2000 29 Bearbetning Av Deflektionsmatdata Erhallna Vid Provbelastning Av Vag Med FWD Apparat

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Datum Beteckning
Enheten för statlig väghållning 2000-05-19 BY20A 99:3235
Lars Jacobsson, 0243-751 21 Ert datum Er beteckning

Sändlista

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Härmed översänds rubricerat dokument.

Sedan 1998 har Vägverket en metodbeskrivning för mätning av deflektioner vid


provbelastning av vägkonstruktioner med fallviktsapparat, VVMB 112.

Bifogade beskrivning ska användas när sådana deflektionsmätdata används för att
klassa bärförmåga, vid utformning av belastningsrestriktioner, för att prognosticera
vägbanans tillståndsutveckling, för planering av strukturella åtgärder och vid efter-
kontroll av utförda strukturella åtgärder. Analyserna är i första hand avsedd för vägar
med bitumenbundna lager och liknar till stora delar de som ligger till grund för kapi-
tel 3 ”Konstruktiv utformning av överbyggnad” i VÄG 94. Beskrivningen stödjer
arbete enligt kapitel 3 ”Dimensionering av bärighetshöjande åtgärder” i Vägunderhåll
2000.

Synpunkter och frågor rörande denna publikation riktas till Vägavdelningen i Bor-
länge. Avdelningen tar även tacksamt emot information om eventuella problem som
uppstår, samt förslag till framtida förbättringar.

Med vänlig hälsning

Rolf Johansson

Chef Enheten för statlig väghållning

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