applied
sciences
Article
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Particle Dampers
Attached to a Pipeline System
Rui Ma, Fuqiang Shi, Mingxin Juan, Jiao Wang * , Jie Jin and Tao Yu *
Citation: Ma, R.; Shi, F.; Juan, M.;
Wang, J.; Jin, J.; Yu, T. Numerical and
Experimental Investigations of
Particle Dampers Attached to a
Pipeline System. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13,
13217. https://doi.org/10.3390/
app132413217
Academic Editors: Woon-Seng Gan,
Edoardo Piana, Dongyuan Shi and
Jihui Aimee Zhang
Received: 13 October 2023
Revised: 27 November 2023
Accepted: 11 December 2023
Published: 13 December 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132413217
School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
17862817917@163.com (R.M.); 17865566300@163.com (F.S.); juanmingxin@163.com (M.J.); jinjie910@sina.com (J.J.)
* Correspondence: zoe_wjiao@163.com (J.W.); taoyuyt@126.com (T.Y.)
Abstract: The structure of pipeline systems is complex, and the working environment is harsh. Under
the excitation of the engine equipment foundation and pump fluid, it is easy to generate excessive
vibration, which seriously affects the safe operation of the equipment. Particle damping achieves
structural vibration suppression through the principle of particle collision dissipation. Due to the
drawbacks of traditional pipeline vibration reduction methods, this article introduces a particle
damping technology for pipeline system vibration suppression and designs particle dampers based
on the structural characteristics of pipelines. We analyzed the energy dissipation mechanism of
particle damping, revealed the influence of the materials, structure, external excitation, and other
parameters of the pipeline particle dampers on the energy dissipation characteristics of the particle
damping, established a pipeline vibration reduction test system with particle damping, and verified
its effectiveness in pipeline system vibration reduction. This study can provide a technical reference
for vibration reduction in pipeline systems.
Keywords: pipeline system; particle damping; vibration suppression; energy consumption characteristics
1. Introduction
Pipeline systems are generally composed of the pipeline body, joints, and support
clamps, and they are connected to pumps, valves, actuators, etc. They are mainly used
to transport fluid mass flow, energy flow, etc., and they are widely used in aerospace
engineering, marine containers, petrochemicals, and other fields. The structure of pipeline
systems is complex, and the working environment is harsh. Under the excitation of the
foundation and pump source, it is easy to generate excessive vibration, leading to problems
such as pipe collisions, fatigue wear, and rupture leakages in the pipeline system [1]. This
seriously affects the safety of the pipeline system; therefore, there is an urgent need to
adopt effective methods to suppress the vibration in pipeline systems.
The suppression of vibration in pipeline systems has always been a hot research
topic. Currently, scholars have clearly attributed the vibration in pipeline systems to fluid–
structure coupling vibration problems. In the area of coupled vibration problems between
a constant flow and pipelines, Paidoussis [2,3] studied the instability problem of pipeline
systems caused by high-speed fluid flow, the bifurcation and chaos problem of cantilever
pipelines caused by steady fluid action, and the nonlinear vibration stability problem of a
pipeline supported at both ends. Panda et al. [4] studied the nonlinear planar vibration of
a pipeline conveying pulsating fluids caused by resonance in a two-end hinged pipeline
based on harmonic variation components. Tan et al. [5] applied the nonlinear Timoshenko
model to study the coupled vibration of a fluid pipeline. Tijsseling [6] revealed the coupling
vibration mechanism between an unsteady fluid and pipeline system caused by the water
hammer effect and proposed a fluid–structure coupling 4-, 8-, and 14-equation models. The
dynamic models of pipeline systems can be classified into two types: beam models and
shell models. Hu et al. [7] validated the one-dimensional control equation for pressure
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 2 of 19

pulse propagation in non-viscous compressible fluids in thin-walled, naturally curved,

elastic pipelines. Firouz-Abadi et al. [8] established a fluid–structure coupling dynamic
model based on a shell model and derived the fluid–structure coupling field equation.
The main methods for analyzing pipeline vibration include the finite element method,
the characteristic line method, the transfer matrix method, etc. Ruoff et al. [9] studied
the characteristics of Coriolis mass flow meters with arbitrary pipeline geometries, such
as an unsteady flow, based on the finite element method. Wiggert et al. [10] predicted
the response of liquid pressure and pipeline stress to the transient excitation of liquids or
pipelines. Yu et al. [11] conducted theoretical research on periodic cantilever flow pipelines.
The traditional methods to reduce pipeline system vibration mainly include clamp
support vibration reduction, laying viscoelastic damping materials on the surface of the
pipeline, and installing tuned mass dampers on the pipeline, which have good suppres-
sion effects on the high-frequency vibrations of the pipeline. The shortcomings are the
limited installation position as well as the easy deformation, aging, and failure of the
damping materials, which can only achieve a vibration reduction of a single frequency
band. Wang et al. [12] demonstrated that clamp fixtures have a good inhibitory effect on
the vibration of pipeline systems. Zi et al. [13] proposed using long, coated damping
structures made of metal wire materials for vibration reduction in the high-temperature
pipelines on ships. Jiang et al. [14] verified the vibration reduction effect of a tuned mass
damper in an underwater pipeline system through experiments.
Particle damping achieves energy dissipation through collisions and friction between
particles and between particles and the container wall. This technology has the advantages
of a wide temperature range, wide frequency domain, radiation resistance, and high
reliability [15–17]. Masri et al. [18] derived an analytical solution for a particle impact
damper under sinusoidal excitation. Xu et al. [19] proposed considering the influence
of shear friction on damping performance based on an elastic beam and plate structure
with embedded particle collision dampers. Jin et al. [20] designed an aircraft pipeline
particle damper and analyzed the energy dissipation mechanism of the damper and the
influence of different parameters on the damping energy dissipation. Meyer et al. [21]
combined the discrete element model with a simplified finite element model and proposed
a contact algorithm for predicting system motion. Jin et al. [22] used the least squares
method and the Prony method to predict the damping coefficient of a tuned particle impact
damper. Yang et al. [23] studied the influence of parameters such as filling particle size on
the damping and mass characteristics of dampers through experiments based on power
measurement technology. Romdhane et al. [24] proposed an experimental characterization
method for the loss factor of non-blocking particle dampers using system parameters such
as excitation amplitude under harmonic excitation. Wang et al. [25] designed a particle
damper for pipeline systems and analyzed the influence of parameters such as the material,
structure, boundary conditions, etc., on damping performance under harmonic excitation.
Guo et al. [26] revealed the influence of particle size and quantity in the low-frequency
range on the energy dissipation characteristics of particle dampers. Ż Urawski et al. [27]
analyzed the vibration and energy dissipation characteristics of a cantilever beam-tuned
particle damper with different particle masses and container volumes.
Many scholars have conducted extensive research on the mechanism of particle damp-
ing energy dissipation; however, there are relatively few studies on vibration reduction
in pipeline systems. Therefore, this article introduces a particle damping technology for
pipeline systems. Through a theoretical analysis and simulation, the influence of damper
parameters on particle damping characteristics was revealed. At the same time, combined
with experimental testing, it was verified that the particle dampers have good vibration
reduction performance. This research provides a technical reference for the development of
vibration suppression approaches for pipeline systems.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 3 of 19

2. The Theory of Particle Damping Energy Dissipation

2. The Theory of Particle Damping Energy Dissipation
Particle damping achieves energy dissipation through collision and friction between
Particle damping achieves energy dissipation through collision and friction between
particles, as well as between the particles and the container wall.
particles, as well as between the particles and the container wall.
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis of
of Normal
Normal Particle–Particle
Particle–Particle Collisions
Collisions
The normal
The normal particle
particle collision
collision deformation
deformation diagram
diagram and and contact
contact model model are
are shown
shown inin
Figures 11 and
Figures and 2,2,respectively.
respectively. InInthese
thesefigures,
figures,rar,a, R,
R,FFnn,, δδnn,, kknn,, ccnn,, and
and m
m are
are the
the contact
contact
surface radius,
surface radius, thethe particle
particle radius,
radius, normal
normal force,
force, relative
relative displacement,
displacement, normal normal stiffness,
stiffness,
normal damping
normal damping coefficient,
coefficient, and
andparticle
particlemass,
mass,respectively.
respectively.

Fnn Fnn

Rii Rjj
raa

δnn

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagram of
of normal
normal collision
collision deformation
deformationof
ofparticles.
particles.

kn

mi mj

cn
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Particle
Particle normal
normal collision
collision contact
contact model.
model.

The normal
The normal overlap
overlap after
after contact
contact deformation
deformationbetween
betweenparticles
particlesisisexpressed
expressedas
as

δn δ=n R
=i R+i R
+jR−j −ci c−i −c jc j>＞
00 (1)
(1)
n i j i j

wherecci i and
where and ccjj are
are the
the displacement
displacement vectors
vectors of
of the
the particle
particle centers.
centers.
The normal stiffness is expressed
The normal stiffness is expressed as as

∗
p
∗
2E ∗ R Rδ∗nδ
k nk==2E
kn = 2 E R δn (2)
(2)
where E∗∗ and R∗∗ are the effective elastic modulus and effective radius of the particle,
where E and R are the effective elastic modulus and effective radius of the particle, re-
respectively. Theycan
spectively. They canbebeexpressed
expressedasas

2
2 1− µ j
 11∗ = 11−−µiμ+
2

1 − μ 2j
 ∗∗ = 1 +
E Ei i Ej
(3)
 E
 R = R E+i R1 Ej
 i j
(3)

 Rc =is expressed ∗ 1 1
The normal damping coefficient n +  as
 Ri
r
Rj
5 p ∗
cn =
The normal damping coefficient cn is γ k n mas
2 expressed (4)
6

5
cn = 2 γ k n m∗ (4)
6
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 20

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 where m* is the effective mass of the particle, and γ is the critical damping coefficient.
4 ofm*
19
and γ are expressed as

 ∗
mi m j
 m = and γ is the critical damping coefficient. m*
where m* is the effective mass of the particle,
and γ are expressed as  mi + m j
 mi m j (5)
∗
m = m + ln e
γ = i j m

(5)
 = √lnln ee + π
2 2
γ
ln2 e+π 2
whereeeisisthe
where thecoefficient
coefficientof
ofrestitution
restitutionof
ofthe
theparticle.
particle.

2.2. Analysis of Tangential

2.2. Tangential Particle–Particle
Particle–Particle Collisions
Collisions
The particle
The particle tangential
tangential collision
collision contact
contactmodel
modelisisshown
shownin
inFigure
Figure3,3,where
wherekkt ,t,cctt,, and
and
µµff are
are the
the tangential
tangential stiffness,
stiffness, tangential
tangential damping
damping coefficient,
coefficient, and the friction
friction coefficient,
coefficient,
respectively.
respectively.

mi
kt
µf

mj
ct

Figure 3.
Figure 3. Particle
Particle tangential
tangential collision
collision contact
contact model.
model.

The tangential
The tangential stiffness
stiffness kktt is expressed
expressed as
as

k tk= = 8G RRδnδ n
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
p
t
8G (6)
(6)

whereG*
where G*isisthe
theeffective
effectiveshear
shearmodulus,
modulus,which
whichisisexpressed
expressedas
as

1 1 1− 1 −µiμi 11−−µμj j
== ++ (7)
(7)
G ∗G ∗ GiG GGj
i j

where G
where and G
Gii and are the
Gjj are the shear
shear moduli
moduli of
of the
theparticles,
particles,and
andμ and μ
µii and µj jare
arethe
thestatic
static friction
friction
coefficients for particle contact.
coefficients for particle contact.
The
The tangential
tangential damping coefficient cctt is
damping coefficient is expressed
expressed asas
r
22 5
5 p
γ k t m∗ ∗
6 γ kt m
ct c= = (8)
(8)
t
6
where m* and γ can be calculated from Equation (5).
where m* and γ can be calculated from Equation (5).
2.3. Analysis of Contact Mechanism between a Particle and the Container Wall
2.3. Analysis of Contact Mechanism between a Particle and the Container Wall
Figure 4 shows the normal and tangential contacts between a particle and the container
wall. Figure 4 shows
In Figure 4, Fn the
andnormal andnormal
Ft are the tangential andcontacts between
tangential forcesaofparticle and the
the particle oncon-
the
tainer wall.
container In Figure
wall, 4, Fn and
respectively; Fn 0Fand
t are F the
t
0 are
normal
the and tangential
reaction forces forces
of the of the
containerparticle
wall on
on
the particle,
the containerkwall,
cn andrespectively;
k ct are the F n’ and Fand
normal t’ aretangential
the reaction forces of
stiffnesses the container
between the wall on
particle
the particle, k and k are the normal and tangential stiffnesses between
and container wall, respectively; and ccn and cct are the normal and tangential damping
cn ct the particle and
container wall,
coefficients betweenrespectively;
the particleandand ccn and cct are the wall,
the container normal and tangential damping coeffi-
respectively.
cients between the particle and the container wall, respectively.
 Appl.Sci.
Appl. Sci.2023,
2023,13,
13,13217
x FOR PEER REVIEW 55 of 19
20

Fn

Ft Ri

kct

kcn ccn
cct

Ft’

Fn’

Figure4.4.Schematic
Figure Schematicdiagram
diagramof
ofcontact
contactbetween
betweenaaparticle
particleand
andthe
thecontainer
containerwall.
wall.

2.3.1.
2.3.1. Normal
Normal Contact
Contact between
between aa Particle
Particle and
and thethe Container
ContainerWall Wall
The
The force between a particle and the container wall in the direction
force between a particle and the container wall in the normal is expressed
normal direction is as
ex-
pressed as ·
Fn 0 = k cn δc + 2ζ mi k cn δc 
p
(9)
Fn ' = k cn δ c + 2ζ m i k cn δ c (9)
where mi is the mass of the particle, δc = Ri − li is the normal relative displacement
where mi is the mass of the particle, δ c = Ri − li is the · normal relative displacement between
between the particle and the container wall, and δc is the velocity between the particle and
the particle and the container wall, and δ c is the velocity between the particle and the
the container wall.
container wall. stiffness between the particle and the container wall is expressed as
The normal
The normal stiffness between the particle and the container wall is expressed as
√ !−1 −1
4 Ri4 R1i −  1µ−2i μ i2 11−
− μµc22c
k cn = kcn =  + +  (10)
(10)
3 3 Ei Ei Ecc 
where Ei and Ec and µi and µc are the elastic moduli and the Poisson’s ratios of the particle
where Ei and Ec and µi and µc are the elastic moduli and the Poisson’s ratios of the particle
and container wall, respectively.
and container wall, respectively.
The normal damping coefficient between the particle and the container wall is ex-
The normal damping coefficient between the particle and the container wall is ex-
pressed as
pressed as p
ccnc = =
2 2 mk
mkcn (11)
(11)
cn cn
where m is the mass of the particle.
where m is the mass of the particle.
2.3.2. Tangential Contact between a Particle and the Container Wall
2.3.2.The
Tangential Contactthe
force between between a Particle
particle and the and the Container
container Walltangential direction is
wall in the
The force
expressed as between the particle and the container wall in the tangential direction is
expressed as ·
0 −µs Fn 0 δs
Ft =  (12)
− μ· F ' δ s
Ft ' = δs  n
s (12)
δs
· 
where µ
where μss is
is the coefficient
coefficient of friction
friction between
between the
theparticle
particleand
andthe
thecontainer
containerwall,
wall,and
andδs δiss
the tangential velocity of the particle with respect to the container wall.
is the tangential velocity of the particle with respect to the container wall.
The
Thetangential
tangentialstiffness
stiffnessbetween
betweenthe theparticle
particleand
andthe
thecontainer
containerwall
wallisisexpressed
expressedas
as
k ct k= αkαcnkcn
ct = (13)
(13)
where αα is
where is the
the scaling
scaling factor.
factor.
The tangential damping coefficient between the particle and the container wall is ex-
pressed as
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 6 of 19

The tangential damping coefficient between the particle and the container wall is
expressed as p
cct = 2 mk ct (14)

2.4. Analysis of Particle Damping Energy Dissipation Mechanism

Assuming that no sliding occurs between particles, the collision energy dissipation in
the normal and tangent directions is expressed as

1 mi m j

− 2
 ∆En = 2 mi + m j 1 − e2n |vrn |
(15)
 ∆Et = 1 mi m j − 2
1 − e2t vrt


2 mi + m j

where en and et are the normal and tangential recovery coefficients between particles, which
are expressed as
v+ +
jn − vin

+
vrn
 en = v− −v− = vrn

 −
in jn
+ + (16)
v −v +
 et = −jt it− = vrt−


v −vit vjt rt

where vin and vjn and vit and vjt are the normal and tangential velocities of the parti-
cles, with the superscripts ‘−’ and ‘+’ representing the conditions before and after the
collisions, respectively.
When the tangential force between particles is greater than the maximum static friction
force, friction energy dissipation will replace tangential collision energy dissipation. The
friction energy dissipation is expressed as

∆E f = µ f | Fn δt | (17)

where µf and δt are the friction coefficient and the tangential relative displacement between
particles, respectively. Fn is the normal force between particles, the expression of which is
obtained from the Hertz contact theory [28]:

4 ∗ √ ∗ 32
Fn = E R δn (18)
3
Due to the small contact area between the particle and the container wall, the analysis
method for energy dissipation is also applicable to the energy dissipation between the
particle and the container wall. Therefore, the energy dissipation for the particle damping
system is expressed as
E = Σ∆En + Σ∆Et + Σ∆E f (19)
where ∑ ∆En , ∑ ∆Et , and ∑ ∆E f represent the total normal and tangential collision en-
ergy consumption, and friction energy consumption of the particle collision damping
system, respectively.

3. Design and Simulation of Particle Damper

3.1. Design of the Particle Damper
A pipeline with an outer diameter of 0.016 m was selected, and a particle damper was
designed for the pipeline system based on the structural characteristics of the pipeline. A
damper design should meet the following requirements: (1) it can accommodate enough
particles; (2) it has good structural sealing; (3) it is lightweight; and (4) it is easy to in-
stall and disassemble. Two materials and three cavity structures were used to fabricate
pipeline particle dampers, and their structural diagrams and shape parameters are shown
in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
 Appl.Appl.
Appl.
Sci. Sci.
Sci.2023,
2023, 2023,
13, x 13,
13,xxFOR
FOR FORPEER
PEER PEERREVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW 7 of 720
7 ofof 20
20
Appl.
Appl.Appl. Sci. 2023,
Sci.
Sci. 2023, 2023, 13, xx FOR
13, x 13,
FOR FOR PEER
PEERPEER REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW 7 of
7 of 720 of 20
20
particle dampers,
particle
particle andand
dampers,
dampers, their structural
andtheir
their diagrams
structural
structural andand
diagrams
diagrams shape parameters
andshape
shape are are
parameters
parameters shown in Tables
areshown
shown ininTables
Tables
1particle
and 2,
1and
andrespectively.
1particle
2,
particle2, respectively.
respectively.
dampers,
dampers, and
and their
theirstructural
structuraldiagrams
diagrams and
and shape
shapeparameters
parameters are
are shown
shown
dampers, and their structural diagrams and shape parameters are shown in Tables in
inTables
Tables
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 1 and1particle
1and
and
2,
particle
particle 2,2,dampers,
respectively.
respectively.
dampers,
respectively.
dampers, and their
and and
theirtheir structural
structural
structural diagrams
diagrams
diagrams andshape
and and
shapeshape parameters
parameters
parameters areshown
are shown
are shown in7 of in
in Tables
19 Tables
Tables
Table 1. Structural
Table
Table 1.2, diagram
1.Structural
Structural of pipeline
diagram
diagram particle
ofofpipeline
pipeline collision
particle
particle damper.
collision
collision damper.
damper.
11 and
1 and and respectively.
2, respectively.
2, respectively.
Table
Table Table 1.1.Structural
Structural
1. Structural diagram
diagram
diagram
Two ofofpipeline
pipeline
of pipeline
Cavities particle
particle
particle collision
collision
collision
Four damper.
damper.
damper.
Cavities SixSix
Cavities
Two
Two Cavities
Cavities Four
Four Cavities
Cavities SixCavities
Cavities
Table Table
Table
1. 1. Structural
1. Structural
Structural diagram
diagram
diagram of of pipeline
of pipeline
pipeline particle
particle
particle collision
collision
collision damper.
damper.
damper.
Table 1. Structural diagram Two ofTwo
Two Cavities
Cavities
pipeline
Cavities FourFour
particle collision Four Cavities
Cavities
damper.
Cavities Six Six
SixCavities
Cavities
Cavities
Two
TwoTwo Cavities
Cavities
Cavities Four
FourFour Cavities
Cavities
Cavities Six Cavities
Six Cavities
Six Cavities
Two Cavities Four Cavities Six Cavities
Design
Design
Design
drawing
drawing
drawing
Design
Design
Design
Design
drawing
drawing
drawing
Design
Design
Design
drawing
drawing
drawing
drawing

ABSABS
ABS
ABSABS
ABS ABS
ABS
ABSABS

Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
alloy
alloy alloy
alloy
Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
Aluminum
alloyalloy
alloy
Aluminum
Aluminum
alloy
alloyalloy

Table Structural
2.Table
Table Table parameters
2. Structural
2.2.Structural
Structural of the
parameters
parameters
parameters particle
of the damper.
particle
ofofthe damper.
theparticle
particle damper.
damper.
Table
Table Table 2.2.Structural
Structural
2. Structural parameters
parameters
parameters ofofparticle
of the the
theContainer
particle
particledamper.
damper. Wall
damper. Plate
Inner Diameter Outer Diameter Container
Container
Container Wall Plate
Wall
Wall PlateCover
Plate Plate
Cover Plate
Cover
Cover Plate
Plate
Inner
Inner
Table Diameter
Inner 2. Diameter
Diameter Outer
Structural Diameter
Outer
Outer Diameter
Diameter
parameters of the particle
Height damper.
Table
Table 2. Structural
2. Structural parameters
parameters of theofparticle
the particle Height Thickness
damper.
damper.
Height
Height
Container
Container Thickness Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Container WallWall Thickness
Wall
Plate Thickness
Thickness
Plate
Plate Cover Cover
Cover
PlatePlate
Plate
Inner Inner
Inner Diameter
DiameterDiameter 46Outer
Outer Diameter
Diameter28 mm
16.5 mm
16.5 mm
16.5mm
16.5 mm Outer mm
46Diameter
mm
4646mm
mm 28 mm
28
Height 28 mm
Container
Height
Heightmm
Container WallWall
3 mm
3 mm3
Wall 3
mm mm
Plate
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness 1 mm
1 mm1
Cover1
mmmm
Plate
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Plate Cover Cover Plate
Inner Inner
Inner Diameter
Diameter
Diameter Outer Outer
Outer Diameter Container
Diameter
Diameter
Plate Plate
16.516.5
16.5mm
mm mm 46 mm 46
46mm
mm 28 mm
Height Height
28
28mm
Height mm Thickness
mm
Thickness33mm
mm
3Thickness Thickness
11mm
mm
1Thickness
mm
Thickness
3.2.3.2.
Modeling
Modeling
16.5 of Particle
3.2.Modeling
3.2. Modeling
16.5
16.5
mm mm
mm Damper
of Particle Damper
ofofParticle
Particle
46 Using
Damper
Damper
46
46
mm mm
mm EDEM
Using EDEM
Using
Using 28EDEM
EDEM 28 mm
28
mm mm 3 mm 33 mm
mm 1 mm 11 mm
mm
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 20
The
3.2. 3.2.modeling
3.2.
The Modeling
Modeling
Modelingmodeling
The of
ofofthe
ofmodeling
Particle
Themodeling particle
Particle
Particle
of the
Damper
ofofthe
the damper
Damper
Damper
particle Using
UsingUsing
damper
particle
particle inEDEM
EDEM the
EDEM
damper
damper discrete
in the
in element
discrete
inthe element
thediscrete
discrete software
software
element
element EDEM
EDEM
software
software 2020 is2020
2020
EDEM
EDEM is isis
2020
shown
shown
3.2. in
3.2.
shown
3.2.Figure
The Modeling
in
shown Figure
ininof
Modeling
Modeling
The
The 5. of
Figure
Figure
of
modeling
modeling
modeling Particle
5. Particle
5.5.
Particle
of Damper
theof Damper
Damper
ofparticle
the
the Using
Using
Using
particleEDEM
particledamper
damper EDEM
EDEM
damper in
in the indiscrete
the
thediscrete
discrete element
element
element software
software
software EDEMEDEM
EDEM
20202020
2020
is isis
shownshown
shown The
TheinThe inin
Figure
modelingFigure
Figure
modeling 5.
5.
5. of the
modeling of the particle
of particle
the particle damper
damper
damper in the in the discrete
in discrete
the discrete element
element
element software
software
software EDEM EDEM
EDEM 2020
20202020
is isis
shown shown
shown in Figure
in
in Figure Figure
5. 5. 5.

Figure5.5.Modeling
Figure Modelingof
ofparticle
particledamper.
damper.

The simulation process of the EDEM software is mainly divided into three parts:
modeling, dynamic simulation, analysis, and post-processing.

3.3. Simulation Parameter Settings

The discrete cavity software EDEM was used to simulate the state of motion and en-
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 8 of 19

The simulation process of the EDEM software is mainly divided into three parts:
modeling, dynamic simulation, analysis, and post-processing.

3.3. Simulation Parameter Settings

The discrete cavity software EDEM was used to simulate the state of motion and
energy consumption of the particle system. The contact type was set to Hertz–Mindlin
(no slip), and the materials and contact parameters used in the simulation are shown in
Tables 3 and 4, respectively. According to the actual working conditions, the simulation
selected the time step to be 25% of the Rayleigh time step, and the grid size was 2.5 times
the minimum radius of the filled particle.

Table 3. Material parameters.

Density (ρ) Elasticity Modulus

Material Poisson Ratio (µ)
(kg·m−3 ) (E) (GPa)
Steel 7850 200 0.3
Aluminum alloy 2800 68.9 0.33

Table 4. Contact parameters.

Coefficient Coefficient of Coefficient of

Contact
of Recovery Static Friction Rolling Friction
Steel–Steel 0.45 0.15 0.15
Steel–Aluminum alloy 0.45 0.17 0.001

3.4. Analysis of the Influence of Particle Damper Materials and Structural Parameters
3.4.1. Particle Filling Rate
The particle damper was filled with 2 mm steel particles; the other conditions remained
the same. The number of particles and the corresponding mass ratios at different filling
rates are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Number of particles and mass ratios corresponding to different filling rate.

Filling Rate (%) Number of Particles Mass Ratio (%)

10 203 6.68
20 406 13.35
30 609 20.03
40 812 26.73
50 1015 33.38
60 1218 40.05
70 1421 46.73
80 1624 53.40
90 1827 60.08
100 2030 66.75

From Figure 6, it can be seen that the total energy dissipation of the particle system
shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with an increase in the particle filling
rate. The total energy dissipated by the particle system was highest at the 60% filling rate.
There was an optimal particle filling rate for particle dampers in such conditions. When the
particle filling rate was low, the number of particles in the container was low, the particle–
particle and particle–container wall contact was limited, and less energy was dissipated
through collisions and friction. As the particle filling rate increased, the momentum
exchange between particles and between particles and the container wall increased, and
the total energy dissipated by the particle system increased. When the filling rate of the
particles was higher than the optimal filling rate, the space for movement of the particles
inside the container wall was limited, and the energy dissipated through collisions and
 the particle filling rate was low, the number of particles in the container was low, the par-
ticle–particle and particle–container wall contact was limited, and less energy was dissi-
pated through collisions and friction. As the particle filling rate increased, the momentum
exchange between particles and between particles and the container wall increased, and
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217
the total energy dissipated by the particle system increased. When the filling rate of the
9 of 19
particles was higher than the optimal filling rate, the space for movement of the particles
inside the container wall was limited, and the energy dissipated through collisions and
friction decreasedgradually.
friction decreased gradually. At At a 100%
a 100% filling
filling rate,rate, the particles
the particles hadlittle
had very verymovement,
little movement,
but energy could still be dissipated through friction between the particles.
but energy could still be dissipated through friction between the particles. Therefore, Therefore,
the the
total energydissipated
total energy dissipated at at this
this filling
filling raterate
waswas slightly
slightly betterbetter thanatthat
than that at filling
a 10% a 10%rate.
filling rate.

6. Total
Figure 6.
Figure Totalenergy
energydissipated by the
dissipated system
by the with with
system different particle
different filling rate.
particle filling rate.
3.4.2. Particle Size
3.4.2. Particle Size
Particle size is one of the most important parameters for the energy dissipated by a
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Particle
damper. With size is other
all the one of the mostbeing
parameters important parameters
equal, the for the
steel particles withenergy
particledissipated
sizes of 10 by a
of 20
damper.
1 mm, 1.5 With
mm, 2all the2.5other
mm, mm, parameters
3 mm, 3.5 mm, being
and 4equal,
mm were thetested
steel particles withrates
at three filling particle
of sizes
of 1 mm,
20%, 60%,1.5
andmm,
80%.2 The
mm,filling
2.5 mm,
effect3 of
mm,the 3.5 mm, and
different 4 mm
particle were
sizes tested
in the damperat three filling rates
is shown
in Figure
of 7.
20%, 60%, and 80%. The filling effect of the different particle sizes in the damper is
shown in Figure 7.

7.Filling
Figure 7.
Figure Fillingeffect
effect ofof
different particle
different sizessizes
particle in theindamper.
the damper.
As shown in Figures 8 and 9, at the same particle filling rate, the total energy dissi-
patedAs byshown in Figures
the particle system8decreased
and 9, atasthethesame particle
particle filling rate,
size increased. Duethetototal energy dissi-
the spatial
pated by theinparticle
environment system
which the decreased
particles as the the
were located, particle
largersize
the increased.
particle size,Due
the to
fewerthe spatial
environment in which the particles were located, the larger the particle
particles there were in the damper cavity. This resulted in fewer particle collisions and, size, the fewer
particles
therefore, there were
less total in the
energy damper in
dissipation cavity. This resulted
the particle system. At in the
fewer particle
three particlecollisions
filling and,
rates, it wasless
therefore, observed that the total
total energy energy dissipated
dissipation in the particle
in the particle system.system
At thewas greatest
three at filling
particle
the 60%
rates, it filling rate, followed
was observed by the
that the 80%
total fillingdissipated
energy rate, and theinleast dissipation
the particle at thewas
system 20%greatest
filling rate.
at the 60% filling rate, followed by the 80% filling rate, and the least dissipation at the 20%
filling rate.
 pated by the
particles thereparticle
were system decreased
in the damper as theThis
cavity. particle size increased.
resulted in fewer Due to the
particle spatial
collisions
environment in which the particles were located, the larger the particle
therefore, less total energy dissipation in the particle system. At the three particlesize, the fewer fi
particles there were in the damper cavity. This resulted in fewer particle
rates, it was observed that the total energy dissipated in the particle system was collisions and,
gre
therefore, less total energy dissipation in the particle system. At the three particle
at the 60% filling rate, followed by the 80% filling rate, and the least dissipation at the filling
rates, it was observed that the total energy dissipated in the particle system was greatest
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 filling rate. 10 of 19
at the 60% filling rate, followed by the 80% filling rate, and the least dissipation at the 20%
filling rate.

Figure 8. Total energy dissipated by particle system with the same particle size.
Figure8.8.Total
Totalenergy
energy dissipated
Figure dissipated by by particle
particle system
system withwith the same
the same particle
particle size. size.

Figure 9. Total number of particle collisions for different particle sizes.

3.4.3. Particle Density

Particle density was an important parameter in the simulation. The influence of
different particle densities (2000, 5000, 7850, 11,000, and 14,000 kg/m3 ) on the total energy
dissipation of the particle system was investigated at three filling rates (20%, 60%, and 80%).
As shown in Figure 10, the total energy dissipation of the particle damper system
increased with particle density at all three filling rates. When the particle size is the same,
the mass of the particles with a lower density is much smaller. Under vibration conditions,
the motion of the particle system was relatively low, and the contact with the damper
system as a whole was relatively small. Therefore, the overall energy consumption of the
particle system was low. Meanwhile, denser particles have a relatively large mass, and
the particle system makes more contacts. The collisions and friction between particles and
between particles and the container walls were more prominent. Therefore, a larger energy
dissipation was achieved.
 the mass of the particles with a lower density is much smaller. Under vibration conditions,
the motion of the particle system was relatively low, and the contact with the damper
system as a whole was relatively small. Therefore, the overall energy consumption of the
particle system was low. Meanwhile, denser particles have a relatively large mass, and the
particle system makes more contacts. The collisions and friction between particles and
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 11 of 19
between particles and the container walls were more prominent. Therefore, a larger en-
ergy dissipation was achieved.

Figure
Figure 10.
10. Total
Total energy dissipated by the system for different
different particle densities.

3.4.4. Particle
3.4.4. Particle Recovery
Recovery Coefficient
Coefficient
The particle
The particle recovery
recovery coefficient
coefficient characterizes
characterizes thethe energy
energy dissipation
dissipation effect
effect due
due to
to the
the
normal relative motion that occurs during collisions between particles and
normal relative motion that occurs during collisions between particles and between par- between particles
and the
ticles andcontainer walls.
the container It isIt an
walls. important
is an important index
indexfor
forstudying
studyingthethe energy dissipation
energy dissipation
characteristics of
characteristics of aa particle
particle system.
system. The The effects
effects of
of different
different particle
particle recovery
recovery coefficients
coefficients
(0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75) on the total energy dissipation of the particle
(0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75) on the total energy dissipation of the particle system andsystem and the
the
total normal energy dissipation at three filling rates were obtained (Figures
total normal energy dissipation at three filling rates were obtained (Figures 11 and 12). 11 and 12).
As shown in Figures 11 and 12, as the particle recovery coefficient increased, both
the total energy dissipated and the normal total energy dissipated by the particle system
showed a gradual decreasing trend. The smaller the particle recovery coefficient was, the
stronger the particle recovery ability was, and the greater the mechanical energy dissipated,
the greater the overall dissipated energy of the particle system was. When the particle
recovery coefficients were the same but the filling rate was different, a smaller filling rate
of the particles resulted in a smaller proportion of space occupied by the particles in the
damper cavity. The normal relative velocity of the particles decreased as a result of the
increase in motion travel. The number of effective contacts between particles and between
particles and the container walls decreased, and the contact collision dissipation of total
energy decreased. When the particle filling rate is at a more favorable value, the total
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 20
energy supplied by the damper to the particle system achieves greater dissipation through
the contact body system.

Figure11.
Figure 11.Total
Totalenergy
energydissipated
dissipatedwith
withdifferent
differentparticle
particlerecovery
recoverycoefficients.
coefficients.
 Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 12 of 19
Figure 11. Total energy dissipated with different particle recovery coefficients.

Figure 12.Normal
Figure 12. Normalenergy
energydissipated withwith
dissipated different particle
different recovery
particle coefficients.
recovery coefficients.
3.4.5. Contact Body Friction
As shown in Figures 11 and 12, as the particle recovery coefficient increased, both the
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW The friction coefficient is another important parameter affecting the total energy
13 of 20
total energy dissipated and the normal total energy dissipated by the particle system
dissipated by the pellet system. The friction coefficients between particles and particles
showed
were set ata gradual
0.15, 0.35,decreasing trend.
0.55, 0.75, and 0.95, The smaller
and the thecoefficients
friction particle recovery coefficient
between particles andwas, the
stronger the wall
the container particle
wererecovery
set at 0.17,ability was,
0.37, 0.57, and
0.77, andthe greater
0.97. the mechanical
The influence energy dissi-
of these friction
coefficients
pated, between different contact bodies on theoftotal energy dissipated by the particle
coefficients between different contact bodies on the total energy dissipated by the particlethe par-
the greater the overall dissipated energy the particle system was. When
system
ticle is shown
recovery in Figure 13.
coefficients were the same but the filling rate was different, a smaller filling
system is shown in Figure 13.
rate of the particles resulted in a smaller proportion of space occupied by the particles in
the damper cavity. The normal relative velocity of the particles decreased as a result of the
increase in motion travel. The number of effective contacts between particles and between
particles and the container walls decreased, and the contact collision dissipation of total
energy decreased. When the particle filling rate is at a more favorable value, the total en-
ergy supplied by the damper to the particle system achieves greater dissipation through
the contact body system.

3.4.5. Contact Body Friction

The friction coefficient is another important parameter affecting the total energy dis-
sipated by the pellet system. The friction coefficients between particles and particles were
set at 0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75, and 0.95, and the friction coefficients between particles and the
container wall were set at 0.17, 0.37, 0.57, 0.77, and 0.97. The influence of these friction
(a) Between particles. (b) Between particles and container walls.
Figure 13. Total
Figure 13. Totalenergy
energydissipated
dissipated with
with different
different friction
friction coefficients
coefficients between
between contact
contact bodies.
bodies.

As shown
shownin inFigure
Figure13,13,the
thetotal energy
total dissipated
energy dissipated by by
thethe
particle system
particle tended
system to to
tended
increase as
increase asthe
thefriction coefficients
friction coefficients between particles
between and between
particles particles
and between and the container
particles and the con-
walls increased.
tainer Since theSince
walls increased. total the
energy dissipated
total by the particle
energy dissipated system
by the includes
particle systemcollision
includes
collision energy dissipated and friction energy dissipated, under the same workingacon-
energy dissipated and friction energy dissipated, under the same working conditions,
larger friction
ditions, coefficient
a larger frictionbetween
coefficient particles resulted
between in a larger
particles friction
resulted in energy
a largerdissipated by
friction energy
friction. The total energy dissipated by the particle system also increased.
dissipated by friction. The total energy dissipated by the particle system also increased.

