SVENSK STANDARD

SS-EN ISO 17639:2022

Mekanisk provning av svetsar i metalliska material –

Makroskopisk och mikroskopisk undersökning av svetsar
(ISO 17639:2022)

Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials – Macroscopic

and microscopic examination of welds (ISO 17639:2022)

Language: engelska/English
Edition: 2
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Fastställd: 2022-02-22
ICS: 25.160.40
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Europastandarden EN ISO 17639:2022 gäller som svensk standard. Detta dokument innehåller den officiella
engelska versionen av EN ISO 17639:2022.

Denna standard ersätter SS-EN ISO 17639:2013, utgåva 1

The European Standard EN ISO 17639:2022 has the status of a Swedish Standard. This document contains
the official version of EN ISO 17639:2022.

This standard supersedes the SS-EN ISO 17639:2013, edition 1

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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 17639

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2022

ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 17639:2013

English Version

Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials -

Macroscopic and microscopic examination of welds
(ISO 17639:2022)
Essais destructifs des soudures sur Zerstörende Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen
matériaux métalliques - Examens an metallischen Werkstoffen - Makroskopische
macroscopique et microscopique des und mikroskopische Untersuchungen von
assemblages soudés (ISO 17639:2022) Schweißnähten (ISO 17639:2022)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 February 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17639:2022: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Contents Page

Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................................vii
European foreword.................................................................................................................................................. viii
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references.................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms................................................................................................................. 1
5 Principle............................................................................................................................................................. 2
6 Purpose of the test.......................................................................................................................................... 2
7 Removal of test specimens........................................................................................................................... 2
8 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................. 3
8.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
8.2 Test specimen preparation................................................................................................................................3
8.3 Surface finish...........................................................................................................................................................3
8.4 Etching methods.................................................................................................................................................... 4
8.5 Etchants..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
8.6 Safety measures......................................................................................................................................................4
9 Examination...................................................................................................................................................... 4
10 Designation....................................................................................................................................................... 4
11 Test report......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Annex A (informative) Example of a test report................................................................................................... 8
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................... 9

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www​.iso​.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www​.iso​.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www​.iso​
.org/iso/foreword​.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes,
Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and allied processes, in accordance
with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17639:2003), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— Clause 2 has been updated;
— the designations according to ISO/TR 15608 have been updated in Clause 10.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www​.iso​.org/members​.html.
Official interpretations of ISO/TC 44 documents, where they exist, are available from this page: https:​
//committee​.iso​.org/sites/tc44/home/interpretation​.html.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 17639:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding
and allied processes" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied
processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2022, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 17639:2013.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body/
national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic
of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 17639:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17639:2022 without any modification.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials —

Macroscopic and microscopic examination of welds

1 Scope
This document gives recommendations for specimen preparation, test procedures and their main
objectives for macroscopic and microscopic examination.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6520-1, Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials
— Part 1: Fusion welding

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:​//www​.iso​.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:​//www​.electropedia​.org/
3.1
macroscopic examination
examination of a test specimen by the naked eye, or under low magnification (generally less than ×50),
with or without etching
3.2
microscopic examination
examination of a test specimen by microscope with a magnification of generally ×50 to ×500, with or
without etching
3.3
examiner
person who performs the macroscopic examination (3.1) and/or microscopic examination (3.2)

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.

A macroscopic examination

I microscopic examination

E etched

U unetched
Symbols for parent metals are given as material grouping system in ISO/TR 15608.
The same grouping systems shall also be used for weld metal. For consumables not classified under
ISO/TR 15608, the consumables used shall be identified in the report.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

The abbreviations for etchants should be taken from ISO/TR 16060 whenever applicable.
NOTE A trademark can be used if ISO/TR 16060 is not applicable.

5 Principle
Macroscopic and microscopic examination is used to reveal the macroscopic or microscopic features of
a welded joint, usually by the examination of transverse sections.
This is done by visual and/or optical examination of the prepared surface, before or after etching.

6 Purpose of the test

The purpose of macroscopic and microscopic examinations is to assess the structure (including grain
structure, morphology and orientation, precipitates and inclusions) independently and/or in relation
to various cracks and cavities. Sections can also provide a record of sample shape in the planes of the
section. Table 1 gives guidance on the assessment of features which can be detected by macroscopic
and microscopic examination.

