JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 2 (Part II)

JIM 101- CALCULUS
Chapter 2:
Limits and Continuity (Part II)
LEARNING MATERIAL:
LECTURE NOTE
JIM 101 Course Instructor
Dr. Mohd. Asyraf Mansor

asyrafman@usm.my
04-6533935
We lead | Kami Memimpin
www.usm.my
CHAPTER 2: LIMITS  Definition of the Limit
AND CONTINUITY  Limit of Functions
 Evaluating Limits Using the

Limit Laws
JI M101  Infinite Limits
 Continuity
 Intermediate Value Theorem

Learning Objectives:
 Calculate the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the

graph of a function.
 Determine continuity at a point and continuity on an

open interval.
 Determine one-sided limits and continuity on a closed

interval.
 Use properties of continuity.
 Understand and use the Intermediate Value Theorem.
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Infinite Limits
Infinite Limits
Infinite Limits
Example 1
Determine the vertical and horizontal asymptotes for the following function.
x+3
f ( x) =
Solution x2 − 4
For the vertical asymptotes:
x2 − 4 =0
( x + 2)( x − 2) =
0
x+2= 0 x−2=0
x = −2 x=2
Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2.
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Infinite Limits
Example 1
x+3
f ( x) =
Solution x2 − 4
For the horizontal asymptotes: x 3

+
x+3 x 2
x 2
lim = lim 2
x →−∞ x 2 − 4 x →−∞ x 4
−
x2 x2
1 3
+ 2
= lim x x
x →−∞ 4
1− 2
x
1 3
+
= =
( −∞ ) (−∞) 2 0
4 1
1−
( −∞ )
2
=0
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Infinite Limits
Example 1
x+3
f ( x) =
x2 − 4
Solution
x 3
+
x+3 x 2
x 2
lim 2 = lim 2
x →∞ x − 4 x →∞ x 4
−
x2 x2
1 3
+ 2
= lim x x
x →∞ 4
1− 2
x
1 3
+
=
( ∞ ) (∞ ) 2 0
= = 0
4 1
1−
(∞)
2
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

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Infinite Limits
Example 2
2x +1
f ( x) =
x2 − 9
Solution
x2 − 9 =0
x2 − 9 =0
( x + 3)( x − 3) =
0
x+3= 0 x −3 =0
x = −3 x=3
Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3.
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Infinite Limits
Example 2
2x +1
f ( x) =
x2 − 9
Solution
For the horizontal asymptotes:
2x 1
+
2x +1 x x
lim = lim
x →∞
x 2 − 9 x→∞ x 2 − 9
1 1
2+ 2+
= lim = x lim x
x →∞
x2 9 x →∞ 9
− 2 1 −
x 2
x x2
1
2+
∞ 2+0
= = = 2
9 1− 0
1− 2
∞
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Infinite Limits
Example 2
2x +1
f ( x) =
x2 − 9
Solution
2x 1
+
2x +1
lim = lim x x
x →−∞
− x 2 − 9 x →−∞ − x 2 − 9
1 1
2+ 2+
= lim = x lim x
x →−∞
x2 9 x →−∞
x2 9
− 2− 2 − 2− 2
x x x x
1
2+
=
( −∞ )
=
2+0
= −2
9 − 1− 0
− 1−
(∞ ) 2
Therefore, the horizontal asymptotes are 𝑦𝑦 = 2 and y = −2.
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Infinite Limits
Example 3
x2
f ( x) = 2
Solution x +4
x2 + 4 = 0
x 2 = −4
Therefore, there is no vertical asymptote.
For the horizontal asymptotes: x2

x2 x2
lim 2 = lim 2
x →∞ x + 4 x →∞ x 4
+
x2 x2
1 1 1
= lim= =
x →∞ 4 4 1+ 0
1+ 2 1+
(∞)
2
x
=1
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Infinite Limits
Example 3
x2
f ( x) = 2
Solution x +4
For the horizontal asymptotes:

x2
x2 x2
lim = lim 2
x →−∞ x 2 + 4 x →−∞ x 4
+
x2 x2
1 1
= lim
=
x →−∞ 4 4
1+ 2 1+
x (−∞) 2
1
= = 1
1+ 0
Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 1.
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Continuity
The limit of a function as x approaches a can often be found

simply by calculating the value of the function at a.
Functions with this property are called continuous at a.
We will see that the mathematical definition of continuity
corresponds closely with the meaning of the word
continuity in everyday language. (A continuous process is
one that takes place gradually, without interruption or
abrupt change.)
Continuity
• Notice that Definition 1 implicitly requires three things

if f is continuous at a:
1. f(a) is defined (that is, a is in the domain of f)
2. exists
3.
• The definition says that f is continuous at a if f(x)