3.4.6. Damper Structure

The energy dissipation characteristics of particle dampers also change depending on
the damper structure. Particle collision dampers with two-, four-, and six-cavity damper
cavity structures were tested. Their effects on the total energy dissipation of the particle
system were investigated at three filling rates of 20%, 60%, and 80%.
As shown in Figure 14, the total energy dissipated by the particle system increased
and then decreased with the number of damper cavities when the particle filling rate was
 Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 13 of 19

3.4.6. Damper Structure

The energy dissipation characteristics of particle dampers also change depending on
the damper structure. Particle collision dampers with two-, four-, and six-cavity damper
cavity structures were tested. Their effects on the total energy dissipation of the particle
system were investigated at three filling rates of 20%, 60%, and 80%.
As shown in Figure 14, the total energy dissipated by the particle system increased
and then decreased with the number of damper cavities when the particle filling rate was
the same. When the damper was a two-cavity structure, the space in a single cavity of the
particle damper was larger, allowing for higher free motion travel of the particles in the
cavity. Therefore, the effective contact energy dissipation between particles and between
particles and the container wall was reduced. As the number of damper cavities increased,
the space in the individual cavities of the damper became smaller, the traveling distance of
the particle system became shorter, and the energy dissipated due to collisions and friction
increased. When the space in the individual cavities of a particle damper was small, the
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
motion of the particles inside the container was limited. The ability to dissipate energy 14
through collisions and friction between contacting bodies was reduced, and thus the total
energy dissipated was reduced.

Figure 14.Total
Figure14. Totalenergy dissipated
energy with different
dissipated numbersnumbers
with different of damperofcavities.
damper cavities.
3.5. Analysis of the Effect of External Excitation Parameters of a Particle Damper
3.5. Analysis
3.5.1. ofFrequency
Excitation the Effect of External Excitation Parameters of a Particle Damper
3.5.1.AExcitation Frequency
particle damper is capable of energy dissipation in a wide frequency domain.
A sinusoidal
A particle damper isapplied
excitation was capableinof theenergy
x-direction of the damper.
dissipation in a wide Thefrequency
excitation domai
frequencies of 50, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2000 Hz were tested.
sinusoidal excitation was applied in the x-direction of the damper. The excitation freq
Figure 15 shows that the total energy dissipated by the system increased with the
cies of 50,
increase 300,
in the 600, 900,
excitation 1200, 1500,
frequency. The 1800, and 2000
total energy Hz were
dissipated tested.
by the particle system at
higher excitation frequencies increased much more than at lower excitationsystem
Figure 15 shows that the total energy dissipated by the increased
frequencies. The with
increase
higher thein the excitation
excitation frequency.
frequency, the greaterThe total energy
the number dissipated
of vibrations by the
per cavity particle
of time for syste
ahigher
particleexcitation
damper. The number of particle–particle and particle–container wall
frequencies increased much more than at lower excitation frequeninteractions
increased,
The higher andthe
the excitation
total energy frequency,
dissipated through collisions
the greater theand frictionof
number increased. At the
vibrations per cavit
same time, at different filling rates, the number of particles also affected the total energy
time for a particle damper. The number of particle–particle and particle–container
dissipated by the particle system.
interactions increased, and the total energy dissipated through collisions and friction
creased. At the same time, at different filling rates, the number of particles also affe
the total energy dissipated by the particle system.
 higher excitation frequencies increased much more than at lower excitation frequencies.
The higher the excitation frequency, the greater the number of vibrations per cavity of
time for a particle damper. The number of particle–particle and particle–container wall
interactions increased, and the total energy dissipated through collisions and friction in-
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217
creased. At the same time, at different filling rates, the number of particles also affected
14 of 19
the total energy dissipated by the particle system.

Figure
Figure15.
15.Total
Totalenergy
energy dissipated
dissipated at
at different
different excitation
excitation frequencies.
frequencies.

3.5.2.Amplitude
3.5.2. AmplitudeDisplacement
Displacement
Inorder
In orderto toinvestigate
investigatethetheeffect
effectofofthe
thedisplacement
displacementamplitude
amplitudeof ofthe
theparticle
particledamper
damper
on the total energy dissipation of the particle system, different displacement
on the total energy dissipation of the particle system, different displacement amplitudes
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW amplitudes
15 of 20
(2mm,
(2 mm,44 mm,mm, 66 mm,
mm, 88 mm,
mm, and
and 1010 mm)
mm) were
were applied
applied to to the
the damper
damper in in the
the x-direction.
x-direction.
As shown
As shownin inFigure
Figure16,16, as
asthe
the displacement
displacementamplitude
amplitudeof ofthe
thedamper
damperstructure
structurein- in-
creased,
creased, the total energy dissipated by the particle system became larger and larger. This
was due the total
to the energy
fact dissipated
that the displacementby theamplitude
particle system
of the became
damperlarger andchanged
structure larger. Thisthe
was due to the fact that the displacement amplitude of the damper structure changed the
motion of the particles inside the container. The intensity of the motion
motion of the particles inside the container. The intensity of the motion of the particles of the particles in
the damper cavity increased with the amplitude of the displacement
in the damper cavity increased with the amplitude of the displacement of the structure. of the structure. The
momentum
The momentum exchange between
exchange the particles
between and the
the particles anddamper
the dampersystem increased,
system and and
increased, the
total energy dissipated by the particle system increased. For the same
the total energy dissipated by the particle system increased. For the same displacement displacement am-
plitude, the the
amplitude, total energy
total dissipated
energy dissipated by by
thethe
particle
particlesystem
system increased
increasedwith
withthethefilling
fillingrate.
rate.
The
The maximum value of the total energy dissipated by the particle system was foundat
maximum value of the total energy dissipated by the particle system was found atan
an
amplitude
amplitudedisplacement
displacementof of 10
10 mm
mm and and aa particle
particle filling
filling rate
rate of
of 60%.
60%.

Figure16.
Figure Totalenergy
16.Total energy dissipated
dissipated for
for different
different displacement
displacement amplitudes.
amplitudes.