7 Removal of test specimens

Test specimens are generally oriented perpendicular to the weld axis (transverse section), including
the weld deposit and heat affected zones on both sides of the weld. However, test specimens may also
apply to other orientations.
The location, orientation and number of test pieces should be specified prior to testing, for example by
reference to an application standard.

Table 1 — Guidelines for assessment of features by microscopic and macroscopic examination

Defect in ac- Macro exam- Macro exam- Micro exam- Micro exam-
Features cordance with ination with- ination with ination with- ination with
ISO 6520-1 out etching etching out etching etching
Hot cracks 100 X X X X
Cold cracks 100 X X X X
Lamellar tearing 100 X X X X
Cavities 200 X X X X
Inclusions 300 X X X X
Lack of fusion/penetra- 400 X X X X
tion
Geometrical shape 500 X X — —
Heat affected zone — — X — X
Runs and layers — — X — (X)
Grain boundary — — — (X) X
Grain structure — — — — X
Solidification structure — — X — X
Joint preparation — (X) X X X
Direction of rolling/ — — X — X
extrusion
X features revealed
(X) features can be revealed or not
NOTE A number of the features listed can be beyond the resolution of an optical microscope, e.g. precipitates and
inclusions.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Table 1 (continued)
Defect in ac- Macro exam- Macro exam- Micro exam- Micro exam-
Features cordance with ination with- ination with ination with- ination with
ISO 6520-1 out etching etching out etching etching
Direction of fibre struc- — — X — X
ture (grains)
Segregation — — X — X
Precipitation — — — — X
Repair and non-con- — (X) X (X) X
formance
Mechanical/thermal — — X — X
effects
X features revealed
(X) features can be revealed or not
NOTE A number of the features listed can be beyond the resolution of an optical microscope, e.g. precipitates and
inclusions.

8 Test procedure

8.1 General
The following information shall be considered:
— parent metals and welding consumables;
— object of the test;
— composition/name of the etchant;
— surface finish (see 8.3);
— etching methods (see 8.4);
— additional measures (see 8.6);
— any additional requirements (e.g, etching time).

8.2 Test specimen preparation

The test specimen shall be prepared for examination by cutting, mounting, grinding and/or polishing
and/or etching as appropriate (see ISO/TR 16060). The surface to be examined shall not be adversely
influenced by these processes.

8.3 Surface finish

The requirement for surface finish depends on aspects such as:
— type of examination (macroscopic or microscopic);
— type of material;
— documentation (such as photographs).
NOTE Details of the grinding and polishing media and methods of grinding and polishing are given in
ISO/TR 16060.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

8.4 Etching methods

The method of etching shall be specified prior to etching. The most common methods are:
— etching by immersing the test specimen in the etchant;
— etching by swabbing the surface of the test specimen;
— electrolytic etching.
Other methods may be used but should be specified, e.g. by reference to an application standard.
When etching is completed, the test specimen should be washed and dried.
NOTE To avoid deterioration of the etched specimen, precautions can be taken, such as storage of the
specimens in a protected atmosphere, or for macroscopic specimen the application of a lacquer or varnish
protection of the etched surface.

8.5 Etchants
Typical etchants for various parent metals, weld deposits, purposes and types of examination are given
in ISO/TR 16060.
Depending on the information required, the type and concentration of the etchant as well as the etching
temperature and time may vary according to the material and type of examination.
For similar joints, different etchants may be used.

8.6 Safety measures

The following safety measures shall be observed:
— wear eye or face protection, as appropriate;
— handle etchants with suitable gloves or tongs;
— mixtures shall be made in a fume cupboard or under a fume hood;
— always pour acid into water and not vice versa;
— always pour solute into solvent; i.e. the smaller quantity (solute) into the larger quantity (solvent).

9 Examination
The prepared surface may be examined before and/or after etching, as appropriate, or in accordance
with the relevant standards and/or specifications.

10 Designation
The examination shall be designated as follows:
— reference to this document (i.e. ISO 17639);
— type of examination (macroscopic or microscopic examination);
— unetched or etched;
— object of the test (weld metal and/or parent metal);
— welded joints (parent metal left, parent metal right and weld metal);

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

— etchant (number of the table in ISO/TR 16060).

