Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4unit. Co-Ordination of Protective Devices

    Uploaded by

    Reddy Sannidhi
    6 views23 pages

    Original Title

    4unit. co-ordination of protective devices (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    6 views23 pages

    4unit. Co-Ordination of Protective Devices

    Uploaded by

    Reddy Sannidhi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 23
    | PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION The capital investment involved in a power system for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is so great that proper precautions must be ensured that the equipment not only operates s-nearly_as possible to_peak efficiencies, but_also that itis “Sroteced from faults. The purpose of the protective relays and protective relaying system is to operate the correct relay s0 as to disconnect only the faulty equipment fom the aston” SS quickly as possible, thus minimizing the troubles and damage caused by faults when they” do occur, The modern power system is complex and even through protection equipment from 4 to 5% of the total cost involved in the system, they play a very important role in the system design for good quality and reliability. 6.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROTECTION The primary objectives of distribution system protection are mainly: * Minimize the fault duration’ - * Minimize the number of consumers affected by the fault, ‘The secondary objectives of distribution system protection are to: disturbances. * Disconnect faulted branches, transformers or other components 4 132 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION coe — = 6.3 OVER CURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES The over current protective devie circuit breakers, automatic circuit '. applied to distribution systems include relay controlled reclosers, fuses and automatic line sectionalizes etc. 6.3.1 Fuse It is an over current device with a circuit opening ability when directly heated and gets destroyed by the flowing over current through it in the event of an overload or short-circuit a Therefore, the purpose of fuse is to isolate the failure line or segment from the The fuse element is generally made of material having low melting point, high conductivity and least deterioration due to oxidation e.g., Silver, Copper ete. It is inserted in series with the circuit to be protected. Under normal operating conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below its melting point. Therefore, it carries the normal current without overheating. However, when a short-circuit or overload occurs, the current flowing through the fuse will increase beyond its rated value. This raises the temperature and fuse element melts, disconnecting the circuit protected by it. The time required to blow out the fuse depends upon the magnitude of excessive current. The greater the current, the smaller is the time taken by the fuse to blow out. Advantages ‘The advantages of the fuse are: (i) Cheapest form of protection available. (ii) Requires no maintenance. (iii) Break heavy short-circuit current without noise or smoke. (iv) The minimum time of operation can be made much shorter than that of the circuit“ breaker. Disadvantages 5 The disadvantages of the fuse are: (i) Considerable time is required in removing or replacing a fuse after operation. (ii) The current time characteristics of a fuse cannot always be correlated with that’ of the protected apparatus. 6.3.2 Automatic Circuit Recloser Lt 18 217 autumertfe ¢ By * It is an over current protective device that automatically trips and reclosed a number of _ SMimes to clear temporary Taults oF isolate permanent faults. About 90% of faults on overhead” distribution Ines are of temporgry nature and caused by lightning or by-passing of objects near or through lines (birds, vines, tree branches etc.) or touching of conductors. These conditions result in arcing faults and the are in the air faults can be extinguished by de- energizing the system by simultaneous opening of circuit breakers on both ends of the feeder or on one end of the feeder. After a short time called Dead ‘Time, the circuit breakers can be reclosed as soon as the arc in fault has been extinguished and the path has regained its dielectric strength. Reclosing of feeders stores the supply. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Electrical Power Distribution and Automation : 134 ture is generally provided, 1p i {shot auto-reclosing fen! ! ies dion en, a oe se auto-reclosers ¢ mee is i dead time, the auto-recloser remaj, has vanished during the de , tho atresia closed. Tf foul Poryinnal recloser, the auto-recloser is opened and locked. With auto-reclosn aor er inary feeders the circuit continuity during temporary faults is impFoved, Aug: aaa ie generally not adopted for underground cables, ‘The faults on cables are general, reclos ‘ not temporary. aan can be perform the tasks that can be fulfilled by the combination of cireuig breaker, over current relay and reclosing relay. (ii) It is light in weight and maintenance free. (iii) When a permanent fault occurs near the end of the lengthly feeder, then this feeder can be sectionalized using auto-recloser so as to reduce the outages, Disadvantages (i) It cannot clear the permanent faults completely. (ii) It is costlier than the circuit breaker. (iii) It is not suitable for cables as the breakdown of insulation in cables causes a permanent outage. 6.3.3 Automatic Line Sectionalizer It is the over current protective devices installed only with backup circuit breakers or auto- reclosing circuit breaker. It is a no-load switching device which is provided with over current relays, earth fault relays and counters. The counter counts the number of operations of the back up circuit breaker/auto-recloser. After a predetermined number of back up circuit breaker! auto-recloser, if the circuit breaker/auto-recloser open has not cleared the Ine Tault, the -circui€ breaker/auto-recloser opens and thereafter the automatic sectionalizers opens under no current condition. The operating modes of automatic sectionalizers are as follows: 1 qt the fault on distribution line is temporary and is cleared while the auto-recloser is open, the connector of sectionalizer is reset: automatically to its normal position after reclosing of the circuit by auto-recloser. ‘If the fault on overhead line continues when auto-recloser is closed, the fault current counter in the sectionalizer will prepare for counting of the next opening of the auto-recloser. 2. If the auto-recloser is set to lockout on the fourth opening operation, the automatic fectionalizer will be set to trip during the open circuit time following the third tripping operation of the auto-recloser, Application aspects of automatic sectionalizers Several aspects must he considered to finalize the scheme: (@ It must be used in series with auto-reclosers, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner RDINATION 435 t It must not be located between two auto-reclosers. (iii) With two or three, sectionali : ordineted. 'zers after one auto-recloser, the sequence must be co- (iv) The minimum fault current has oe to be more than the minimum actual current of (v) The auto-recloser must sense mini ise mi i i controlled by the sectionaineg mmm fault current at the end of line section (vi) Under no circumstances the short time circuit current and momentary peak current at the location of sectionalizer should be less than respective ratings of the ; jr f the sectionalizer. : Advantages (@) Automatic sectionalizers’ are cheaper and required less maintenance than auto- reclosers. (i) They may be employed for interrupting or switching loads within their rating. The main drawback is that the failure rate is in general greater than that of fuse. 6.3.4 Circuit Breaker Circuit breaker is a switch that opens and cuts-off flow of current when the current exceeds a certain level. Circuit breakers are placed at critical points in circuits to protect against damage that could result from excessive current flow, which is typically catased by component failure. -- ae q High voltage circuit breakers are intended for making high voltage circuits and for _ breaking load currents and short-circuit currents. The cieuit breakers must have adequate _ MVA breaking capacity, the shortest possible total break time and be highly reliable in oe aa operation ‘High voltage circuit breakers must be explosion proof and fire proof, simple in designs, convenient for operation and maintenance and have as small a dimension _ and weight as their duty will permit. In brief, the function of C.B. is to isolate the faulty part of the power systems network “from that of healthy part under abnormal conditions. These abnormal conditions will be ‘sensed a trip signal to the C.B. After receiving a trip signal from the relay, the fault part Will be isolated from the power system. ‘A circuit breaker can be operated by manually by a remote control or automatically. The automatic operating phenomena can be observed only under fault conditions. 6.3.4.1 How a circuit Breaker Works? Basic Principle of Operation A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts which are touching each other under normal conditions i.e, when circuit breaker is closed The end of the moving contact is attached to a handle which can be manually operated or it can be operated automatically With the help of a mechanism which has a trip coil energized hy the secondary of the current brought to the terminals of the circuit breaker. Under transformer. The power supply is e i U normal working conditions the emf. induced in the secondary winding of the circuit @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Electrical Power Distribution and Automation E Eribution and Automation in. But under fault the trip coil fully for opera 1 ol the primary circuit of the current 136 SS e current in : chee? cuit to energize the trip coil. When transformer is not sufficient to ener iti rn in the valu condition the abnormality in th ae iaey : vntacts are pulled by some mechanism and there by transformer induces a eufficient e.m-f 8 the trip coil get energized, the moving © the circuit is broken The basic construction of a circuit by hh serves two functions. are between the contacts on the opening of circuit cen the contacts and from each contact to earth. tion in circuit breaker reaker requires the separation of contacts in an insulating fluid whic They are: (i) Extinguishing the breaker, (if) Providing insulation betw« a nedium or fluids commonly used for the purpose of are extinc' The n (i) Air at atmospheric pressure (i) Compressed air (iii) Oil producing hydrogen for are extinction (iv) Ultra high vacuum (v) Sulphur hexa Fluoride (SF,). The fluids that can be used in a circuit breaker should have the following properties: () High dielectric strength Gi) Non inflammability (ii) High thermal stability (iv) Chemical stability (v) Are extinguishing ability (vi) Commercial availability at moderate constant. 6.3.4.2 Automatic Circuit Breaker It is an automatic interrupting device, which is capable of breaking and enclosing a circuit under all conditions, i.e., faulted, or normal operating conditions. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes. Under normal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed and will not open automatically until and unless the system becomes faulted. Of course, the contacts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired, when a fault occurs on any part of the distribution system, the trip coils of the circuit breakers get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. When the contacts of a circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions, an are is struck between them. The current is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases. ‘The production of are not only delays the current interruption process but it also generates enormous heat, which may cause damage of the system or to the circuit breaker itself. Therefore, the primary task of a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc that develops in an arc-extinguishing medium, for example, in air, as is due to separation of its contac he case for air circuit breakers, in oil, as is the case for oil circuit breakers, in SFy or in Jaccum. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND SS i, TT 16.4 NECESSITY OF co. Se qime-current characteristic of over selected and set such that Protective devices in distribution system are i devices operate in de rel pre-set time sequence in ien_two protective apparatus which provide a pre-set opera soquelltt, ey are Sar toisolate the faultis defined nearer to the fault. The apparatus, whig . It is_us the apparatus, which will __ ten the protecting acca eae su which furnishes back up protection but operates only gnc TFs utually the apparas, whigh wi een ee ee wee rte e faraway to the fault. rae '65 OBJECTIVES OF CO-ORDINATION The main objectives of properly co-ordinated protective devices are: * Minimize the extent of faults in order to reduce the number of customers affected, * Minimize the service interruptions due to temporary faults. * Minimize the duration of service outages to identify the location of the fault. | gs PROCEDURE OF CO-ORDINATION Salient points of co-ordination procedure: @ Draw the diagram of the distribution system indicating location of over current relays, fuses, auto-reclosers ete. (i) Determine the following * Steady state short-circuit current * Asymmetrical peak short-circuit current * Normal load current * Minimum short-circuit current at above locations. (iii) Co-ordinate protective devices starting from substation outward or from the end of the distribution feeder back to the substation. (iv) Draw time current characteristic for the co-ordination. ‘The above information is not readly available and therefore, it can be gathered from the different sources. Generally, time current characteristic (TCC) curves of the protective devices are plotted by collecting the data from the manufacturer. The values of load current and fault current are obtained from power flow study and fault flow study. General co-ordination procedure: The over current protective devices ie., fuse, CB, recloser and line sectionalizers must be co-ordinated for identifying and isolating the faults. According to a specific operating Sequence, the two over current devices are said to be co-ordinated or selected. For all types of co-ordination the co-ordination procedure is same and as follows: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Electrical Power Distribution and Automatig, 138 eh SS Fata for co-ordination of protective devices should be eae, ne iain vFeteihation network, select the initial Iocation of protective devieg, ae nd maximum Yalue of fault current fOr VarIOUs type, gg culate the minimum ue rent for vario rate yor aelected location and at the end of main feeder or lateral or sup ve devices located at the distribution substation jg erly from any type of faults occu, | a faults later 4. Choose the necess: order to protect th in the distribution system. ‘The over current protective devices should be co-ordinated either from substation onwards or end of the distributim system back to the substation. If necessary, reconsider and change the initial location of the protective device, Reconsider the selected protective device for current carrying capacity, interrupting protecti substation transformer prop sae capacity and minimum pickup time, Draw the TCC curves showing the co-ordination of all protective devices used with common base voltage. 9, Finally, draw the distribution network diagram which shows the minimum and maximum value of fault current and also the ratings of the various protective devices used. 6.7 TYPES OF CO-ORDINATION The different types of co-ordination methods are: 1. Fuse to fuse co-ordination 2. Auto-recloser to fuse co-ordination * 3. Circuit-breaker to fuse co-ordination. 4. Circuit Breaker to auto-recloser co-ordination. 6.7.1 Fuse to Fuse Co-ordination Fuse ‘A’ is called the protected fuse and fuse ‘B’ is called the protecting fuse are drawn in Single graph as shown in Fig, 6.1. For perfect co-ordination, fuse B must melt and clear the fault before fuse ‘A’ is damaged. To ensure this, three things are required: (i) The maximum characteristic of the fuse B is plotted. * (ii) The minimum characteristic of the fuse A is plotted. -* (iii) 75% of the minimum melting curve of A is plotted to make sure that the fuse is not damaged and to account for any degradation in the fuse characteristics. __. lf the damage curve of fuse A and the time clearance curve of fuse B never cross, then it is said to be perfect protection. If they cross, at some value of current, then it is called the limit of co-ordination, For example, suppose the curves cross at 200 A. This means that co-ordination more than 200 A is unlikely. However, if the maximum available short circuit current of the system at that location is only 150 A the fuse would be considered to be fully co-ordinated. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION = Fs A -moting curr (Te) eae it A g 75 % of A g « g t Protected pon Fuse B-ttal stated Siecing leaning TC curve fuse Current > Fig. 6.1 Co-ordination between two fuses in series 6.7.2 Auto-Recloser to Fuse Co-ordination The time-current characteristics of auto-recloser (AR) in the main feeder circuit. and fuse B in the lateral is as shown in Fig. 6.2, If the fault ‘F beyond the fuse B is temporary, the auto-recloser ‘AR’ should clear it without blowing of fuse B. The time-current characteristics of the fuse B are in two parts: 1. Minimum melting time versus fuse B current 2. First operating time versus fuse B current. Low current curve a7 forfuse 8 Delayed opening curve of AR aA a High current curve U4 2B [ Instantaneous opening La ae curve of AR Time > —> Fuse operators operates: Current > Fig. 6.2 Auto-recloser and fuse co-ordination The above two curves of fuse B is co-ordinated with below two curves of tripping characteristic of ‘AR’: - 1. Delayed auto-recloser opening characteristic 2. Instantaneous auto-recloser opening characteristic. © If fault current is less than ‘M’, the recloser operates with delayed opening time. | © If fault current is less than ‘N’, the auto-recloser operates with instantaneous operating time. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ay 140 Electrical Power Distribution and Automation + Beyond current NV, the fuse B operates rdination for the compli fuse due to flow of short-ci e auto-reclosing cycle takes ; * Auto-reclosers to furse c0-0F a Fi account the heating of the dination nt phase fault. protection, Tots revit breaker time. 6.7.3 Circuit-Breaker to Fuse Co-or' The circuit breaker is tripped by 4g equal to the relay time pli — S aie ction and it breaker as a back up is gh ——When fuse ‘A is used as a main protect | Y oun in 63, the operating time is selected as 150% of total operating time of the fuse of oye, current relays for phase to phase fault, ‘Therefore, the fuse ‘A’ operates first and the cireyiy breaker operates next only if fuse fails to operate. ce A F > 4—Fuse A- main Time —» Current —> Fig. 6.3 Fuse gives main protection and circuit breaker given back up If circuit breaker provides the main protection and the fuse ‘A’ as a back up as shown in Fig 6.4, the relays should operate instantaneously and circuit breaker should isolate the fault before blowing up the fuse. The minimum melting time (pre-arcing time) of the fuse should be about 135% more than total fault ‘clearing time’ of the circuit-breaker relay combination for phase to phase faults. a ae Fise A back up cB nn <—Cireut breaker (CB) - Main Time Current > Fig. 6.4 Circuit breaker gives main protection and fuse given back up @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 141 ircuit Breaker to Auto-Recloser qhe eirenit breaker provides a by characteristics. : Co-ordination ck Up protection, ‘TI ae P Protection. ‘The auto-recloser has three principal 1, First and second opening operation « ‘A’ for instantancous opening characteristics. 3. Fourth opening operation ‘© fo : P for. extended. ing ctoristi ‘The inverse time characteristic led-delayed opening characteristic. ‘D’ of over current rela i y and circuit breaker combination ghould be above that of the three characteristic pe pla malig Fig. 6.5. cB AR Tripping of I ee c\O \4— back up cB t 8 A Delayed tripping = ofAR Instantaneous tripping Time —> +—— of AR Fig. 6.5 Characteristics of circuit breaker to auto-recloser co-ordination TYPES OF FAULTS Overhead systems are subjected to broadly two types of faults and these are temporary or transient and permanent faults. Depending on the nature of the system involved, most of the faults are transient in nature, These faults occur when phase conductors of the system electrically contact other phase conductors or to the ground, momentarily due to trees, birds or other animals, high winds, lightning flashovers etc. The duration of fault is to be minimized using instantaneous or high speed tripping. Automatic reclosing of a relay prevents unnecessary fuse breaking. ‘e which requires repair by a repair crew in term of: Permanent faults are thos * Replacing burden down conductors, blown fuses or any other damaged apparatus. * Removing tree limbs from the lines. * Manually reclosing a circuit breaker or recloser to restore service. fault imiz roperly selecting affected by a fault is to be minimized by properly se and i ae ages set ‘on the line, at the tap point of each line section and are ccating the protective apr 'By using the fuses the permanent faults on overhead Critical location on main ie 7 ithe number of faults occurring on an under grounded Systems ally sectionali faults 0 System is relatively Y see less than the overhead distribution system @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Electrical Power Distribution and Automation 142 are again subdivided to four possible fault types which oceyy ;, Generally there distribution systems: 1. Single line-to-ground fault (SLG). 2. Line-to-line fault (L-L). 3. Double line-to-ground fault (DLG). 4, Three-phase fault (3L or 3LG)). 6.9 FAULT-CURRENT CALCULATIONS ‘The possible fault types that might occur in a distribution system are mentioned above four types. The first, second and third type of faults on two phase or three phase feeders, and the fourth type of fault can take place only on three-phase feeder. However, even on these feeders usually only single line-to-ground fault will take place due to the multigrounded construction. The relative numbers of the occurrences of different type of faults depend upon various factors, eg., feeder configuration, height of ground wires, voltage levels, grounding methods, relative insulation level of ground and between phases, speed of fault clearing, atmospheric conditions ete. The actual fault current is usually less than the bolted" three-phase value. However, the single line-to-ground fault often produces a greater fault current than that of the 3-f fault especially when the generator neutral is solidly grounded because X, << X, (= X,)* in generator or low impedance neutral with star-grounded side of delta-star grounded transformer. If the fault occurs on the line three phase fault is more severe than SLG fault because for lines X,>> X, (= X,). In general usually the SLG fault is the most severe, with the 8-6, DLG, and L-L following in that order. In general, the maximum and minimum fault currents are both calculated for a given distribution system. The maximum fault current is determined based on the following assumptions: * Maximum generators are connected. * The fault is a dead short-circuit one. * The load is maximum peak. While minimum fault current is determined based on the following: * Minimum number of generators is connected. * The fault is not dead short-circuit one, but fault impedance is not zero. * The.load is minimum peak. Usually, these fault-currents are determined for each sectionalizing point, including the substation, and for the ends of the longest sections, The calculated maximum fault-current values are used in determining the required interrupting capacities of the fuses, circuit breakers, or other fault-clearing apparatus. For the calculated minimum fault-eurrent values are used in co-ordinating the operations of fuses, reclosers, and relays, “bolted means that there is no fault impedance or fault resistance @ scanned with OKEN Scanner To determine the fault currents one has to det ¢ impedances of the syste negative and zero- ermine the positiv sequent : mM at the hi seaformer. These impedances are us he high-voltage side of the distribution substation tudes ‘Therefore, for any given fault, on '¥ readily available from transmission system fault : ton a radial distribution feeder, one can simply add to ‘appropriate impedances as {] - the APP! the fault is moved away from the substation along the feeder. 6.9.1 single Line to Ground Fault (LGF) Ole (6) Equivalent circuit for LGF Fig. 6.6 Single line to ground fault Figure 6.6 (a) shows a single line to ground fault occurs at phase ‘a’. The fault current ae nd the remaining currents are zero, The voltage and current relations flows through phase are: v,=0 nk Ie Consider Z,, Z, and Zp are the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances of the system and V,, is the line to neutral ‘voltage distribution voltage. Fault current, y+ Zn 2Zo 3 = Impedance to ground S 3 q where 1 Zg2— 3 (Since Z, = Z, for transformers and distribution lines) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Electrical Power Distribution and Automatign 144 In case of source, transformer and distribution circuit, impedances are considered Z, = Total positive sequence impedance = Zyy+ Zy,+ 2. where Z,, = Dource impedance Zy, = Transformer impedance ZyypDistribution circuit. impedance V, ph BV in a 7 +2, 6. (ez, +25) © Gi, +%) 3 However, if a fault occurs through some fault, impedance Z, Fault current, av, a (6A) (QZ, +2, +Z,) If the souree connected in star grounded equation 6.1 and 6.2 are valid. In case of source connected in delta, zero sequence impedance Z, becomes infinite, these equations are not valid. This is obvious; because of there is no return path for the current flow. If the primary distribution network in delta and the lines are connected by delta/star with solid grounded neutral point of substation transformer, the transformer primary side current can be determined by 1 = vu me WV em, where, . Viz = Line to line distribution voltage Ven, = Line to line sub-transmission voltage J, = Line to ground fault current From equation 6.2, it is clear that the sequence networks i.e., positive, negative and zero sequence networks must be connected in series, The interconnection of sequences network is shown in Fig. 6.6 (6). Therefore, BIg = BIqy = Bay I v, =1,-+L,=-—=—_* _. v Fay = tea" to 3 = 37,52, 42, The voltages of other healthy phases are determined by V, = v,, [W204 +e?) Z S 22, +Z)+Z, Vev (a0?) Z, +(a-1) 2, PM 22 + Zo + Ly Operator = 1.02120° where, a 0 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner - ppOTEGTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION 145 6.9.2 Line to Line Fault (LLF) ly x a——_—_—_—_________ z Vat Vaz Ze — y Vin (© c + ¥ (@) LLF between phases ‘b’ and ‘c! (b) Equivalent circuit for LLF Fig. 6.7 Line to fine fault Figure 6.7 (a) shows a line to line fault or double line fault occurs in between phases and ‘c’. The voltage and current relations are: 1,=0 I,+1, = 0orl,=~I, v,=V, The fault current I, : or However, if a fault occurs through some fault impedance Z, Lec jVBV in -iNBV py, Fault current, y= 97472, 2(Zi, + Zi + Zien) + Zp The sequence currents are determined by Von or Ly = -Iyg =~ (since Iyg is zero) aa = lea = 97. 7 From equation 6.3, it is clear that the sequence networks i.c., positive and negative sequence networks must be connected in parallel and opposite. The interconnection of Sequences network is shown in Fig. 6.7 (b). Zero sequence current will be absent in this case. This is in consistence with the fact that no ground current can flow. The presence or absence of a grounded source neutral does not affect the fault current. If the source neutral is not grounded, Z, is infinite and Vio is @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 146 Electrical Power Distribution end Autometion” interminato, but line to line voltage may be found since they contain no zero sequenes component. 6.9.3 Double Line to Ground Fault (DLGF) Xe Cts Inbaineen prates Send (c (b) Equivalent circuit for DLGF Fig. 6.8 Double line to line fault Figure 6.8 (a) shows a double line to ground fault in between phases ‘6’ and ‘c’. The voltage and current relations are: 1, =0 hth V, = V,=0 ‘The symmetrical components of voltages are: and fault current, I, = 1,41, = Bly (Since I,y + Igy = ~ Lao) : From the above relations, the equivalent circuit for double line to ground fault i in Fig. 6.8 (b). The negative and zero sequence networks are connected in parallel and this combination is connected in series with the positive sequence network. The sequence currents can be calculated by I, = —“B Zy+ Zohn Z+ eg 0 ae (zz + ZZ, + Lo @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Be TECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION 147 to Yaga 2,2, +22, +22, Fault current, (eee 2, OM Zl + Lyk, + Z, ‘And voltage of phase ‘a’ is 2244+ 2Z,Z, + Zod, 69.4 Three Phase Grounded/Ungrounded Fault (3LF or 3LGF) = £) Von ° (a) 3 fault (b) Equivalent circuit for 3LF Fig. 6.8 Three phase fault Figure 6.8 (a) shows a three phase fault or three phase to ground fault. In this case all "the phases are short-circuited. The voltage and current relations are: V, = V,=V,=0 I,+1,+1, = 0 Von Fault current, Yon 4, However, if there is a fault through some fault impedance, Z, Fault . ola current, a Equivalent for this type of fault is shown in Fig. 6.8 (6). Example 6.1. An earth fault occurs on one conductor of a 3-conduetor are supplied by 210 MVA, 86 RV, phase source with neutral earthed. The source has positive, negative and zero sequence imledanees of (05 + j4-7), (0.2 + j0.8) and j0.43 ohms per phase. The corresponding impedance values for the cable up to the fault point are (0.36 + j0.26), (0.36 + J0.25) and (2.9 + J0.95) ohms per phase. Determine the fault current. Solution: Source sequence impedances Zy, = (0.5 + j4.7) 2 Zp, = (0.2 + j0.6) 2 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 148 Electrical Power Distribution and Automation Zo, = J0A3 2 i the fault point Cable sequence impedances upto Z,, = (0.36 + 0.25) 2 Zy, = (0.36 + j0.25) 2 Zoe = (2.9 + J0.95) 2 Total sequence impedances are / Zy = Dyglye = (0.86 + j4.95) 2 Zy = Za, + Zo, = (0.56 + 0.85) 2 Zp = Zag + Boy = (29 + 1.38) 2 Fault current, J; = —3%66x10" _ _ (934.44 — 7389.65) Amps 8 (4.32 + j718) Example 6.2. A 50 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase source having a subtransient reactance of 15% supplies two motors over sub-transmission line of 120 Q series reactance with identical transformers at both ends (connected delta/ star, star/ delta) each rated 60 MVA, 11/132 By with 10% leakage reactance. The motors have 30 MVA and 15 MVA inputs at 11 kV with 20% subtransient reactance. the neutral of the 30 MVA motor is isolated. While that of the 15 MVA motor and the source are grounded, each through a limiting reactor of 2.5 Q The zero sequence reactance of the source and motor is 8% each that of the sub-stransmission line is 230% of the positive sequence reactance. Determine the fault currents when single line to ground fault occurs after the receiving end transformer near the bus connecting the motors in parallel. Solution: u L ©-+-Sif#——_+-8 IE— a 60 MVA 4 4 eoMvA 30MVA ante 182/41 kV % Acad XY, = 20% Y %=8% Fig. 6.10 Take ¢ 50 MVA, 11 kV as new base MVA and base KV respectively in the source circuit. The new base kV of other components are Sub-transmission line base voltage = 11 132 11 132 kV, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner {peorecve DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION - = Motor base volt: u tage = 132x—— = x T32 kv ictal i ‘The reactances of transformers, line and motors are concerted into p.u values on chosen pase values as follows: ; 2 Transformers reactance = oax 50 (22) = 0.083 pu 60 (132 line reactance = 0x2. = 0344 pu 30) Reactance of motor-1 7 02x50 (HY = 0333 pu 7 11 2 Reactance of motor-2 = 02x22 3) = 0666 pu 1 (G1 All the negative sequence reactances of the system all equal to positive sequence reactances. ‘The zero sequence reactance of the transformers is equal to its positive sequence reactances. .. Transformers zero sequence reactance = 0.083 p.u source zero sequence reactance = 0.08 pu . 