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To Study The Earths Magnetic Field Using A Tangent Galvanometer
To Study The Earths Magnetic Field Using A Tangent Galvanometer
To Study The Earths Magnetic Field Using A Tangent Galvanometer
SESSION : 2019 – 20
PROJECT: T o s t u d y t h e e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i c f i e l d
using a compass needle -bar magnet by
plotting magnetic field lines and tangent
galvanometer.
Roll No:
2
Principal
3
2 Introduction 6-10
3 Applications 10
5 Theory 13-14
6 Procedure 14-16
9 Precautions 18
10 Facts 19
11 Bibliography 20
5
AIM
The aim of the project is to study the Earth’s magnetic field and find its
value (BH) using a tangent galvanometer.
Tangent galvanometer
INTRODUCTION
m ag n i t d e a t th e E a rt h 's s u r fa c e r an g
0.6 5 g a u s s) .R o u g hl y s p ea k i n g i t is th e
s f r o m 25 to 6 5 m r o t e s as (0 .2 5 t o
fi e l d of a m a g ne tic d i p o le cu rr en tl y
tilted at an angle of about 10 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational
axis, as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the
Earth. Unlike a bar magnet, however, Earth's magnetic field changes over
time because it is generated by a geodynamic (in Earth's case, the motion
of molten iron alloys in its outer core).
The North and South magnetic poles wander widely, but sufficiently
slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However,
Earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose
charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that
protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. One stripping
mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are
ripped off by solar winds.
The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally
reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also
referred to as a gamma (γ).The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field, B.
7
Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely
approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of
the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 10° with respect to the rotational
axis of the Earth. The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar
magnet, with its South Pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North
Pole. The north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if allowed to
rotate
freely, it points roughly northward (in the geographic sense). Since the
north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and
repels the north poles, it must be attracted to the South Pole.
8
TANGENT GALVANOMETER
Principle
The tangent galvanometer works on the principle of tangent law.
• The tangent law of magnetism states that the tangent of the angle of
a compass needle which is due to the movement under the influence
of magnetic field is directly proportional to the ratio of strengths of
two perpendicular magnetic fields.
9
Definition
•
Tangent galvanometer
small amounts of electricis current.
the device which was used to measure
Construction
Working
• Hence the compass needle responds to the vector sum of the two
fields.
APPLICATIONS
Plug Key
12
Bo8tery%imin@or
Rheostot
13
THEORY
Eq 1: F = H tan 8
i!sieed1r
0 2aIN
4a R
magnetic field and the magnetic needle comes to rest at angle θ with the
direction of H, then according Eq. (1),
= 10−7 2πIN
Eq 3 : = 2π×10−7IN
Eq 4: = 0 2
4 RH
PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is the
key, E the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and
T.G the tangent galvanometer. The commutator can reverse the current
through the T.G coil without changing the current in the rest of the circuit.
Taking the average of the resulting two readings for deflection averages
out, any small error in positioning the T.G coil relative to the earth’s
magnetic field H.
15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in
compass box of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the leveling
screw.
3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis, till
the magnetic needle, its image in the plane mirror fixed at the base of
the compass box and the coil, i.e.all
5. In this setting, the ends of the aluminium pointer should read zero-
zero. If this is not so, rotate the box without disturbing the position of the
coil till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero marks.
6. By closing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer. Read the
both ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction of current by using
the reversing key. When the mean values of both deflections shown by
the pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and after reversing the current)
differ by more than 1o, then turn slightly the vertical coil until the two
values agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic
meridian.
11. Measure the inner and the outer diameter of the coil with a half
metre scale at least three times.
GRAPH
18
m = tan8
I
ows0$stJ$ute the m in Eq. (4),
4n RH
Then, H = = 7.6867 x 10 T
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
FACTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ Tangent Galvanometer (Procedure):Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I :Laxmi Publications Pvt
Ltd.
➢ Tangent Galvanometer (Theory) : Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
➢ Tangent Galvanometer (Precautions and Sources of error):
Comprehensive
Physics Activities Volume I : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
➢ Galvanometer:
http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Electrical_Measurements/
Tangent_Galvanometer/Tangent_Galvanometer.html
➢ Galvanometer: Wikipedia, the free
encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanometer