Lukman Test 3 (2022)

ETHICS TEST-III MODEL ANSWER
Q1a). The Ethics in private and public relations are not completely discernible from
each other. Comment.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly explain what constitutes Ethics in private and public relations.
• Mention briefly the difference between two.
• Explain how they are inter-linked i.e. how person’s personal values will have impact on his/her
professional values and vice-versa.
• Give examples.
• Way forward: A person should not follow dual standards of behaviour, otherwise he/she will be
called of weak character.
All those relations which have least impact on life of other people in society can be called
as private relations. Ethics in private relation is about what ethics is followed in private relation.
In general, any private relation will be guided by tradition, customs, societal norms, value,
ethics, rules & laws of the state as individual cannot live in vacuum. They necessarily will have to live
in society. This is how Aristotle stated as, “Man is a social Animal.”
All those relations between people which have impact on public in general comes under
public relation.
Ethics in Private relations Ethics in Public relations
• Guided by personal value system built • Guided by professional code of ethics and
through socialisation. organisational values. E.g. civil service
• Values- love, compassion, honesty values, conduct rules.
• Values- integrity, accountability, trust,
impartiality
Ethics in private relations and ethics in public relations are not completely discernible from each
other:
Ethics in Ethics in
Private Public
relations relations
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• Civil servants may have already established value system through socialization (private life).
This affects their public life also.
Example-1: If civil servant is very disciplined and punctual. However, when he observes
indiscipline in the office, he may also adopt such behaviour.
Example-2: If a person is hardworking then he positively influences the work culture in his
office.
• There are some common values that guide conduct of a person in both private and public
relations.
Example-3: Integrity of the person expected across the situations both in private and public
life.
• Any person who is at responsible position in society. He/ She is expected to behave
responsibly & in disciplined manner, honesty & integrity and should not misuse position.
Therefore, all responsible positions require people with good character e.g. religious guru,
leader, administrators, businessmen and minister.
Counterview:
• To ensure ethics in public life, the professional code of ethics and code of conduct have some
punishment for its violation. This act as deterrence on people.
• Example-4: Civil servants are supposed to follow values mentioned in the conduct rules,
otherwise there can be disciplinary actions. But same is not true for private life. There, only
moral obligation and moral conscience act as check.
• Some aspects of private life can be separated from public life. It is expected that people
respect the private life of others.
Way forward:
• People should be consistent in their behaviour across different situations otherwise they
can be termed as erratic in behaviour. Society will also not accept inconsistent behaviour.
• A person should not follow dual standards of behaviour, otherwise he/she will be called of
weak character and no one will trust that person in future. E.g. If a person is an activist for
gender justice but he himself found involved in misbehavior with women at work place, he
will be known as person of weak character. Adherence to value requires discipline in life e.g.
Tarun Tejpal, A.K. Ganguly, Godmen etc.
Q1b). Discuss the barriers in inculcating human values in the present scenario. How
socialisation can help in overcoming such barriers?
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define human values and mention some examples of human values.
• Discuss the barriers in inculcating human values in the present scenario.
• Briefly mention what is socialization process.
• Explain how how socialisation can help in overcoming barriers.
• Conclusion: “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I
strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the
father, the mother and the teacher.” – Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
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Human values are defined as values which are related with essence of human element or
human being as human. i.e. when a person has interface with other fellow beings there should be
reflection of human elements such as feelings, emotions, dignity, respect etc.
As a human, people have feelings, emotions, love etc. & therefore there should be mutual
respect i.e. one human should respect other human’s emotions & feelings. Human is born with
emotions & feelings but not with human values, although human has capability to learn human
values which is difference between human & animal.
Barriers in inculcating human values in the present scenario:
• Stereotyping attitude and prejudices in the society: they obstruct the inculcation of human
values such as respect for other human beings. E.g prejudices towards women in Indian
society. Stereotyping view about certain caste and religions.
• Superiority or egotist attitude held by certain sections of society do not want other people to
grow in their life and have socio-economic upward mobility.
• Conflictual and rivalries in society among sections and communities on the basis of certain
issues such as caste, religion, region, gender etc.
• Faulty socialization: Parents, society are not promoting human values. Rather they are
promoting materialistic goals, behaviour which is largely self-centred.
• Schools are important places to learn and practice human values but present-day focus of
education is on scoring maximum marks instead of inculcating and promoting values through
education.
• Social evils present in the society such as domestic violence, caste discrimination, communal
violence.
• Lack of role models, good leaders to promote human values.
• Growing isolation and loss of human touch: human emotions are generated when there is
interface with each other. There is growing individualism nowadays especially in the digital
age of social media.
Socialization is a process of learning human behaviour from social institutions both
formally & informally. There are three important persons which influence socialization - parents.
teachers & leaders.
Socialisation can help in overcoming such barriers in following manner:
Role of family:
• Family is first informal institution to which a child is introduced. Child is considered like clay.
It gets molded as accordance with environment in which child is born & brought up. Since
child is first introduced to family & it is also tender age of child, it is considered as very suitable
time for molding child as per values of family especially parents.
• In general, all families try to inculcate their values with their best efforts. That’s why parents,
relatives, peers change their behaviour when they have interface with child. E.g. parents do
not want to use foul languages or fight before child (reciprocal behavior stage of moral
development as given by Lawrence Kohlberg).
Role school:
• School is second such institution where child spend most of the time after family/parents.
Therefore, role of school becomes important.
• Teacher, through method of reward and punishments, try to inculcate human values in
children. Good behavior is rewarded while bad behavior is punished.
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• Children learn human values of helping needy person, love and care for others, truth etc.
Conclusion:
“If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there
are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the
teacher.” – Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
Children are citizens of tomorrow. Role of family and school becomes very important to make them
responsible citizens as well as to make world a humane one.
Q2a). The nature of civil service demands that civil servants should have different
types of aptitude than any other services. Comment.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define aptitude and mention about nature of civil services.
• Explain why civil servants require different types of aptitude than other services.
• Write types of aptitude required by civil services.
• Conclusion: Write about Holistic competence.
Aptitude deals with ability, capability of a person, which is inborn, innate based on nature not
nurture. It is related to future potential of a
person. Difference in concept of aptitude and attitude:
Having potential is a pre-condition for ➢ Human personality is a product of nature

achieving anything, deciding for a career. E.g. If (inborn) & nurture (based on environment).
a student is weak in Mathematics he can't be fit ➢ Nature- innate, genetic- Aptitude
for engineering.
➢ Nurture- acquired, learned- Attitude
In similar manner, to be a good civil
servant one needs to have certain aptitude, which is different from any other services. Civil servants
work for 24/7 hours, face challenges, pressure stress during their work life. They have continuous
human interface with common people. It demands wide range of knowledge, experience and public
service motive. Therefore, they require certain emotional, social and ethical competence along with
professional competence.
Example: During pandemic times, government doctors as public servants have faced lot of challenges
giving treatment to patients. However, as administrators, civil servants had faced variety of challenges
which require different kind of aptitude/competence.
Aptitude for CS = Professional+ Social+ Ethical+ Emotional Competence
Main characteristics of this aptitude are as follow:
Professional competence Social Ethical competence Emotional
(Skills) competence competence
• It's about competence • It is ability to • It's about: • When a person
of civil servants understand is able to
related to profession. social-cultural regulate one's
practices of own emotions
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• It consists of: society, 1. Understanding as well as

respect them intricacies of other’s for a
1. Efficiency: Their
& exhibit ethics. socially
decisions should lead
socially desirable
to efficient use of 2. Fine level of
desirable behaviour,
resources. understanding of
behaviour. he/she is
human
2. Responsiveness: They considered
• It is very behaviour.
should be responsive emotionally
important as 3. Ability to
to the needs of the competent.
they have withstand ethical
people.
interface with standards. • It is important
3. Commitment: They different to face
should be committed stakeholders • It is important emergency
to their duty and civil of society in because they situations,
services values. day-to-day life take decisions, emotionally
with different which has sensitive
4. Objectivity: They
socio-cultural substantial situations
should take decisions
practices. influence on life effectively.
on the basis of merit,
of common
facts rather than any
people. • It improves
personal bias. overall
5. Leadership: They • Therefore, their productivity
should be able to lead decisions should and efficiency
their team/workforce. be based on of
ethical administration.
standards.
Conclusion: Potential for civil servants are not only related with knowledge & skill but also values &
ethics that they should have ability to with stand values in difficult time. i.e. civil servant can be
considered competent if his aptitude consists of Holistic competence.
Q2b). Explain the meaning of empathy, tolerance and compassion with examples.
How they are relevant in present day society for civil servants?
APPROACH
• Introduction: Write briefly about human values.
• Explain the meaning of empathy, tolerance and compassion with examples.
• Explain how their relevance in present day society for civil servants.
• Conclusion: These human values need to be emphasized and promoted through socialization
process so that they become part of civil servants’ moral character.
Human values are those values which are essential for people to behave as human. Since
person is born as human different from other animals. E.g. If one human observers any other
suffering human, there is a feeling of sympathy, compassion. Such feeling automatically comes & that
time human become oblivion to caste, religion, background, status etc.
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Values Meaning Relevance for civil servants