approaches f(a) as x approaches a. Thus, a continuous
function f has the property that a small change in x
produces only a small change in f(x).
Continuity
• In fact, the change in f(x) can be kept as small as we

please by keeping the change in x sufficiently small.
• If f is defined near a (in other words, f is defined on an

open interval containing a, except perhaps at a), we say
that f is discontinuous at a (or f has a discontinuity at
a) if f is not continuous at a.
• Physical phenomena are usually continuous. For

instance, the displacement or velocity of a vehicle
varies continuously with time, as does a person’s
height. But discontinuities do occur in such situations
as electric currents.
Continuity
• Geometrically, you can think of a function that is

continuous at every number in an interval as a
function whose graph has no break in it: the graph
can be drawn without removing your pen from the
paper.
Continuity
Continuity
Most of the techniques of calculus require that functions

be continuous. A function is continuous if you can draw it
in one motion without picking up your pencil.
A function is continuous at a point if the limit is the same

as the value of the function.
This function has discontinuities

2 at x=1 and x=2.
1
It is continuous at x=0 and x=4,
1 2 3 4 because the one-sided limits
match the value of the function
→
Continuity
• Instead of always using Definitions 1, 2, and 3 to

verify the continuity of a function, it is often
convenient to use the next theorem, which shows
how to build up complicated continuous functions
from simple ones.
Continuity
• It follows from Theorem 4 and Definition 3 that if f

and g are continuous on an interval, then so are the
functions
f + g, f – g, cf, fg, and (if g is never 0) f/g.
• The following theorem was stated as the Direct

Substitution Property.
Continuity
Example 4
From the graph, determine
whether 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 1. (b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2. (c) 𝑥𝑥 = 3.
Solution (a)
From the Figure,
Step 1:
𝑓𝑓 1 is not defined.
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 1.
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Continuity
Example 4
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 1. (b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2. (c) 𝑥𝑥 = 3.
Solution (b)
From the Figure,
Step 1:
𝑓𝑓 2 = −1
So, 𝑓𝑓 2 is defined.
Step 2:
lim− f ( x) = −1 lim f ( x) = 2
x→ 2 x → 2+
Since, lim f ( x) ≠ lim− f ( x)

x → 2+ x→ 2
Thus, lim f ( x) does not exist.

x→ 2
Step 3: lim f ( x) ≠ f (2)

x→ 2
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Continuity
Example 4
(a) 𝑥𝑥 = 1. (b) 𝑥𝑥 = 2. (c) 𝑥𝑥 = 3.
Solution (c)
From the Figure,
Step 1: 𝑓𝑓 3 = 1
So, 𝑓𝑓 3 is defined.
Step 2:
lim f ( x) = 1 lim f ( x) = 1
x → 3− x → 3+
Since, lim f ( x) = lim− f ( x)

x → 3+ x→3
Thus, lim f ( x) = 1
x→3
Step 3: lim f ( x) = f (3)

x→3
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

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Continuity
Example 5
Determine whether the following 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −1.
x2 − 4x − 5
f ( x) =
Solution (a) x +1
Step 1: (−1) 2 − 4(−1) − 5 0 So, 𝑓𝑓 −1 is not defined.
=f (−1) =
(−1) + 1 0
Step 2:
x 2 − 4 x − 5 (−1) 2 − 4(−1) − 5 0
lim
= =
x → −1− x +1 (−1) + 1 0
2
x − 4x − 5 ( x + 1)( x − 5)
lim − = lim − = lim − x − 5
x → −1 x +1 x → −1 x +1 x → −1
( 1) − 5 =−6
=−
x 2 − 4 x − 5 (−1) 2 − 4(−1) − 5 0
lim
= =
x → −1+
2
x +1 (−1) + 1 0
x − 4x − 5 ( x + 1)( x − 5)
lim + = lim + = lim + x − 5
x → −1 x +1 x → −1 x +1 x → −1
( 1) − 5 =−6
=−
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Continuity
Example 5
Determine whether the following 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −1.
x2 − 4x − 5
f ( x) =
Solution (a) x +1
Step 2: (cont..)
Since lim − f ( x) = lim + f ( x),so lim f ( x) exists
x → −1 x → −1 x → −1
Step 3:
lim f ( x) ≠ f (−1)
x → −1
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −1.
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Continuity
Example 6
Determine the values of 𝑥𝑥 so that the following 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous.
9 − x2
f ( x) =
3− x
Solution (a)
9 − x2
f ( x) =
3− x
9 − x2 ≥ 0 3− x ≠ 0
9 − x2 ≥ 0 3≠ x
Therefore, (3 − x)(3 + x) ≥ 0 x≠3
(3 − x) ≥ 0 (3 + x) ≥ 0
3≥ x x ≥ −3
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and x ≠ 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at −3 ≤ x < 3
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at x < −3 or x ≥ 3
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Continuity
Example 7  x2 , x<2

