Compture science project

POLO

• Benhadj tahar fatima zahra

• Benchaib imene
• hhhhhhh 1
 Menu
definition,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,3
History,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4
The players,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6
Rules,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7
Equipement,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,10
Benefits,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,11
Conclusion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,12

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 1. Polo definition:
Polo, game played on horseback between two
teams of four players each who use mallets with long,
flexible handles to drive a wooden ball down a grass
field and between two goal posts. It is the oldest
of equestrian sports.

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 2. History:
A game of Central Asian origin, polo was first played in Persia (Iran) at dates given
from the 6th century BC to the 1st century AD. Polo was at first a training game for
cavalry units, usually the king’s guard or other elite troops. To the warlike
tribesmen, who played it with as many as 100 to a side, it was a miniature battle.
In time polo became a Persiann national sport played extensively by the nobility.
Women as well as men played the game, as indicated by references to the queen and
her ladies engaging King khosrow I Parvīz and his courtiers in the 6th century AD.
From Persia the game spread to Arabia, then to Tibet (the English word polo is the
Balti word meaning “ball”), to China, and to Japan. In China (910) the death of a
favoured relative in a game prompted Emperor A-pao-chii to order the beheading of
all surviving players.
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 Polo was introduced into india by the Muslim conquerors in the 13th
c entury; but, although the game had been described in Sir Anthony
S herley’s Travels to Persia (1613), the first Europeans to play the
game were british tea planters in Assam, who formed the first European polo club in
1859 at silchar. The Calcutta Polo Club was formed in the early 1860s. Polo spread
rapidly after a captain in the 10th Hussars stationed in India saw a match early in 1866
and immediately formed a team from among his fellow officers. Before the year ended,
informal matches were held between British cavalry units stationed in India. In 1869 a
challenge round was held between the 10th Hussars and the 9th Lancers in England. At
this time there were eight men to a side and almost no rules. Polo grew rapidly in
England, with matches at Richmond Park and Hurlingham attracting more than
10,000 spectators by 1875. After it had been introduced by the military, the sport of
polo remained popular with them but also spread to the universities and was popular
with the nobility and royalty.

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 3.The players:
Each player is assigned a position with certain responsibilities, but
the positions are numbered, not named. The basic duties of the players
are as follows: Number One is usually the novice or weakest player on
the team, though the position is one of the most difficult to play. Number
One needs anticipation, determination, and self-control, being
theoretically responsible for scoring goals and neutralizing the opposing
Number Four (defensive player). Number Two is the “hustler” or
“scrambler,” always scrapping for the ball. He needs extremely
maneuverable, fast ponies, a keen eye, and an optimistic, aggressive
nature. Number Three, who plays quarterback, is a kind of pivot man. He
must be a long, powerful hitter and is the tactical leader. He must feed
balls up to Number One and Number Two, but he must also help
maintain a solid defense. Number Three is usually the best player on the
team. Number Four is primarily a defensive player, who, though he may
move anywhere on the field, mainly functions to prevent scoring. 6
 4.Rules:
Polo is a team sport played on horseback, and it has several rules and
regulations to ensure fair play and player safety. The following are some basic
rules of polo:
Teams:
• A polo team consists of four players, and each player is assigned a
position (numbered 1 to 4) based on their playing ability and style.
• The team's total handicap is the sum of the individual handicaps of its
players.
•Chukkas:
• A polo match is divided into periods called chukkas, each lasting 7
minutes (this can vary).
• There are typically four to six chukkas in a polo match.
•Scoring:
• A goal is scored when a player hits the ball between the goalposts. The
team with the most goals at the end of the match wins.
• The team that scores a goal is awarded one point.
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 Throw-ins:
• Play is restarted after a goal or when the ball goes out of bounds with
a throw-in.
• The umpire throws the ball between the two teams, and players
must "ride off" opponents to gain possession.
• Right of Way:
• The right of way determines which player has the right to hit the ball.
• The player who hits the ball has the right of way, and other players
must yield or ride off to gain the right of way.
• Fouls:
• Fouls are called for dangerous or unfair play.
• Common fouls include crossing, hooking, riding off incorrectly,
and dangerous riding.
• Fouls result in a penalty, and the fouled team is awarded a free hit.
• Penalty Shots:
• Depending on the severity of the foul, penalty shots are awarded
at varying distances from the goal.
• The fouled team takes the penalty shot unopposed by the
defending team.
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• Changing Ends:
• Teams change ends after each goal is scored to account
for any advantage gained from wind or field conditions.
• Mallets and Equipment:
• Players must use the side of the mallet to strike the ball.
• Proper safety equipment, including helmets and knee
guards, is mandatory.
• Horses:
• Players usually have multiple horses, and they change
horses between chukkas to ensure the well-being of the animals.
These are basic rules, and specific polo associations may have
additional or slightly different rules. It's important for players and
spectators to be familiar with the specific rules of the polo event they
are participating in or watching.

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5.Equipment:
Each player wears a protective helmet, riding boots to just below the knees, and a
coloured shirt bearing the number of his position. He may also wear knee pads
and spurs (not sharp) and carry a whip. The ball for outdoor polo is made of
bamboo or willow root about 3 1/4 inches (8.3 cm) in diameter and weighing
about 4 ounces (113.4 g). The mallet has a rubber-wrapped grip with a webbed
thong for wrapping around the hand and a flexible bamboo-cane shaft with a
bamboo head 9 1/2 inches in length, the whole weighing about 7 ounces and
varying from 48 to 53 inches, depending on pony size and length of a player’s
arm. The ball is struck with the side of the mallet, not the end.
Saddles are English-style with deep seats like jumping saddles. The pony’s front
legs are bandaged from just below the knee to the ankle to prevent injury, and the
pony’s mane is clipped and its tail braided to prevent interference with the mallet
swing
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6.Benifits:

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 7.conclusion:
In the end polo is a dynamic sport that combines
athleticism , horsemanship ; and strategy . Polo
has a rich history , often associated with prestige
and tradition . Its popularity continues to grow
globally attracting players and enthusiasts form
various backgrounds , making it a significant and
exciting sport in the realm of equestrian activities

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