1. Empathy • It is a value & psychological • Civil servants cannot have impartiality,
concept that deals with compassion, objectivity without feeling
thinking & feeling from of empathy.
others perspective, how they • Empathy also deals with Emotional
think & feel. Intelligence which is essential for
• Empathy is considered quality of civil servants for decision
essential for wider making.
perspective, feeling the
emotions of others,
considerate attitude and
rational thinking.
• Example: civil servants are
supposed to feel the
problems faced by weaker
sections of society.
2. Tolerance • Tolerance is the ability or • Since civil servants have to serve to
willingness to tolerate the people of different class, culture,
existence of opinions or region, religion etc., they should have
behaviour that one dislikes tolerant attitude, sense of forgiveness
or disagrees with. to establish peace & harmony in
• It is a fair and objective society.
attitude towards others • At the same time, civil servants should
whose beliefs and lifestyles not be tolerant towards corruption,
are different than yours. poor work culture in administration.
• Example: Civil servants
should maintain tolerance
towards peaceful protests by
the people for their cause.
3. Compassion • Compassion is • Today, governance seeks to achieve
understanding the feeling social justice for which govt. requires
and pain of other person and citizen-friendly administration. Thus,
actively trying to reduce that civil servants require to be socially,
pain and suffering. emotionally and ethically competent.
• It is naturally present in They should show involvement,
human as human value. E.g. association, compassion & citizen
when we see any person friendly behaviour.
injured due to accident, • There is growing rich-poor divide in
immediately we feel sad and society and many people are still under
come forward to help that BPL category. It is the responsibility of
person. administration for their welfare. This
• Example: Operation requires compassion by civil servants
Sulaimany by Prashant Nair towards weaker sections of society to
(IAS) ensure social justice to them.
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Conclusion: Although human values like empathy, tolerance and compassion are inherent to
human, they need to be emphasized and promoted through socialization process so that they
become part of civil servants’ moral character.
Q3a). What do you understand by social influence and persuasion? How do they
help in bringing attitudinal changes in people? Explain.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define social influence and persuasion.
• Explain the meaning of social influence and persuasion in detail.
• Explain how social influence and persuasion help in bringing attitudinal changes in people (Can
use ABOC model of attitude).
• Give examples.
• Conclusion: Attitude of people does not change overnight. It is slow going process.
When any person is influenced by presence of any other person real or imaginary, it's known
as 'Act of social influence'. In general, social influence is about when people are influenced by other
people in society. It can be Parents, Family members, Society groups, Community organization,
Popular personalities, leaders.
Persuasion is a deliberate act of social influence that people are convinced, they're
encouraged, motivated. It is an act of influencing people to achieve some desired result. E.g.
interlocuters, arbitrators, peace committee members etc.
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To change the attitude of people, following three methods are used:

1. Reward and punishment
2. Social observation
3. Social influence and persuasion
Applying the concept of ABC of attitude to bring attitudinal changes in society through social
influence and persuasion:
AFFECT
BEHAVIOUR COGNITION
1. Affect: It is linked with feelings, emotions, likes, dislikes. People have strong reaction towards
some object due to affect component.
Example- People are persuaded to wear helmets,

weak seatbelts by person depicting ‘Yama’
standing on traffic signal. (Feeling of death affects
people to change their attitude).
2. Behaviour: In general, behaviour is reflection of attitude but behaviour also bring changes in
attitude and that is how people improve their behaviour.
Example- If a civil servant is having complacent attitude but works in office with good work
culture, his attitude will change over the time and he will become active. As opposite to this,
if civil servant has positive attitude but comes across the poor work culture in office, he may
also become complacent over the period of time.
3. Cognition: It is about knowledge part of human mind. Rational area of human mind is related
to cognition. People having right knowledge will behave appropriately due to right attitude.
Example- In Swacch Bharat Mission, attitude of people changed towards sanitation through
advertisements, pictorials (giving them knowledge about importance of sanitation).
Conclusion: Attitude of people does not change overnight. It is slow going process. The present
government emphasize on Nudge theory for effective implementation of Schemes like Swacch Bharat
Abhiyaan, BBBP etc. There is also need of social mobilization towards awareness generation and
sustaining the moral fabric of the society by social influence and persuasion.
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Q3b). “The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.” ̄ John Rawls.
Comment.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly write about Theory of justice given by John Rawls.
• Write about two principles given by him to ensure justice.
• Explain the meaning of veil of ignorance and how it helps in achieving justice.
• Conclusion: When people are treated with fairness, there is respect and dignity of people
ensured.
John Rawls’ theory of justice has become among the most important contribution in
contemporary times, which has profound influence not only on policy makers, judges but also on
society for propagating justice and social justice.
John Rawls gave his Theory of Justice in 1960. In his theory, he propounded two principles
namely, equality principle and differential principle. Through these principles he tries to give process
to attain justice in the society.
Equality Principle Differential Principle
• Everyone should enjoy • Social and economic inequalities are to be
minimum basic rights such as arranged in such a way that they are both
equality, liberty and freedom. attached to positions and office open to all
• The liberty of any one member under conditions of fair equality of
shall not infringe upon that of opportunity;
any other member. • Such inequalities are to be for the greatest
• Establishment of political and benefit of least advantaged member of the
civil rights in the society society.
• Principle of equality must be • It governs the distribution of social and
satisfied before the second economic resources.
principle is invoked. • A just state taxes income and wealth from
• Equality principle must be the better off sections of the society and
introduced before differential transfers these resources to the poor
principle is invoked. members of the society. Such a distribution
is aim to sustain proximate equality in
opportunity and resource among the
people.
Purpose of these two principles is promoting justice as fairness in society. Although, in past
virtue ethics also emphasized about justice, courage, temperance and wisdom. But emphasis given
by John Rawls assumed special significance because he emphasizes justice in general conduct of
society i.e. people’s conduct should be fair. People should behave in objective and impartial manner
without discriminating anyone. Thus, he gave idea of Veil of ignorance and reflective equilibrium that
will promote fairness.
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John Rawls explains human nature especially sense of Justice through the process of veil of
ignorance, original point & reflective equilibrium. i.e. people should think rationally to take any
decision which can be considered as just or fair & premise for this decision making will be based on
Veil of Ignorance.
It means people shouldn't bring their background especially caste, religion, reason in their
decision making. i.e. they should not be biased towards themselves rather they should play their
neutral role. E.g. if a jury has five members which is responsible for taking decision on short listing
persons for Bharat Ratna. Jury members shouldn't think about their background i.e. they should
behave without discrimination.
Relevance:
Society have prejudices towards lower caste, women which result into discrimination
against them. In administration, there is nepotism, biasness in actions. Therefore, society remains
unfair. As long as society remains unfair, it will not just a just society i.e. there will be lack of justice
in society. Most of the problems in society are because of unfair treatment or injustice. E.g.
terrorism, naxalism etc.
Not everyone can become Mahatma Gandhi who faced injustice when thrown out of train
in South Africa but he sought to bring changes in society and fought for justice in non-violent
manner. There are examples like Hitler, Osama Bin laden who in the name of injustice justified
violence, murder of innocent people. When there is lack of fairness there will be protest, violence.
Conclusion: When people are treated with fairness, there is respect and dignity of people ensured.
Hence there is peace of mind. This will lead to peace and harmony in the society.
Q3c). “Politics have no relation to morals”-Niccolo Machiavelli. In the context of the