The function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is given by: f ( x) =  x + 3 , 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
7 , x>4

(a) Find the domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
(b) Evaluate lim f ( x), and lim f ( x).
x→ 3 x → −∞
(c) Determine whether 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 2.
Solution (a)
(a) The domain of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (−∞, ∞)
Solution (b)
(b) Evaluate: lim f ( x),
x→ 3
lim=
f ( x) lim ( x + 3) lim =
f ( x) lim ( x + 3)
x → 3− x → 3− x → 3+ x → 3+
= (3 + 3) = 6 = (3 + 3) = 6
Therefore, lim f ( x) = 6
x→ 3
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Continuity

7 , x>4

x→ 3 x → −∞
Solution (b)
Given that,
lim − f ( x) = lim − x 2 lim + f ( x) = lim + x 2
x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞ x → −∞
= (−∞) 2 = ∞ = (−∞) 2 = ∞
Therefore, lim f ( x) = ∞
x → −∞
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Continuity

7 , x>4

x→ 3 x → −∞
Solution (c)
Step 1: 𝑓𝑓 2 = 2 + 3
=5 So, 𝑓𝑓 2 is defined.
Step 2:
lim− f ( x) = lim− x 2
x→ 2 x→ 2
2
= (2)
= 4
lim =
f ( x) lim ( x + 3)
x → 2+ x → 2+
= (2 + 3) = 5
Since,lim− f ( x) ≠ lim+ f ( x) so, lim f ( x) does not exist

x→ 2 x→ 2 x→ 2
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Continuity

7 , x>4

x→ 3 x → −∞
Solution (c)
Step 3:
lim f ( x) ≠ f (2)
x→ 2
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Continuity
Example 8
The function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is given by:
 x
 2 +1 , x < 0 (a) Determine whether 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

=f ( x)  x2 , 0 ≤ x < 2
−2 x + c , x ≥ 2 (b) Calculate the value of 𝑐𝑐 such that 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

Solution (a)
Step 1: 𝑓𝑓 0 = (0)2
=0 So, 𝑓𝑓 0 is defined
Step 2: x
lim−=
f ( x) lim− + 1
x→ 0 x→ 0 2
0
= +1 = 1
2
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x 2
x→ 0 x→ 0
2
= (0) = 0
Since, lim− f ( x) ≠ lim+ f ( x) so, lim f ( x) does not exists.
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0
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Continuity
Example 8
 x

=f ( x)  x2 , 0 ≤ x < 2

Solution (a)
Step 3:
lim f ( x) ≠ f (0)
x→ 0
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Continuity
Example 8
 x

=f ( x)  x2 , 0 ≤ x < 2

Solution (b)
So,
f (2) =−2(2) + c
lim f ( x) = f (2)
=−4 + c x→ 2
4 =−4 + c
Since the 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous, lim f ( x) exists.
2
x→ 2 4+4 =c
lim− f ( x) = lim− x
x→ 2 x→ 2 8=c
2
= (2)
= 4
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 2
Thus, lim f ( x) = 4 when 𝑐𝑐 = 8.
x→ 2
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Continuity
Example 9  x2 − 9
 ,if x ≠ −3
f ( x) =  x + 3
 2x ,if x = −3

Determine whether 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −3.
Solution (a)
Step 1: 𝑓𝑓 −3 = 2(−3)
= −6 So, 𝑓𝑓 −3 is defined
Step 2: x2 − 9 0
=lim − f ( x) = lim −
x → −3 x → −3 x+3 0
( x + 3)( x − 3)
= lim − = lim ( x − 3)
x → −3 x+3 x → −3−
( 3 − 3) =−6
=−
x2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
=lim f ( x) =lim lim
x → −3+ x → −3+ x + 3 x → −3+ x+3
= lim + ( x − 3)
x → −3
( 3 − 3) =−6
=−
Since lim − f ( x) = lim + f ( x),so lim f ( x) exists
x → −3 x → −3 x → −3
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Continuity
Example 9  x2 − 9
 ,if x ≠ −3
f ( x) =  x + 3
 2x ,if x = −3

Determine whether 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −3.
Solution (a)
Step 3:
lim f ( x=
) f (−3)
x → −3
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −3.
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Continuity
Example 10
Compute the values of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 that make 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) continuous everywhere.
 Ax + B , x ≤ −2

f ( x) =  − x 2 + Ax − B , − 2 < x < 2
 4 , x≥2

Solution
f (−2) =A(−2) + B = −2 A + B Eq (1)
x→ −2
lim + f ( x=
) lim + − x 2 + Ax − B
x→ −2 x→ −2
=− (−2) 2 + A(−2) − B =−4 − 2 A − B Eq (2)
Compare Eq (1) and (2):

−2 A + B =−4 − 2 A − B
B+B = −4
2 B = −4
−4
B= = −2
2
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Continuity
Example 10
Compute the values of 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 that make 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) continuous everywhere.
 Ax + B , x ≤ −2

f ( x) =  − x 2 + Ax − B , − 2 < x < 2
 4 , x≥2

Solution
f (2) = 4 Eq (3)
x→ 2
lim− f ( x=
) lim− − x 2 + Ax − B
x→ 2 x→ 2
=− (2) 2 + A(2) − B =−4 + 2 A − B Eq (4)
Compare Eq (3) and Eq (4) and substitute 𝐵𝐵 = −2

−4 + 2 A − B =4
−4 + 2 A − (−2) =4
2A = 4 + 4 − 2
6
A= = 3
2 www.usm.my
Intermediate Value Theorem
• A function is said to have the Intermediate Value Property if

whenever it takes on two values, it also takes on all the values
in between.
• The Intermediate Value Theorem states that a continuous

function takes on every intermediate value between the
function values f(a) and f(b). It is illustrated by Figure 3.
The Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous Functions
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [ a, b ] ,

and if y0 is any value between f ( a ) and f ( b ) , then y0 = f ( c )
for some c in [ a, b ].
Figure 3
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 40
In geometric terms it says that if any horizontal line y = N is given

between y = f (a) and y = f (b) as in Figure 4, then the graph of f
can’t jump over the line. It must intersect y = N somewhere.
Figure 4
Example 11
Show that there is a root of the equation in the given interval by using the
Intermediate Value Theorem.
4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x − 2 =0, (1, 2)
Solution
Let f ( x) = 4 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x − 2
𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = 2, 𝑁𝑁 = 0
f (1) = 4(1)3 − 6(1) 2 + 3(1) − 2

=−1 < 0
Change of sign confirms
f (2) = 4(2)3 − 6(2) 2 + 3(2) − 2 there is a zero between 1
and 2.
= 12 > 0
Thus, f (1) < 0 < f (2)
Note that 𝑁𝑁 = 0 is a value between 𝑓𝑓(1) and 𝑓𝑓(2). Hence, it is continuous as well.
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JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 2 (Part II)

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JIM 101- CALCULUS

Dr. Mohd. Asyraf Mansor

We lead | Kami Memimpin

AND CONTINUITY  Limit of Functions

 Evaluating Limits Using the

JI M101  Infinite Limits

 Intermediate Value Theorem

 Calculate the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the

 Determine continuity at a point and continuity on an

 Determine one-sided limits and continuity on a closed

 Use properties of continuity.

 Understand and use the Intermediate Value Theorem.

For the vertical asymptotes:

Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

For the horizontal asymptotes: x 3

Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Therefore, the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

Therefore, the horizontal asymptotes are 𝑦𝑦 = 2 and y = −2.

For the horizontal asymptotes: x2

For the horizontal asymptotes:

Therefore, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = 1.

The limit of a function as x approaches a can often be found

• Notice that Definition 1 implicitly requires three things

1. f(a) is defined (that is, a is in the domain of f)

• The definition says that f is continuous at a if f(x)

• In fact, the change in f(x) can be kept as small as we

• If f is defined near a (in other words, f is defined on an

• Physical phenomena are usually continuous. For

• Geometrically, you can think of a function that is

Most of the techniques of calculus require that functions

A function is continuous at a point if the limit is the same

This function has discontinuities

• Instead of always using Definitions 1, 2, and 3 to

• It follows from Theorem 4 and Definition 3 that if f

• The following theorem was stated as the Direct

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 1.

Since, lim f ( x) ≠ lim− f ( x)

Thus, lim f ( x) does not exist.

Step 3: lim f ( x) ≠ f (2)

Since, lim f ( x) = lim− f ( x)

Step 3: lim f ( x) = f (3)

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −1.

Since,lim− f ( x) ≠ lim+ f ( x) so, lim f ( x) does not exist

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

Therefore, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥𝑥 = −3.

Compare Eq (1) and (2):

=− (2) 2 + A(2) − B =−4 + 2 A − B Eq (4)

Compare Eq (3) and Eq (4) and substitute 𝐵𝐵 = −2

• A function is said to have the Intermediate Value Property if

• The Intermediate Value Theorem states that a continuous

The Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous Functions

If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [ a, b ] ,

In geometric terms it says that if any horizontal line y = N is given

f (1) = 4(1)3 − 6(1) 2 + 3(1) − 2

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