Some welding consumables cannot be classified under ISO/TR 15608, the consumables used shall be
identified in the report.
The designation may be given in a full or a shortened version (see EXAMPLES 1 and 2).
NOTE The object of the test is expressed between hyphens.

EXAMPLE 1 Full version

A microscopic examination with the following conditions:

— Etched;

— Object of the test: 43;

— Parent metal left: 5.4

right: 8.2

— Consumable: 43

— Etchant: xy

a) Object of the test: Weld metal only

Examination - ISO 17639 - I - E - 43 - 5.4 / 8.2 / 43 / xy
where

ISO 17639 is the reference to this document;

I is the microscopic examination;

E is the = etched;

43 is the object of the test;

5.4 is the steel with 7,0 % < Cr ≤ 10,0 % and 0,7 % < Mo ≤ 1,2 %;

8.2 is the austenitic stainless steel with Cr > 19 %;

43 is the weld metal: Ni/Fe/Cr/Mo with Ni max. 40 %;

xy is the etchant.
NOTE xy stands for table number in the relevant annex of ISO/TR 16060.

b) Object of the test: Weld metal and parent metal left

Examination - ISO 17639 - I - E - 43, 5.4 - 5.4 / 8.2/ 43 / xy
where

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

ISO 17639 is the reference to this document;

I is the microscopic examination;

E is the etched;

43, 5.4 is the object of the test;

5.4 is the steel with 7,0 % < Cr ≤ 10,0 % and 0,7 % < Mo ≤ 1,2 %;

8.2 is the austenitic stainless steel with Cr > 19 %;

43 is the weld metal: Ni/Fe/Cr/Mo with Ni max. 40 %;

xy is the etchant.
c) Object of the test: Weld metal and parent metals left and right
Examination - ISO 17639 - I - E - 43, 5.4, 8.2 - 5.4 / 8.2 / 43 / xy
where

ISO 17639 is the reference to this document;

I is the microscopic examination;

E is the etched;

43, 5.4, 8.2 is the object of the test;

5.4 is the steel with 7,0 % < Cr ≤ 10,0 % and 0,7 % < Mo ≤ 1,2 %;

8.2 is the austenitic stainless steel with Cr > 19 %;

43 is the weld metal: Ni/Fe/Cr/Mo with Ni max. 40 %;

xy is the etchant.
EXAMPLE 2 Shortened version

A macroscopic examination with the following conditions:

— Etched;

— Object of the test: 22.4;

— Parent metal left: 22.4

right: 22.4

— Weld metal: 22.4

— Etchant: xy

NOTE Object of the test (22.4) means weld metal and parent metal left and right.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Examination - ISO 17639 - A - E - 22.4- 22.4 / xy

where

ISO 17639 is the reference to this document;

A is the macroscopic examination;

E is the etched;

22.4 is the object of the test;

22.4 is the parent and weld metals: aluminium-magnesium alloys with Mg > 3,5 %;

xy is the etchant.

11 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following:
a) a reference to this document (i.e. ISO 17639);
b) the designation of the examination;
c) the location and orientation of the test specimen and the examined surface;
d) the Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR) or, if this is not available, then at least the type
of parent metal and consumables and, when used, the post-weld heat treatment and/or etching;
e) the type of etchant and etching method;
f) if necessary, a description of the examined surface;
g) if required, photographs and/or sketches, sizes of magnification;
h) the date of the test.
An example of a typical test report is given in Annex A.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Example of a test report

Test report in accordance with ISO 17639 (a)1)

WPQR: No. (d):
Manufacturer:
Purpose of examination:
Test piece:
Test specimen:
Parent metal:
Consumable:
Post-weld heat treatment and or ageing treatment:

Designation (b)

Macroscopic etchant (e) Microscopic etchant (e)

(g) and (f) (g) and (f)

Figure: No. Figure: No.

Location (c) Location (c)
Magnification (g) Magnification (g)
Surface description (f) Surface description (f)
Examiner Authorized person/body
(Name, date (h), signature) (Name, date (h), signature)

1) Letters in parentheses refer to Clause 11 of this document.

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SS-EN ISO 17639:2022 (E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO/TR 15608, Welding — Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system
[2] ISO/TR 16060, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Etchants for macroscopic and
microscopic examination
[3] ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
[4] ISO 15614-2, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys

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