statement, explain what do you mean by moral and political attitudes and how
do they influence politics? No recent examples given.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly write about Niccolo Machiavelli.
• Explain the meaning of given statement.
• Explain the role of moral and political attitudes in politics.
• Conclusion: Morality in politics will change when both people and politicians change their moral
attitude.
Niccolo Machiavelli was moral philosopher who talks about statecraft of how to run the
government. His relevance is that Kautilya is considered as Machiavelli of India.
He emphaises on power which is basis for ensuring stability and order. He considers that it
is the responsibility of the leadr to maintain order in society even at the cost of some people’s life.
Therefore, his morality emphasizes on running the state rather than protecting rights of the people.
It is commonly said by the people that politics is bad, there is no morality in politics. Such
view is formed as we observe the corruption, nexus, criminalization of politics, electoral malpractices
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etc. in politics. But, the statement “Politics have no relation to morals” does not mean there is no
morality in politics.
Moral attitude of people towards politics means values, perception, knowledge, belief of
people towards political objects. i.e. how they react to political objects when they face such as
political leaders elections, govt. policies, programs & objects like Nation states.
Political attitude related to attitude held by politicians in politics. i.e how they behave, take
decisions in carrying out their political duty/work. E.g. whether the politician is honest or corrupt
shows his political morality.
Morality in politics ultimately depends on both moral attitude and political attitude held by people:
• It first the moral attitude came into being and then the government and politics. Aristotle
says, human is a social, political and ethical animal. Therefore, it is inherent to people that
they want to be governed by the government and enjoy certain rights. This is how the concept
of State through social contract came into being.
• If people have weak moral attitude, there may be lack of morality in politics.
Example-1: Political parties trying to mobilise people on the communal and caste basis.
Example-2: Moral attitude which manifests in strong emotions is sometimes used to
promote communal riots genocides.
• If people have strong moral attitude, they can hold the politicians accountable and demand
morality in politics. The evolution from monarchy to dictatorship and to democracy in
recent times is manifestation of moral attitude of people. It shaped the morality in politics
and decided how they wanted to be governed.
Example-3: When people vote in general elections in large numbers, it shows true
representative democracy.
Example-4: When people participate in governance through RTI, CC, Social Audit, they hold
the government accountable.
• Political attitude shapes morality in politics. Indian philosophy emphasizes on Dharma,
Karma. Kautilya emphasizes on responsibility of king. Plato talks about philosopher king i.e.
king should be responsible.
Even though there has been dilution of morality in politics which is visible from many
corruption scams, political defections, but still there are manifestation of different aspects of
morality such as need for effective governance, effective leader, clean politics. There is moral check
by people on politicians. Government knows that their actions will be questioned by the people.
There is emphasis on free and fair elections. People appreciate good politicians, statesmanship across
different parties.
Conclusion: Morality in politics will change when both people and politicians change their moral
attitude. Also, moral attitude of the people should be positively utilized by the political leaders so as
to build a strong social capital.
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Q4a). Emotional intelligence is an important ingredient of responsible and

responsive conduct by a civil servant. Comment.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly define Emotional Intelligence and mention its components.
• Explain the meaning of given statement.
• Explain how Emotional Intelligence can promote responsible and responsive conduct in civil
services.
• Mention how EI among civil servants can be improved.
• Conclusion: The growing complexities of issue in the governance process, newly evolved
problems need civil servants to be responsible and responsive.
Emotional Intelligence is defined as knowing and understanding one’s own emotions and
other’s emotions and regulating one’s emotions to behave in a socially desirable manner. In simple
way, it is about intelligent management of emotions for effective behaviour.
Main components of EI:
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Components of EI Responsible Responsive

Self-awareness and • It improves emotional • No one needs to tell them their
Self-management competence of civil servants duty and they are proactive in
and make them self- delivering their duty.
accountable (responsible). • Government has objective of
• They understand about their effective Governance 'Pro-
duty, responsibility, people, pro-active Govt.’
commitment.
• It improves the behavioural
competence of civil servants
which is very important as they
have continuous interface with
people.
Social Awareness • Empathy towards weaker • When civil servants understand
and social sections helps in taking and feel the problems faced by
management responsibility to ensure social the people, they will pro-actively
justice to them. E.g. Old woman try to solve those problems.
with no document but need of • It also leads to innovation in
ration. governance.
• Responsibly handle the
crowd/group of people with
grievances or protesting.
Understand Self-
Self
EI what is right accountability
managemnt
and wrong (Responsibility)
EI among civil servants can be improved through following methods:

1. Management games.
2. Mentoring.
3. Sensitive training.
4. Yoga, meditation, recreation.
5. Psychological counselling.
Conclusion: The civil servants require more of a behavioural competence to approach towards a
situation. The growing complexities of issue in the governance process, newly evolved problems
need appropriate orientation, knowledge with civil servants to deal with such situations.
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Q4b). When ethical conduct is judged by ‘circumstances’ and ‘consequences’, it

goes against Kant’s philosophy of action which says the action to be based on
its inherent quality rather than the consequence of action. Examine.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly write about determinants of ethics or mention about theories of
deontology and teleology.
• Write how circumstances and consequences are used to determine the ethicality of conduct.
• Explain how it goes against Kant’s philosophy of deontology.
• Briefly mention limitations of deontology too.
• Way forward: In general, combination of all such philosophies is important as purpose,
circumstances, outcome which are determinants of human actions, decides the ethicality of
human actions.
Ethicality of human actions is decided on the basis of determinants of ethics. They are
purpose, nature of object, consequences, circumstances.
Consequences
Circumstance Determinants
Purpose
of ethics
Object
Circumstances:
Sometimes people try to achieve happiness/success (end) through wrong means, which may
impact the happiness of other people. E.g. cheating in the examination may lead to missing the
opportunity of deserving student to get scholarship or job. Such actions become unethical.
Since human has to act in different situations which may be very challenging, dynamic. Situation
may not allow to think & take action. E.g. disaster like situation, emergency situation, issue based
situation. In such situations, human action may not necessarily be based on established standards,
still action can be considered right depending on other factors such as intention, character of person,
exemplary behaviour.
Example-1: During Covid-19 pandemic, government has taken decision of lockdown where rights of
people were taken away such as liberty and freedom, which cannot be taken away even during
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national emergency. But the actions of government are justified due to circumstances created by
health emergency and intention of government is to save life of people.
Consequences (Teleology):
• It is a philosophy which emphasizes on consequences of action and if outcome is right, then
action is considered right.
• It decides, quality of human action on basis of outcome/end result, rather than the action
itself. Teleological thinkers like Jeremy Bentham suggest that ends justify means. According
to him, happiness is the end justifying all means.
• Example-: One can lie to protect life a person. This will not be unethical.
Criticism:
• Even if consequence of action is right but action can be questionable simply because some
wrong actions can't be justified on basis of outcome. E g. corruption.
• Quality of action can be compromised when only ends are kept in mind. It will not serve the
public good at large. E.g. truth will be lost if everyone start speaking lie for their own self-
interest.
Kant’s philosophy (Deontology):

Immanuel Kant, German Philosopher is most important philosopher of Deontology. His
popular work ‘Foundation of Metaphysics’ in which he has propounded his ethical principles based on
rationality. Therefore, Deontology is also known as ‘Rational Approach’.
According to him, inherent quality of human action should be good instead of consequences
or circumstances. One should not do action by keeping certain end in the mind.
Example-1: Charity shouldn't be done with an aim that God will reward with some good things in
return.
Example-2: If a person helps some other person there should not be expectation seeking any return
help in future.
Thus, the action should be end in itself. The action should not work as an means to justify
some ends.
According to his concept of ‘Categorical Imperative’, Conscience imposes absolute moral
command on individuals to act in right fashion. I.e. it gives quite significance on role of conscience in
human conduct.
In any situation, one should act in morally right manner. One should not lie, cheat or indulge
in wrong conduct. E.g. classic example of Germany where in Hitler Regime Jews were being
persecuted in concentration camps. Suppose police comes knocking on the door in search of a Jew
who is hiding in your house. According to Kant, one should not lie.
Advantages:
• It helps to adhere to truth as according to Kant, an act of lie is unethical.
• Emphasis on consistency in behaviour of the person in every situation.
• It does not justify wrong means to achieve right ends. The actions justified on the basis of
quality and not outcome. e.g. corruption or cheating in exam to pass.
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Criticism:
• Kant talks about ethical absolutism but there can be moral relativism as different societies
and individuals have different moral standards they follow in their life.
• Human actions cannot become always end in itself. Some situations require means and ends
relation. E.g. stealing medicine for sick mother (Utilitarian or Teleology).
• Human behaviour is different and unpredictable. It also depends upon socio-economic and
religious norms.
• It rejects the concept of purpose in life. But Aristotle says every human action has purpose,
though it should not be selfish purpose.
Way forward: Although Kant may have criticism from Utilitarian but Gandhian and Geeta philosophy
supports it. His concept has wide applications at individual, societal and organisational level.
In general, combination of all such philosophies are important as purpose, circumstances,
outcome which are determinants of human actions, decides the ethicality of human actions.
At the same time, ethics also has established universal standard/principles such as truth,
honesty, peace. Non-violence, forgiveness etc. They are beyond time and space. In any situation,
they are considered as strong determinants of ethics in human actions.
Q5a). Values work as a guide for both ethics and morality. Explain
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define values, morality and ethics.
• Explain how values guide both morality and ethics.
• Explain how values decide the relation between morality and ethics.
• Give examples.
• Conclusion: Values is much broader term and makes the foundation for both morality and
ethics.
Values are standards of behaviour based on set of preferences which guide human conduct.
Socialisation from parents, religious institutions, friends, personal experiences, and society
contribute to the formation of values in individuals. The individual values are affected by our belief
system, prevailing social systems, and to some extent socio- economic conditions.
Morality is state of quality of mind based on individual values, preference, choices,

understanding which may or may not be universal. Morality can be individual morality or social
morality. Ethics is normative science based on universal standards. Both morality and ethics help in
guiding human conduct.
Morality & ethics are based values. It means values are basis to both moral & ethical
standards, but all values may not be moral & ethical because values can be negative or wrong.
It means morality is more about individual standards & ethics is more about established
standards. In this way, morality has relativism and ethics has universalism.
Values guiding morality: Moral character and moral attitude of a person is built through the value
system built through socialization of person.
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Example-1: If a person takes care of his/her parents means that person has good value of respect and
love for elders.
Values guide ethics: Some values can be moral but not ethical as morality varies from person to
person. But certain values are followed by all human and they are respected and followed all over
the world. E.g. empathy, compassion, truth, trust, integrity, love etc. they become the universal
established standards. They become ethical values only after critical questioning and rational
thinking is applied to them.
Values
Morality
Ethics
On the basis of certain values, the relationship between morality and ethics can be decided as
following:
Relationship Values Examples
1. Ethical & • Selfless • When personal values & professional values of
moral • Integrity match.
• Consistency in both public and private life.
2. Moral but • Selfishness • A person may consider the war moral but it is
not ethical • Self-control unethical.
• A particular cultural • A person or a society may not consider same sex
value. couple marriage as moral.
3. Ethical but • Some new values • Live-in
not moral • Liberty • Gay
• Human rights • Transgender as 3rd gender
Conclusion: Values is much broader term and makes the foundation for both morality and ethics.
Basically, human conduct is evaluated on the basis of certain values. If they are ethical values, the
conduct becomes ethical. If they are moral values, the conduct becomes moral.
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Q5b). Mere being lawful is not enough to develop a harmonious society, the
presence of morality is another mandatory condition that should be followed.
Discuss.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define law.
• Explain how being lawful promotes harmonious society. Give examples.
• Explain why there is need of morality in society despite of being lawful.
• Conclusion: Ethics is desirable but law is enforceable. Even if citizen does not agree with law but
he/she must obey law.
Law is defined as ordinance of reason to achieve common goods. Law is reason based and
fact based. It has objective standards. Law is generally made by state especially legislature.
How being lawful promotes harmonious society?
As laws are enforced, there will be punishment for not following laws. This fear of punishment
act as deterrent for people to follow laws and thus order and harmony is maintained.
Also, when laws are enforced strictly over a period of time, people start adhering laws which
becomes habit. i.e. disciplined behaviour get imbibed in people. That's why there are difference in
behaviour of people such as strict laws as in western countries and weak enforcement of laws in
developing countries.
Example-1: People following traffic rules will ensure that there is harmony and no chaos on the
roads.
Example-2: During COVID-19 pandemic, strict fine was imposed for not wearing mask in public
places. This resulted into habit of wearing mask among people.
Therefore, it can be concluded that law over period of time illicit good conduct & it becomes habit.
However, there is need of morality in society for successful implementation of law:

•Government enacts so many laws but still we find people not following them due to lack of
morality in the society.
Example-2: Despite of anti-corruption laws, the corruption still continues in Indian society.
• If people are moral they will follow laws e.g. some good people will show consistent
behaviour & they will be moral across situations.
• The presence of morality promotes respect for law and this people start respecting rights of
other people. There will not be any violation of law.
Conclusion: According to Thomas Hobbes, Law has moral foundation i.e. the basic rationale behind
law is moral philosophy i.e. common good of people. All Laws enacted by state aim to achieve common
good. These laws have authority of enforcement. Although, ethics is also based on human reasons, it
does not have authority behind it for enforcement. Ethics is desirable but law is enforceable. Even if
citizen does not agree with law but he/she must obey law.
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Q6a). “The success and happiness of a public servant do not consist in his or her
personal wealth but rather through the virtues of good citizenship, by one’s
knowledge and desire to learn, and willingness to tackle difficult problems”. In
the light of the statement, discuss how a civil servant can develop these
qualities?
APPROACH
• Introduction: Define success and happiness.
• Mention the sources of happiness for public servant.
• Explain why success and happiness of a public servant do not consist in his or her personal
wealth.
• Write that success and happiness of a public servant lies in building strong character.
• Write about achieving wisdom as highest level of happiness in human life (Aristotle).
• Write how a civil servant can develop these qualities
• Conclusion: According to Aristotle, four cardinal virtues that build the strong character are –
courage, temperance, justice and wisdom.
Success means achieving the goals set in life by a person. Happiness is an emotional state
characterized by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfilment.
Feeling of success and happiness for public servant can come from two sources- materialistic
achievements and adherence to values.
The success and happiness of a public servant do not consist in his or her personal wealth:
• Public servants are supposed to follow certain values such as public service motive,
selflessness.
• Although, Teleology thinkers like Jeremy Bentham suggests that ends justify means.
According to him, happiness is the end justifying all means. However, person for his/his
success and become happy is very relative term. Public servants may try to achieve success
through wrong means (corruption, misuse of power) which may impact the happiness and
success of other people.
• Accumulation of wealth by public servants through will lead to continuous tension, stressful
life as they worry about getting caught. Thus they will not be happy. They also jeopardise
their family members for short-term materialistic pleasure.
Success and happiness of a public servant lies in building strong character through one’s knowledge
and desire to learn, adherence to virtues and willingness to tackle difficult problems (courage):
According to Aristotle, as human progresses in life, he/she improve conduct and moves
towards chief good which is wisdom (Indian philosophy of Nirvana or enlightenment). Enlightenment,
wisdom brings highest level of happiness and not the materialistic pleasures. E.g. Buddha,
Vivekananda achieved wisdom through enlightenment which made them happy or satisfied in life.
“Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.” –
Aristotle.
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Reason
Five Understanding (ability to
Knowledge of knowledge question Wisdom Happiness
senses
critically)
Wisdom extracts meaning and significance from information/knowledge by understanding

interrelationships and their implications. Wisdom is a profound understanding of our existence, the
human situation, our possibilities, and especially our limitations.
• Civil servants should seek to achieve holistic success by achieving wisdom in life. Through
desire to learn, they can achieve wisdom in life as knowledge is the only virtue (Socrates).
• When they apply this knowledge in their work, they will try to solve the problems of people
in society. This will not only ensure their professional success but an eternal happiness of
contributing to the welfare of society.
• When civil servants understands the true meaning of success and happiness, they will bring
the significant positive changes in the administration and ensures effective governance.
Success in
social life
(Respect,
Image) Success in
Success in
Professional
Personal life
life
(family)
(Financial)
Holistic
success
How a civil servant can develop these qualities:

• Self-realisation
• Meditation
• Self-introspection
• Social observation
• Strengthening Emotional Intelligence
• Code of ethics and code of conduct
Conclusion: According to Aristotle, four cardinal virtues that build the strong character are –
courage, temperance, justice and wisdom. A public servant should imbibe these virtues for success
and eternal happiness.
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Q6b). How far do you agree that humans should build character through the
‘doctrine of mean’ propagated by Virtue Ethics? Also, discuss its relevance in
present day society.
APPROACH
• Introduction: Briefly write about virtue ethics of Aristotle.
• Explain the concept of doctrine of mean as given by Aristotle.
• Give its relevance to present society including civil servants.
• Conclusion: Society should emphasize on character building of people as this will ensure ethical
conduct in society and there will peace and order in society.
The virtue ethics of Aristotle deals with the quality of human actions based on his character.
He emphasises on virtues(quality) which is always a positive and is an objective standard. Virtue is
different from value as initially value may not be necessarily a standard one. Values can be positive or
negative. They differ from person to person but virtues will not differ.
Aristotle emphasised on doctrine of mean to judge any human conduct as virtuous.
Full Hardiness (over action) Courage(right action) Cowardice (inaction)
According to Aristotle, every ethical virtue is a condition intermediate (a “golden mean” as

it is popularly known) between two other states, one involving excess, and the other deficiency.
Example-1: The courageous person, for example, judges that some dangers are worth facing and
others not, and experiences fear to a degree that is appropriate to his circumstances. He lies between
the coward, who flees every danger and experiences excessive fear, and the rash person, who judges
every danger worth facing and experiences little or no fear.
However, he also maintains that that the mean is to be determined in a way that takes into
account the particular circumstances of the individual. We should sometimes have strong feelings—
when such feelings are called for by our situation.
Example-2: Sometimes only a small degree of anger is appropriate; but at other times, circumstances
call for great anger. The right amount is not some quantity between zero and the highest possible
level, but rather the amount, whatever it happens to be, that is proportionate to the seriousness of
the situation.
Example-3: In facing situations that arouse anger, a virtuous agent must determine what action (if
any) to take in response to an insult, his attempt to answer it properly requires him to have the right
degree of concern for his standing as a member of the community.
He aims at a mean in the sense that he looks for a response that avoids too much or too
little attention to factors that must be taken into account in making a wise decision.
Aristotle gave four cardinal virtues:
1. Justice
2. Temperance: control on senses and take judicious decision and not to carry away with
emotions and situation.
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3. Courage
4. Wisdom: knowledge+ understanding+ right application
According to Aristotle, person having these four virtue is of good character. Therefore he
gave importance to building good character focussing on agent and not action.
Relevance to present day society:
• Spread of hate speech, communal hatred by some sections of society affects societal
harmony. It is the responsibility of wise people in society to raise their voice against such social
evils. Society faces threat not from evil people but from those who do not speak against evil
people.
• People should intervene when they observe that there is violation of rights of people and
inhuman treatment is being given e.g. crimes against women.
• Society is increasingly accepting bribe culture as a norm. There should be strong rejection to
corruption by wise people.
Relevance to civil services:
• Growing materialism and pursuit of worldly achievements has led to many corruption cases,
favouritism and nepotism in civil services. Practicing temperance, character building will help
civil servants to become courageous and take actions against injustice.
• Many civil servants are seen to be self-centred trying to protect self-interests and thus there
is tendency of not talking about malpractices in administration. Temperance, courage and
wisdom helps civil servants to take steps such as whistle blowing e.g. Satyandra Dubey,
Sanjeev Chaturvedi.
Conclusion: Society should emphasize on character building of people as this will ensure ethical
conduct in society and there will peace and order in society. Virtue ethics promoted Aristotle gives
important basis for building such human character.
Q7.
Recently, a movie based on an unfortunate historical tragedy was released. Its
release generated lots of debates in society and media. The opinion of the
people was divided. One section of people thinks that the movie shows
selectively one side of the picture rather than giving a balanced view.
An IAS officer, who is posted as a secretary in a capital of a state, also
commented that the film was biased and the movie’s director should also
show the pain and suffering of other communities. Moreover, the director
should also send the earnings from the movie to the victims for their
rehabilitation.
After his comment, the government issued a show cause notice to the officer
and asked him that a government official should not take any stand in such
matters but rather focus on his/her job.
The government notice has also divided people into two sides. One side thinks
that in the age of social media, a civil servant should be allowed to speak his
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mind. Th other side is of the view that a civil servant is not supposed to opine
on societal matters.
In this context, what would be your view on the following matters:
a) What ethical dilemma do civil servants face when they have strong
urge to opine on societal matters?
b) Civil servants should not give their view on societal matters.
Argue.
c) Whether there should be any disciplinary action against the said
officer in the case study.
Ans: Although civil services allow freedom of speech and expression but with regulation as per the
conduct rules. A civil servant is supposed to uphold the constitution and public interest. But it can
be interpreted differently by civil servants.
Ethical dilemma:
• Ethics in public life vs. ethics in private life: On one hand, civil servants are expected to uphold
the public interest, civil service values and constitutional ideals, while on the other hand, they
have their personal views on socio-political matters which they feel needs to be expressed.
• Anonymity vs. Social responsibility: Civil services values of anonymity should be followed
while civil servant feels that they have social responsibility to raise their voice on any
important societal matters.
• Conduct Rules vs. Human Conscience: Conduct Rules restricts civil servants to speak on such
matters which affects values of neutrality and anonymity while human conscience gives
absolute command to take right action (Immanuel Kant- Deontology).
• Urge to be part of society vs. Discipline in civil services: Civil servants have urge to be active
part of society as Aristotle says human is social, political animal, while if every civil servant
starts expressing their own views, then there will be chaos in the administration.
Whether civil servant should give views on societal matters?

• When civil servant gives his personal views on societal matter, there is scope of conflict of
interest. It also violates the important civil service values of neutrality and anonymity.
• Values of neutrality, impartiality: Bureaucratic model given by Max Weber focus on principle
of neutrality. Civil servants are expected to work in impartial manner without any favour or
disfavour to any section of society.
• Civil servants should give their view on societal matters, but there should be appropriate
way and channel to present those views. Many civil servants write newspaper articles,
address gatherings but specifically mentions that their views are personal views on the matter.
Whether there should be any disciplinary action against the said officer in the case study?
• If the view expressed by the civil servant clearly breach the values of anonymity and
neutrality, impartiality, then there should be disciplinary action against him.
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• Past conduct of civil servant should be also considered before disciplinary action (Virtue
ethics emphasizes on character of the person).
• It should be also inquired that whether there is any ulterior motive with which civil servant
has expressed his views. Whether there is any post-retirement benefits that civil servant is
looking for.
• If it’s his first such mistake, then he can be given warning and let go.
Way forward: Civil servants are expected to behave in impartial manner. They are supposed to uphold
values of neutrality and anonymity. Being part of the government, if they start expressing views on
societal and political matters, then people will feel that government/administration is biased. It will
erode the trust of people in administration and thus governance will suffer.
Civil services have their own fundamental values. This service is not like any other service; hence it
demands self-sacrifice of on the part of one’s freedom to speak one’s mind. Civil servants are role
models of society and their duty is to uphold law hence, one cannot afford to be in-disciplined.
Q8.
India has critical relations with the neighbouring countries and the clash
between the Indian army and neighbour’s countries army has become a daily
event. To provide quick aid to the army, the government of India is planning
to construct a road project in Himalayan area which is ecologically very
sensitive. After publication of this news, some activitist and locals of that area
have opposed the proposal by saying that it would be dangerous for the
ecology and lives of locals of that area as the area is considered disaster prone.
They have filed a petition in the Supreme Court against the government
proposal. The Court has constituted a Committee to review the matter.
Suppose you are the head of the Committee, then
a) What are the ethical dilemmas which would be faced by the court?
b) What would be your suggestions? Also, give reasons for your
suggestions.
Ans:
The context: The case study relates to similar case of CharDham Project can act as the strategic
feeder roads which connect the India-China border with the Army camps in Dehradun and Meerut
where missile bases and heavy machinery are located.
“It is evident that the national highways provide vital connections to the establishments of the
Armed Forces along the Nelong Axis, Mana Pass, Rimkhim Pass, Niti Pass and Lipulekh Pass. The
importance of the requirement of double-laned highways has been emphasized as it is necessary for
the movement of trucks, equipment and personnel of the Armed Forces", - Supreme Court in Char
Dham highway widening project.
Ethical dilemmas:
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• Environment protection Vs National security: As the Himalayan area is ecologically sensitive

area, there is need of its protection while on the other hand, there is threat to national
security in border area from neighbouring country.
• Economic development Vs Preservation of ecology: Building roads in border areas will
promote economic development of border villages (e.g. Vibrant Villages Programme
announced in Union Budget 2022-23) while on the other hand, there is possibility of ecological
degradation.
• Sustainability of local community Vs National security: The livelihood of the local people
people may be dependent on ecology while on the other hand, national security is also
important.
• Whether the court should intervene in the matters of environment and national security.
Since, it is sensitive matter and also, related to security, it would pose ethical dilemma to
the court.
As the Head of the Committee, the suggestions can be as follows:

• There should be detailed study from all perspectives and dimensions – environmental,
national security, livelihood, natural disasters etc.
• The study should touch upon various aspects of the Project such as road-widening; hill
cutting; bypasses; muck dumping; environment quality; loss of forests and green cover;
impact on wildlife; managing water courses; disaster management and socio-cultural
perspectives.
• The members of the Committee can conduct site-visits, hold meetings, interact with the
officers of MoRTH, district officials and the local communities.
• If the uniform standard are applied for all stretch of the road then in some areas large hill-
cutting has to be undertaken resulting in vertical slopes without adequate slope protection
measures. This can lead to landslides and this requires adequate assessment of slope
vulnerability.
• There should be also survey that whether there can be any alternate route for defence
related transports to border areas.
• If the project is to be given go-ahead, it shall be ensured that roads remain disaster-resilient
and minimum damage to the ecology.
• The ecological loss can be off-set by planting more trees along the slopes of Himalayas in the
same region.
• There should be an ‘Oversight Committee’, which shall report directly to the Court about the
implementation of project according to recommendation of committee.
Reasons:
• The aim of national security must be balanced keeping in mind the fragility of the Himalayas,
the excessive damage caused to the environment and the need to ensure disaster-resilient
roads.
• National security should be given preference. Given the proximity of the roads to the border
and the necessity of free movement for transport of trucks, machines, equipment and
personnel of the Indian Army, double lane configuration must be allowed.
• It does not mean that other aspects are given no importance. What is at stake in this Project
is also the health of the environment, and its effects on all individuals who inhabit the area.
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There should be constant monitoring by the MoRTH required and necessary systems should
be set up such as for maintenance of environmental quality and for disaster management
preparedness.
Conclusion: Making the Project environmentally compliant should not be seen a “checkbox” to be
obtained on the path to development, but rather as the path to sustained development itself. Thus,
the measures adopted have to be well thought out and should actually address the specific concerns
associated with the Project. Understandably, this may make the Project costlier, but that cannot be a
valid justification to not operate within the framework of the environmental rule of law and
sustainable development.
Q9.
For decades, the children of tea tribe communities, who live and labour in
sprawling tea estates, have had limited access to higher education. Even if a
few estates have primary schools, there are no high schools. Students often
had to walk kilometres to reach nearby high schools and also chronically low
wages mean only few tea garden workers could afford to send their children
to high school. Priyanka is also one of those students who had to drop out after
class 6 as her parents were not able to afford the school education after that.
While tea garden managements may have been recalcitrant all these years,
the government has also neglected the education of tea garden communities.
You are being appointed as the Mission Director for the model schools which
are meant to create a better academic environment and reduce dropout rates
in the tea garden areas.
a) What are the systemic challenges in setting up model schools in the post
Covid era and how to overcome them?
b) How would you encourage parents to send back child to school and
convince them of the importance of education?
c) What are the ethical dilemmas of having the oversight of tea estate
management over the schools and how to overcome them?
d) Do you believe the present initiative could be driven by political
calculation? If so, what would you do to ensure that such an initiative
shall not remain only on paper?
Ans:
Note: The detailed model answer is for more information and understanding
of the student and student should always adhere to word limit in answers.
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The case study highlights the condition of children in tea gardens of Assam and Darjeeling. It shows
the apathy of not only the tea gardeners but also the state governments towards children of workers
working in tea plantations.
The systemic challenges in setting up model schools in the post Covid era:
• The overarching problems concerning each level of education in India are quality and pertinence.
Some of the needs that India’s education sector faces are appropriate curriculum, quality
teachers, financial support for students, and adequate facilities. Covid has also increased the
pressure on schools to have a pool of staff which not only imparts education but also prepares
the pupil for the coming years physical, psychological and social well-being.
• The one-size-fits-all approach to education has been in place for a couple of hundred years.
• During COVID-19 pandemic, though the online education has made it possible for learning to reach
the pupil it is also imperative to have facilities to aid the learning process of specially abled children
also.
• Other major challenge in the education system is are - Poor governance and lack of responsibility,
Lack of infrastructure, Quality of teachers, Corruption and leakages of funds.
How to overcome them?

• The governance model and responsibility shall be shared among all the stakeholders – the
government, tea garden management, collectives of parents and the administration. Though
electricity, classrooms, playgrounds and separate washrooms are the essentials, the changing
needs of present day education imparting shall also be considered such as – internet
connection, digital boards, hygiene and sanitation etc.
• During Covid many teachers were laid off by the school management and the burden came
over to the remaining few teachers. This also shall be checked the teacher-pupil ratio shall be
maintained which is healthy both for the teachers and the students. The teachers shall also
be incentivized for taking special measures to further the learning of the pupils.
• Every new scheme by the government is tarnished by the lack of funds and/or misuse and
leakages of funds. Such incidents can be checked by the parents union and the funds shall
only be utilized for which they are intended.
Steps to encourage parents to send back child to school and convince them of the importance of
education:
• Though most of the parents today understand the need for educating their child but some
because of the socio-economic vulnerability are left with no other choice but have their children
employed as child labour. This has increased in the aftermath of Covid crises. Parents must be
made aware of the need for education which enables upward socio-economic mobility and is a
key to escaping poverty.
• To convince parents effectively, we need to tap into what they want and need for their kids’
education. In the given case the school drop outs are because of unavailability and/or limited
access of higher education i.e. the parents must be told that the new initiative is for imparting
higher education to their child. They must also be told about the imperatives of completing the
higher education which enables their child to learn, become able and dream to contribute in the
employment market according to their capabilities, for which school education is just the initial
step.
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• Model schools not only impart book knowledge but also help children to learn and enhance
their unique talents and pursue their passion.
• Elaborate on the school’s positive culture and core values to an apprehensive parent. These two
things are essential components of a high-quality learning atmosphere. Explain to the parents how
the school envisages imparting the quality education with parity (no biasness); and also about the
opportunity of having the higher school in close vicinity.
• They should be made to understand that each institution will be run by a school management
and development committee. Members include representatives from among themselves - tea
garden workers and from trade unions as well as a social worker nominated by the deputy
commissioner and the school’s headmaster. Their participation in the administration of the school
will also ensure the accountability and responsibility in the school administration.
The ethical dilemmas of having the oversight of tea estate management over the schools and how
to overcome them?
Professional dilemma: In this case the interests of the tea estate management towards the school
and the company might give rise to ethical dilemma whether to be faithful towards the company or
towards the education of the children, as the company owners are also involved in child labour to
reduce their input cost at present and keeping them uneducated and having a low-cost labour for their
tea estates in the future.
• The tea estate management, being the locals, can be convinced of the education of the
children as the prority. With education, children can come up with new and innovative ideas
to minimize their input cost as well as increase the profits for the company. With education
they will not only be the field labours but also will be able to contribute in various stages of
the tea production which will further enhance the total well being (socially and economically)
of the locality.
School staff: It is often contended that the poor condition of the schools is due to the lack of quality
teachers and infrastructure, and on top of that many workers and student leaders also alleged that
the teachers appointed to the schools run by tea garden managements were often forced to work
in the gardens themselves. It is also because of the monetary incentives that they earn apart from
the salary they draw as a teacher.
• This can be checked by giving salary adequately and timely.
Utilitarian perspective: The schools being set up in the tea estate itself might give rise to corrupt
thinking in the minds of tea estate owners to make use of the school premises as a warehouse and
even force the school staff and even students to work part-time in the tea estate.
In the utilitarian viewpoint the moral correctness of an action is determined by analyzing the balance
between the positive and negative consequences of the action. If the action produces more positives
than the negatives, then the action is ethical.
• Now the tea estate management can be convinced not to act in immoral way by way of moral
persuasion, making them aware of the existing laws which prohibit child labour and the
punishments prescribed; school management involving the local communities and parents
will also help great way to restrict the estate management from acting unethically.
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4) Do you believe the present initiative could be driven by political calculation? If so, what would
you do to ensure that such an initiative shall not remain only on paper?
The tea garden community, spread across about 1,000 estates in Assam, plays a decisive role
in electoral outcomes. For decades they have been demanding for their rights which fell on deaf ears
and now that the present regime has thought of setting up higher schools for the communities it is
met with apprehension that whether such announcements will ever be implemented or just a play at
the hands of political leaders. Is it to secure the vote bank or their genuine concern for improvement
in education among the community?
As a Mission Director for model schools the following measures can be ensured:
• Decision-Making Coalition: By forming a coalition, individuals collectively advocate for the
initiative, exerting their influence through formal and informal channels. The political power of
coalition members and the resources they garner in support of a initiative, often determine the
successful implementation of an innovation. The local communities are already aware of the
initiative and have seen the examples of some of the schools already being set-up and running
successfully. This shall be leveraged to mobilize the community in exerting their genuine demands
in a peaceful and streamlined manner
• Keeping the initiative aligned with broader objectives: When the anticipated initiative outcomes
are consistent with larger goals or with external opinions or values, the initiative is more likely to
be successful. The increased enrollment ratio of children, quality of the education imparted in the
already exiting model schools and efficient management of the schools with the help of local
community are some of the things which shall be enhanced and replicated in other schools also.
• Nurturing communities of practice and the learning: Developing a self-sustaining subculture
among the stakeholders is critical for maintaining implementation over the long-term. Fostering
communities of practice requires frequent interaction and sharing experiences among all the
stakeholders – students, parents, school management as well as estate management. This
interaction allows practitioners to make sense of and learn from their collective experiences,
stories and knowledge. As communities of practice evolve, they may adapt, reconfigure or replace
specific program elements to meet the changing needs of the target population which will also
help in continuous monitoring and evolution of the initiative to keep it relevant.
Conclusion: Children are future of the country. They need to be nurtured through education and
nutrition. This will build the strong and productive workforce of tomorrow. Also, the vicious cycle of
poverty can be broken by educating the children. Child labour robs the innocent childhood of children.
Therefore, their childhood needs to be protected.
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Q10. Every youth who destroys his life by drug addiction is a loss for our society.
For 25 long years, Kimcham’s husband in the Changlang district of Arunachal
Pradesh was addicted to opium. Located in India’s eastern most periphery,
Changlang of Arunachal Pradesh has long contended with an addiction
problem. Several government-sponsored de-addiction camps were carried out
without much success in the past. Most of them were traditional in nature with
less participation from other stakeholders, other than the government. In a
survey on substance abuse recently conducted by the Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment identified the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh as
among the 272 most vulnerable in the country. Kimcham one day made the
“bravest decision” of her life and signed up her husband for a drug de-
addiction programme. This has led the district administration to try to find a
solution to this big problem.
Suppose you are the district magistrate of the Changlang district, then
1) Discuss the probable reasons for the failure of de-addiction
programs in the past?
2) Identify the stakeholders and mention what they can contribute
towards the opium free society.
3) What are the options available to you? Critically evaluate them and
identify the most appropriate option giving reasons.
Note: The detailed model answer is for more information and understanding
of the student and student should always adhere to word limit in answers.
Ans: Drug-addiction is increasingly becoming major problem of Indian society. The recent Aryan
Khan case shows that teenagers and youth in India is falling prey to drug. It has also created a
dilemma on how this problem should be solved - with socio-psychological approach or legal approach.
The probable reasons for the failure of de-addiction programs in the past:
Addiction is a problem that has its roots in colonial times. The British encouraged the local
tribes to consume opium to subjugate them. In tribal areas, near Myanmar, black salt was traded for
opium. This led to addiction in the local population. Soon, other synthetic drugs also made inroads.
Several de-addiction programs in the past have been unsuccessful because:
• Most of them were traditional in nature with less participation from other stakeholders, other
than the government.
• Lack of human and physical infrastructure reduces the effectiveness of de-addiction programs.
• The Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh has long been caught in a cycle of drugs and
insurgencies. Militant groups trade opium for arms. Despite multiple crackdowns by government
agencies over the years.
• Never ending supply: opium continues to thrive, with plantations across these areas.
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• Ambivalent towards recovery: It takes a good deal of effort to break free of addiction, so those
individuals who are not fully committed just might not have sufficient determination to achieve
lasting sobriety.
• No access to suitable resources: The one thing that is now obvious about addiction treatment is
that there is no one approach that works for everyone. In order to break free, the person has to
find the resources that will be most appropriate to his or her needs. Some people keep on trying
to use the same approach to recovery repeatedly even though it has not worked for them in the
past.
2) Identify the stakeholders and mention what they can contribute towards the opium free
society.
STAKEHOLDER CONTRIBUTION
The Individual • Many young individuals start using drugs out of poverty, anger,
resentment etc. in their quest to break out of the cycle they keep on trying
same approach and perhaps fail. It is important for them to understand
because if they keep on doing the same things, the same things are going
to keep on happening to them. Their will to succeed by trying a different
course might help them lead a addiction free life.
• Also the person who has successfully has completed the course of de-
addiction shall share his/her experiences and motivate others to quit.
The Family A child’s relationship with his or her parents has a deep impact on their
decision making. There is a delicate balance between being a positive role
model for your child and being a smothering or overprotective parent.
Eventually, teens have to make choices for themselves, and some of those
might be poor. However, parents can take certain actions to reduce the
likelihood that their children will experiment with drugs. Some of these
actions include:
• Model good behaviour
• Create a positive environment
• Talk to teens
• Recognize what drugs look like, how they are consumed, and how
they are stored
• Monitor their activities
Parents whose children are into substance abuse are familiar with the issues
of behavior, how the drugs look and are consumed, hiding places etc. shall
also share their experiences with others.
The Local • Differently formulated de-addiction programme which would be bottom-
Community up, and in collaboration with the village. In a bottom-up approach, there
is a willingness to solve problems by creating fluidly. There is no
imposition of structure. Every individual is seen as a stakeholder and
participates in the mission.
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Livelihood • For those who return after successfully completing the de-addiction
Providers program needs to seen as one among themselves and should not feel
guilty of his/her past mistakes; needs to given a chance to rebuilt their life
afresh and be given livelihood opportunities to build their life better.
WOMEN Shgs, • This will help in macro targeting at the village level and with the assistance
GRAM SABHA And of the village elders it would be a much better approach to deal with drug
Ngos menace.
• The NGOs can help spread the word about the de-addiction benefits and
educate the youth. They can also help with providing de-addiction health
facilities and post-treatment re-habilitation programs.
District • As alternative livelihood options for those who have returned from the
Administration camps, the administration can provide recovering villages with poultry,
piggery, and mushroom units to keep them busy and help them from
again falling in the trap of drug addiction.
As a DM, available options are as follows:

First of all, to tackle the drug menace it is imperative to understand that it is a social problem and not
the law-and-order issue; though law and order might have a blow because of drug cartels, smugglers
and insurgents, but it largely is a social evil.
1. Access the status of rehab centers and strengthen them by overcoming their problems.
2. Focus on rehab Centre where person has been registered.
3. Focus on sources of drug supply and take action against them.
4. Strengthen rehab centers; focus on drug supply cartel and awareness campaigns.
The Critical evaluation:
OPTIONS CRITICAL EVALUATION

Option-1 • Success of the initiative is possible by the close synergy between the local
community and the authorities. Though both the community initiative as
well as the government initiatives in the past have not resulted in the
desired outcomes it is time for an administration which is involved in
things to be more “systematic” and community to track, trace and help
the individual to achieving sobriety and also in after rehab. The
infrastructure, trained professionals, indoor and outdoor activity areas,
fund utilization, and allocation of resource can be streamlined and be
tailor made to requirements.
Option-2 • Focus on the rehab Centre where a person is registered is imperative but
focusing only on that specific rehab Centre can have negative
consequences as it will thwart the community efforts and intentions to
approach the rehab centers.
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Option-3 • Since the issue is of the north-eastern states of India which also share
international boundary, the sources of drug supply are hard to be
ascertained and checked, however the local cultivation and circulation of
opium can be checked.
Option-4 • This approach seems to the most appropriate one as it have all
encompassing efforts which are needed to check drug menace. In
addition to strengthening rehab centers, neutralizing the drug supply
chains within the state and national boundaries, awareness campaigns
can be done.
Most Appropriate option- ‘Option-4’

Reasons:
• More sustainable solution as it deals with root cause of the problem. Drug addiction is
largely due to social-psychological reasons such as peer pressure, changing lifestyle, movies
and media showing drug as part of lifestyle and thus youth getting attracted to it. Broken
relations in family further alienate the children and make them vulnerable for drug addiction.
• When they are rehabilitated and given moral education, they will not further take drugs.
• There is also need to decriminalize drug use. This will reduce the social stigma associated with
it and it will be looked from mental and psychological condition rather than a crime.
• There is also more tendency of drug addicts to take extreme action of suicide. Thus,
psychological health of drug addicts needs to be addressed.
• When society will not stigmatize drug users and help them to rehabilitate and get into
mainstream society, this menace will automatically will reduce.
Conclusion: Main emphasis on dealing with drug problem should be on reducing drug demand and
this can be done more effectively by dealing this condition with Socio-Psychological-Moral approach.
State has moral, Constitutional responsibility (Article 47) as well as legal (NDPS Act) to rehabilitate and
reform the drug addicts.
Q11.
To encourage more people to get jabbed, a state government has announced
that it would not provide free treatment to Covid-19 patients who have not
been vaccinated-‘no vaccine, no treatment’. The government has told to the
doctors that providing treatment to non -vaccinated patients would impact
the initiative of the government.
You are a government doctor in one such state and the head of the covid ward
in a city hospital. In your hospital, people are regularly coming for the covid
test, but your department is following the government instructions and not
providing treatment and any kind of service for those who are not vaccinated.
Although people regularly demand these services, they are also promising that
they will get the vaccine after check-up and treatment. Suddenly a patient with
a severe condition comes to your department who is not vaccinated and is
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infected with Covid-19. If you do not give treatment to him, his life will be at
risk. If you give treatment to him, other people will also demand for their
check-up and treatment, which means the government initiative ‘no vaccine,
no treatment’ will fail.
Suppose you are the doctor, then
1. Discuss the ethical issue involved in the case study.
2. Critically evaluate the options available with you. Select the best option
and give justification.
Ans:
The Context: To encourage more people to get jabbed in the wake of the threat posed by the Omicron
variant, the Kerala government in December 2021 has announced that it will not provide free
treatment to Covid-19 patients who have not been vaccinated.
Ethical issues:
• State government cannot have such policy as it affects the freewill, liberty, choice of the
people.
• Right to bodily integrity is at stake: People have rights overs their bodies and thus taking
vaccine or not is their independent decisions which should not affect the responsibility of the
state to provide basic healthcare. E.g. tennis star Novak Djokovic was willing to miss
tournaments over vaccine.
• Lack of medical ethics: Values of medical ethics suggests that doctors should save life of the
people at any cost. But here, there is denial of such treatment by doctors.
• Coercive implementation of the state policy resulting in the violation of rights of the people.
(Right to life, right to health).
Options available are as follows (write minimum three options which should be formal):
1. Doctor can give treatment to the patient as an exception and follow state government policy
in general.
2. Give treatment to the person and ask the person to go for vaccination after treatment.
3. Refuse to give treatment as it goes against the instructions by the state government.
4. Give treatment to the person as an exception and also appeal to the Medical Council of India
to request the government to withdraw the policy of ‘no vaccine, no treatment’.
The critical evaluation (not only to write pros and cons but make the points more critical):
Options Pros Cons
1. • Life of the patient is saved. • Other people will also start demanding
• No crisis of conscience for doctor as healthcare.
medical ethics is upheld. • There can be disciplinary action by the
government against the doctor.
2. • Life of the patient is saved. • Goes against the letter side of the policy-
• Intention of govt. policy for first vaccine then treatment.
vaccination will be also achieved. • No guarantee that person will take
vaccine after treatment.
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3. • Following directives of the • Lack of medical ethics

