. For both TP and AF channels, we observe strong negative come lations CUS%". ay) % ~10 and C(SP. BA,) * —1.0 consistent with four expectations. However, no such correlation is observed for C(S!, 2BA,) on account ofthe statistical fluctuations in S!, which are evident In the standard deviation as reported in Table 3. 1t appears intultive that entropy related characteristics exhibit predominantly positive cor relations with other entropy related metrics while displaying negative correlations with Bett areas. This trend Is evident from the distribution of blue and red colours in Fig. 9. ‘When examining correlations among identical topological features for Sf and B4,, notably strong correlations are observed within pairs of the same homological order. This is clearly evident along the ding onals of the squave submatrix formed by each feature. However, this pattern does not hold true when analysing correlations among distinet topological features. C(S%, 8) seem to be the key distinguishing fea ture between the TP and AF regions for the R group, with a difference of 0.26 It is important to note that according to the Hodge decom- Position theorem [57], the eigenvalues of the higher order Laplacian 1p) depend on the non-zero eigenvalues of 1, (represented 25 4,) and non-zero eigenvalues of 4 (represented 4). 4% describes Aifusion from edges to edges through nodes and, throkgh triangles. Henee, the pronounced negative correlation observed in C{S'", 5") for the TP channel compared to the AF channel ean be attributed t0 the Iheightoncd impact of 4,- This indicates a more significant informa- tion diffusion through the higher order simplices than the lower-order simplices in the TP region compared to the AF region. This is a ‘useful feature characterizing both channels. On the other hand, The tion inthe R region is obtained for C(A,,B.,) for both ‘The mutual correlations for the M group are given in Fig. 10. Unlike the R group, strong negative correlations are obtained between, persistent entropy and Betti area in all thrce homology dimensions. (C(Si".8!) and CCBA) seem to be the key distinguishing features bberwcen the TP and AP regions forthe group M, with a difference of 0.47 and 0.48, respectively. C69.) can be related tothe more sig nificant impact of Li, Le, a more significant information diffusion through the lower-order simplices than the higher-order simples in the TP region compared to the AF region, Like group R, the highest correlation is obtained for both channels for C(B.,, BA,). ‘The mutual corelations for the C group are given in Pig. 11, Like the 1M group, strong negative correlations are obtained between persistent entropy and Bett area in all three homology dimensions. Unlike the R land Mi groups, there is no significant difference between TP and AF channels for the correlations between persistent entropy and Hodge spectral entropy. Similar tothe Rand M groups, the highest correlation is obtained for C(BA,, B4;) for both channels. When examining the crucial correlation festures that differentiate the three groups, it becomes evident that the correlations between ‘other topological features, particularly Hodge spectral entropy, are of paramount significance. S.A ML classification While the primary aim ofthis research isto investigate the effec tiveness of topological feature space, we have utilized conventional ‘machine Tearning classification methods to differentiate between EEG signals from two meditation groups, specifically groups R and M, using 4 range of topologial features. The chosen algorithm for this binary and mu-class classification task is Support Vector Machine (SVM), a widely recognized and robust machine learning approach. Previous discussions have emphasized the utility of several topological features ‘Which encapsulate different aspects of the topological structure of the data and are critical for our classification task. The classification result is presonted in Fig. 12 and Table 7. Using only persistent entropy, we have achieved an accuracy of72% in classifying subjects into the R and M groups. On the other hand,abe? spect otpy (5), Al tepelapcl A) an ander BP) fe ‘ecu (6) using only lett Area, we obtain a classification accuracy of $2%. With the persistent amplitude feature, the classification accuracy is 83%. The Hodge spectral entropy, which provides insights into the spectral prop- erties ofthe topological space and encodes information diffusion, is the ‘most significant topological property for distinguishing Rand M groups. With only Hodge spectral entropy, we achieve an accuracy of 88%. Recognizing the potential benefits of combining multile informative features, we find a substantial improvement in accuracy, yielding an impressive 95% (see Table 7). ‘To ensure the robustness of our findings, we have performed 30 iter ations ofthe classification task and reported the mean accuracies. This rigorous approach helps mitigate the impact of random variations in the data and reinfores the reliability of our results, To further evaluate the performance of our classification model, we present ROC curves (ig. 12) for each of the individual topological features—persistent entropy, Betti area, persistent amplitude, and Hodge spectral entropy. ‘These curves visually represent the tradeoff between the true positive rate and the false positive rate at different clasifiction