50 (11) Zero sequence reactance of motor-1 = 0.08 x 55 ae 0.133 pu 50(11)° Zero sequence reactance of motor2 = 008x7=[77] = 0266 pu Reactance of current limiting reactor = 25x 7p = LO& pau Reactance of current limiting reactor included in zero sequence netowrk = 3x 103 = 3.09 pu Zero sequence reactance of sub-transmission line = 230 % of positive sequence reactance 230 = 79g %120 = 2762 Its Pu value= 276 x22, = 0792 pu ‘ (132)? Ls @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Go) power Distribution and Aut 4150 Electrical utomation ‘The positive sequence network is josas jo083p j0.006 © Ov Fig. 11 (a) The negative sequence network is j0.083 jo3a4 j00ss og joss 0.333 | 0.666 Fig. 11 (6) The zero sequence reactance is j0083 jo7e2 jo26s j3.09 Fig. 11 (c) Ve Vig = Ves = ve, (Prefault phase voltage at the fault point) 11 = = 10pu From Fig. 6.11 - : The positive sequence i j0.66 impedance, Z, = 12:86%0.22 _ 1 7088 7 (j0.166 pu @ scanned with OKEN Scanner y SS ‘pAOTECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION ™ The negative sequence impedance, 2, j0.166 p.u The zero sequence impedance, Z, : = j0.266 + j3.09 = j3.356 p.u ° Fault current, I, = Vm 19 _ gig pu Zi +2, 4%, 3688 3 Base current. 50x10" _ 2624.3 Amps ¥Bx11 The actual fault current, y, = 0.813 x 2624.3 = 2133.6 Amps. Example 6.3. The line to line fault occurs at F in the network shown in Fig. 6.12. Determine the fault current, the data about the system is as follows: Source = 3 MVA, reactance = 30%, solidly earthed T, = 3 MVA, 11/33 RY, reactance = 10% soldily earthed on 11 kV side Cable, JX = 0.7 Qat 33 kV T, = 3 MVA, 33/11 RV, reactance = 20% solidly earthed on 11 kV side Take negative sequence reactance of the source equal to 70% of its positive sequence reactance. 11193 kV 3a kV Fig. 6.12 Solution: Consider the base kVA = 3000 and the base of kV = 11 Source reactance = 30% reactance at 11 kV 4% reactance x (KV)? x10 F KVA 30x (11)? x10 a = 1210 . 3000 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Ejedbfieal Power Distribution and Automatign 152 | 10x (11)? x10 _ 4o330 T, reactance = ——g999 3 kV when referred to 11 kV ~ o7x(2t) = 0293.0 = (33 20x (11)? x10 _ Ty reactance = ——~gogg = 8067 = j1210 0.7 x 12.1 = j8.47 2 j4.033 2 Cable reactance 0.7 Q at 3: Positive sequence reactance of source, Zs, Negative sequence reactance of source, Z, sequence reactance of 7, (Zp), Positiv Negative sequence reactances of Ty, (Zp) = 4.033 2 Positive sequence reactance of cable, Z, = 0.233 2 Negative sequence reactance of cable, Z.. = j0.283 Q J8.067 Q .067 Q = Zy,+ Zpy)y + Ze, + rp) = j24.433 Q Zo, + Zoo + Zq + Sry = j20.803 2 _ ANBVP, Fault current, if = 7, xy Positive sequence reactance of T, (Zyy), Negative sequence reactance of T, (Zry)y Total positive sequence reactance, Z, Total negative sequence reactance, Zy _ -iv8x11000/V3 _ *. Ga4.4as + 720803) ~ 748169 Amps Example 6.4. A 3-phase distribution line operating at 33 kV and having a resistance of 5 Qand reactance of 20 2 is connected to generation station through 15 MVA, 11/33 BV, 5% reactance transformer. Two alternators one of 10 MVA with 10% reactance and another of 5 MVA with 7.5% reactance are connected to the bus bar. Determine the fault current bed to the symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs as follows (a) At the end of distribution line. (b) At the high voltage terminal of the transformer. Solution: Figure 6.13 shows the representation of the given system. Choose base MVA is 20 and base kV is 11 % reactance of source-1, % X= ox 2 = 20% ‘% reactance of source-2, % X, = 75x29 = 30% 5 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 4 OTECTIVE DEVICES AND CO-ORDINATION a 10MVA 10% 1O— : 5MVA —— a pee SMVA oe Fig. 6,12 Percentage reactance of the transformer, % Xp = 5x22 = 667% 15 VA Percentage reactance of transmission line, % X, = % reactance in ohm x Te s = 20x _ = 86.7% (33) Percentage of resistance of transmission line, % R, = 5

    You might also like