government will not attract any • Crisis of conscience
disciplinary action.
4. • Saving life of the person. • Government may not accept the appeal
• Possible changes in policy in future. by MCI.
The best option would be ‘option 4’. The justification for it is as follows:
• The prime object of the medical profession is to render service to humanity. Doctors have
an obligation to adhere to the norms of their profession.
• Saving life of the patient is foundational value of medical ethics. Many people are dying
because of covid- 19 and not saving them is violation of medical ethics.
• The principle of non-maleficence in medical ethics obligates doctors to abstain from causing
harm to others. It includes not cause pain or suffering and not deprive others of the goods of
life. By not treating covid-19 patients, doctors violate the principle of nonmaleficence.
• All doctors take Hippocratic oath which emphasizes on ‘first do no harm’. By not providing
services to covid-19 patient, doctor will do harm and thus break the oath considered highly
sacred in the profession.
• State should promote vaccinations but not at the cost of risk of life of people in ignorance.
Many people in the state will be ignorant about health and covid crisis and their right to health
which has been considered as fundamental right would be denied at the cost of an executive
order.
Conclusion: State is for the protection of the rights of the people. Although the government is having
positive intention but its policy has negative consequences. Therefore, here consequences of ‘no
vaccine, no treatment’ (Teleology) should be considered the ethicality of the government decision.
Q12.
IAS is still considered as the best career in India. Lakhs of individuals every year
try for this job. They go through one of the toughest examinations in the world.
They join civil services with a public service spirit and a deep urge for making
a difference in society. IAS also provides perhaps the widest level of platform
for public service.
However, once they become IAS then, the scenario becomes different. They
have to face lots of pressures and work in a demanding situations. Some get
through the situations but some don’t. Those who remain honest also face
persecution, harassment and risk of getting side-lined.
In recent times, it has been observed that some of the officers those who are
not getting right opportunity, are quitting the service. Even young officers
have resigned recently. It has also become a cause of concern in the
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government as it doesn’t give a right message to the entire civil service

fraternity.
Mr A, who was an IAS officer, has recently resigned from the service. He served
over 15 years as an IAS. The reason for his resignation which he has given
through social media is that he was side-lined even if he did good job in
whatever capacity he was asked to serve. Since, he was transferred to a
department which didn’t have public exposure and didn’t give much
opportunity for playing a bigger role, he felt frustrated and resigned. He also
wrote that he was quite satisfied with his decision.
Suppose you are a civil service aspirant, then
a) Discuss the ethical issues in the case study
b) Can Mr. A’s conduct be described as appropriate? Argue.
c) Will you suggest any change in government policy of posting and
transfers? Also, give justification for your each suggestion.
Ans: The case study highlights that civil servants are not given postings and transfers according to
their potential/aptitude. However, resigning from civil services for this reason shows loss of civil
service values of public service spirit, dedication to public service.
Ethical issues:
• Punishment to the honest officials: Even ARC-II in its report ‘ethics in governance’ has said
that honest officers are given hard postings as punishment while corrupt ones are rewarded.
• Personal interest given priority over public interest: It shows that Mr. A has too much of ego
needs and has given priority to them over the public service.
• If everyone considers the certain posting as hard postings, then who will serve in those
capacities. There will not be any positive change from those offices.
• Lack of civil service values: Mr. A is lacking the values of public service spirit, dedication to
public service.
• Loss to the government as he served for 15 years and got so much of experience which could
have been useful for government in future.
Mr. A’s conduct is considered as inappropriate because:

• He is thinking from short term perspective. Civil servants should think from long term
perspective. He may be transferred to some good office in future where he will have public
exposure and opportunity to play bigger role.
• He has given preference to his ego needs over the public interest. Although ego needs are
important but they should not dominate in any profession especially in civil service as one is
supposed to always uphold public interest first.
• Many civil servants, despite of given hard postings continue to work in honest manner and
serve the ultimate purpose of public service.
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• Example-: Ahok Khemka (IAS) has been transferred for more than 50 times in his career. He
could have thought that government is not allowing him to play bigger role by giving good
positions. But he continued to serve with same zeal and integrity in every office he was
posted.
Suggestions to change government policy of postings and transfers:
• It is observed that postings and transfers are many times politically motivated and not done
according to the human potential of civil servants. It is poor human resource practices in
government. If not given appropriate post, civil servants feel let down and loose confidence.
They do not work up to their potential.
• In past, ARC-II and even Supreme court has recommended that there should be independent
civil service commission for deciding posting and transfers of the civil servants.
• Postings and transfers should be done on objective criteria of merit, past experience and
aptitude of civil servant for particular position.
• Government should work to retain the good civil servants as they are important for
efficiency in the administration. For this, government should take cognizance of concerns
faced by civil servants.
Justification:
• Those resigning are meritorious civil servants. It is loss to the government.
• Civil servants work very hard to get into the service. It takes a lot to resign from the most
prestigious service that also at the very young stage.
• Government cannot ignore what civil servants are feeling. And therefore, it must take the
cognisance of their grievance.
Conclusion: Resignation seems to be going too far but it raises concerns as good people are needed
in the system. Government has come up with Mission Karmayogi for the good human resource
practices so that right person is appointed at right position in the government. The government HR
practice should change to match deeds and actions that on the one hand, lateral entry and on the
other denial of opportunity to meritorious candidates.
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ETHICS TEST-III MODEL ANSWER

Having potential is a pre-condition for ➢ Human personality is a product of nature

• It consists of: society, 1. Understanding as well as

Values Meaning Relevance for civil servants

To change the attitude of people, following three methods are used:

Example- People are persuaded to wear helmets,

Q3c). “Politics have no relation to morals”-Niccolo Machiavelli. In the context of the

Q4a). Emotional intelligence is an important ingredient of responsible and

Components of EI Responsible Responsive

EI among civil servants can be improved through following methods:

Q4b). When ethical conduct is judged by ‘circumstances’ and ‘consequences’, it

Kant’s philosophy (Deontology):

Morality is state of quality of mind based on individual values, preference, choices,

However, there is need of morality in society for successful implementation of law:

Wisdom extracts meaning and significance from information/knowledge by understanding

How a civil servant can develop these qualities:

Full Hardiness (over action) Courage(right action) Cowardice (inaction)

According to Aristotle, every ethical virtue is a condition intermediate (a “golden mean” as

Whether civil servant should give views on societal matters?

• Environment protection Vs National security: As the Himalayan area is ecologically sensitive

As the Head of the Committee, the suggestions can be as follows:

How to overcome them?

As a DM, available options are as follows:

OPTIONS CRITICAL EVALUATION

Most Appropriate option- ‘Option-4’

3. • Following directives of the • Lack of medical ethics

government as it doesn’t give a right message to the entire civil service

Mr. A’s conduct is considered as inappropriate because:

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