thresholds. ‘The exceptional AUC seore of 0.99 indicates thatthe clasiier’s abi: lay to distinguish between the postive and negative classes is nearly Perfect when al che topological features are utilized. Following closely bbehind, the Hodge Specral Entropy feature achieves an AUC score of 0.89 suggesting that Hodge Spectral Entropy alone provides a strong discriminatory power in distinguishing between the classes, albeit not a8 robust as when all features are combined 4. Conclusion Topological Data Analysis (TDA) is a useful tool for modelling higher dimensional relationships in point cloud, which is otherwise Lmpossibte in traditional graph-based models. tn recent years, the TDA ‘methods have gained poptlarity asa complementary tol for traditional ‘machine learning: based feature extraction, Persistent homology is one ofthe primary TDA techniques beeause ofits robustness against noise ‘A multiscale homology approach through varying filtration parameters 's powerful in eapuring global topological properties. Although persis- ‘ent homology Tas been used in the context of EEG in a handful of recent works, its application for KEG meditative states has not yet been explored much In this exploratory study, we attempt to characterize two kinds of maditative states: attobiographical self efection and Kirtan ‘bared meditation, We explore several topological Features such as Betti areas, peak location of Betti curves, persistent entropy, persistent amplitude and Hodge spectral entropy for these two meditative sates and contrast Against the KEG signal for the control group. We observe significant information geometric differences among the EEG time series dats We find that the EEG state forthe kirtan based meditation has lesser higher-order persistent entropy and Hodge spectral entropy and higher Betti area. This implies a rich global topology of the attractor formed through Takens's embedding ofthe EKG time series. Hodge spectral en tropy isthe most distinguishing feature ofall topological features across ‘groups. Also, the ingroup correlation of Hodge spectral entropy with persistent homology features is remarkably different between the ‘TP and AF channels. These topological features ean be used to classify the meditative states with 95% accuracy using the Support Vector Ma- cine based machine learning method. The proposed pipeline although designed for classifying different meditative sates, exhibits versatility ‘beyond its initial application It can be extended to differentiate various cognitive states in individuals. Furthermore, its capability wo achieve clfective classification sing simple and standard chisifiers instead ‘of relying on complex and less intezpretable deep learning models facilitates the development of easily interpretable EEG features for distinguishing cognitive states. This adaptability and interpretability make it a valuable tool for a wide range of cognitive state classif cation tasks. Although TDA offers valuable Insights into the overall data structure, it comes with the following constraints: It can demand significant computational resources, especially with high-dimensional for extensive datasets, Additionally, the selection of a fileration method and the application of thresholds can introduce subjectivity, potentially yielding divergent outcomes based on parameter choices, However, researchers are actively working on methods to tackle these issues, tendering TDA a continually advancing domain within data science and analys In our future work, we plan to incorporate various multivariate signal decomposition techniques [58,59] and time-frequency analy sis methods [60] into our EEG signal analysis alongside the ex TDA pipeline. This combined approach may likely enhance our a to extract more comprehensive and informative features and signal representations for improved analysis. (CRediT authorship contribution statement Kurusetti Vinay Gupta: Conceptualization, Data collection, Analy sis and paper writing. Jyotiranjan Beuria: Conceptualization, Data co, lection, Analysis and paper writing. Laxmidhar Behera: Supervision, Review and editing. Declaration of competing interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing finan cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported inthis paper. Data availability Data wil be made available on request. Acknowledgements ‘We thank Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Applica tons Centre (IKSMHA), IIT Mandi, for their support. This work is partly supported by the IKS Research Projects Scheme (IITM/AICIE- ‘Mok /18/373), IMBC-ITT Delhi Project (IITM/IHEC-IT Delhi/LB/370) and KS Center scheme (2:28/1KS Center-2/2022-23/54) by Indian Knowledge Systems Division, Ministry of Edveation, Gov. of India. We also thank ISS Delhi for thelr support in data collection. Appendix. Summary of mathematical symbols used ‘See Tuble A.8,Yap eat able As ‘Spica conpler Fae ofa Simpl cope ‘ere af inp open I mstey of meee Pot cod whee ech plat 2 meses Ending dimension Time dey rae parameter as) Vitor ps complex Dance Dewees ‘Group of caso he simpli complex 9 Bourdoy open of simplex Siteoup of epee Subgroup of #-teendaes {th Homology sour Nomber a eden les ‘nk ode Hage Spectral etry ‘ah order Hodge tpaclan rh dar Pease spade References i a Ea 4 ca v1 1 on ual us) D. Gra, DA Peenon, CH. 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