4. Experimental Verification of the Damping Performance of the Pipeline System

4.1. Test System Set-Up
A testing platform to measure the vibration characteristics of a particle damper
pipeline was established. A basic harmonic excitation test was conducted on the can-
tilever pipeline with and without particle dampers. The LMS vibration testing and analysis
 4.1. Test System Set-up
A testing platform to measure the vibration characteristics of a particle damper pipe
line
4. was established.
Experimental A basic
Verification harmonic
of the Dampingexcitation testofwas
Performance conducted
the Pipeline on the cantileve
System
pipeline
4.1. with Set-up
Test System and without particle dampers. The LMS vibration testing and analysis sys
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 tem A was usedplatform
testing to collect vibration
to measure thesignals
vibration from the pipeline.
characteristics of aDuring
particlethe test,15pipe-
damper the
of 19vibratio
tablewas
line is loaded along
established. A the
basic X harmonic
directionexcitation
(horizontal testandwasvertical
conducted to the pipeline).
on the cantileverAccordin
pipeline with and without particle dampers. The LMS vibration testing and analysis sys-diamete
to the vibration mode of the cantilever pipeline (with a length of 0.5 m, an outer
of 0.016
system
tem was wasm,used
and
used a collect
toto wall vibration
collect thickness of
vibrationsignals0.001
signals m),the
from
from a lightweight
the acceleration
pipeline. During
pipeline. During sensor
the test, the (PCB, mode
vibration
vibration
table
table isisloaded
352C22) wasalong
loaded alongthe
theXX
attached direction
to direction (horizontalTheand
(horizontal
the pipeline. andvertical to the
vertical
measurement pipeline).
to the
point wasAccording
pipeline). According
1/3 of the to pipelin
the
to vibration
the mode
vibration of
mode the
of cantilever
the cantileverpipeline
pipeline(with a
(with length
a of
length 0.5
of m,
0.5
length away from the free end, and the particle damper was located at the free end of th an
m, outer
an outerdiameter
diameter of
0.016
of m, m,
0.016
pipeline. and a wall
and
The thickness
a wall thickness
experimental of 0.001
of 0.001
instrumentm),
m),aand
alightweight
lightweight
vibration acceleration
acceleration sensor
sensor(PCB,
table (ES-10-240, (PCB, model
modelrange 2
frequency
352C22)
352C22) was attached to the pipeline. The measurement point was 1/3 of the pipeline
5000 Hz)was attached
layout to the pipeline.
are shown in FigureThe 17. measurement point was 1/3 of the pipeline
length
lengthaway
away from
fromthe
thefree
freeend,
end,and
andthe
theparticle
particledamper
damperwas was located
located at
at the
thefree
freeend
endof
ofthe
the
pipeline.
pipeline. The experimental
experimental instrument
instrumentand andvibration
vibrationtable
table(ES-10-240,
(ES-10-240, frequency
frequency range
range 2–
LMS Test.lab
2–5000 Hz)layout
5000 Hz) layoutare
areshown
shownininFigure
Figure17.
Software
17.
Vibstar Particle impact T
vibration LMS Test.lab damper pip
LMS signal Software Cantilever Particle
controller
acquisition pipeline damper
Vibstar Particle impact T
vibration instrument damper pip
LMS signal Cantilever Particle
controller
acquisition pipeline damper
instrument

Acceleration
Sensor
Vibration
measuring
Acceleration
table
Sensor point
Vibration
measuring
table
point

Figure 17. Experimental setup for the vibration test.

Figure17.
Figure 17.Experimental
Experimentalsetup
setupfor
forthe
thevibration
vibrationtest.
test.
4.2. Damping Performance Test of Particle Damper under Basic Harmonic Excitation
4.2.
4.2. Damping
Damping Performance
Performance Test
TestofofMaterials
Particle
ParticleDamper
Damper under
underBasic
BasicHarmonic
HarmonicExcitation
Excitation
4.2.1. Influence of Different of Four-Cavity Dampers on the Vibration
4.2.1.
4.2.1. Influence
Influence of Different
of Different Materials
Materials of
of Four-Cavity Dampers on theVibration
Four-Cavity Dampers on the VibrationDamping
Damping Performance
Performance of Pipeline of Pipeline
Damping Performance of Pipeline
Thefour-cavity
The four-cavity particle
particle dampers
dampers mademadeof twoofmaterials
two materials that
that were were
used used
in the inare
test the test ar
shown Thein four-cavity
Figure particle dampers made of two materials that were used in athe test are
shown in Figure 18.18.
TheThe dampers
dampers werewere filled
filled withwith
steel steel particles
particles with awith
particle particle
size of size of
shown in Figure 18. The dampers were filled with steel particles with a particle size of 2
2mm
mmusingusing aa 60%
60%filling
fillingrate.
rate.
mm using a 60% filling rate.

(a) ABS. (b) Aluminum alloy.

(a) ABS. (b) Aluminum alloy.
Figure 18. Filling effect of four-cavity particle damper made of two different materials.
Figure18.
Figure 18.Filling
Filling effect
effect of four-cavity
of four-cavity particle
particle damper
damper made
made of two of two different
different materials.materials.
The frequency range of the sinusoidal swept excitation was 10–2000 Hz, and the res-
The
Thefrequency
frequencyrange of the sinusoidal sweptswept
excitation was 10–200010–2000
Hz, and the
Hz,reso-
onance frequencies of range
the bareofpipeline
the sinusoidal excitation
and the four-cavity particlewas and the res
damper with different
nance frequencies of the bare pipeline and the four-cavity particle damper with different
onance frequencies
materials of the
were obtained. Thebare pipeline
first-order and thefrequency
resonance four-cavitywasparticle
chosen damper
to be the with
sinus-differen
materials were obtained. The first-order resonance frequency was chosen to be the sinu-
oidal frequency,
materials were and the excitation
obtained. The frequencies
first-order tested were
resonance 83 Hz, 46was
frequency Hz,chosen
and 43 Hz,
to and
be the sinus
soidal frequency, and the excitation frequencies tested were 83 Hz, 46 Hz, and 43 Hz, and
the
oidalcomparative
frequency, time
and and
thefrequency
excitation domain responses
frequencies of
tested the pipeline
were 83 Hz,system before
46 Hz, and
andand
43 Hz, and
the comparative time and frequency domain responses of the pipeline system before
the comparative time and frequency domain responses of the pipeline system
after the addition of the four-cavity particle damper with different materials were obtained before and
(Figure 19).
 Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
after the addition of the four-cavity particle damper with different materials were ob-
17 of 20
tained (Figure 19).

40 13, 13217
Appl. Sci. 2023, 20 16 of 19
after thepipeline
Bare addition of the four-cavity particle damper with different materials were ob-
Bare pipeline
Four－cavity
tained (Figure 19).
ABS Four－cavity ABS
Four－cavity Aluminum alloy Four－cavity
20 15
40 20
Bare Aluminum alloy

Amplit ude/g
Bare pipeline pipeline
Am plitude/g

Four－cavity ABS Four－cavity ABS

Four－cavity Aluminum alloy
0 20 1510 Four－cavity
Aluminum alloy

Amplit ude/g
Am plitude/g

-20 0 10 5

5
-40 -20 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 50 100 150 200
Time/s Frequency/Hz
-40 (a) Time domain response. 0 (b) Frequency domain response.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 50 100 150 200
Time/s Frequency/Hz
Figure 19. Vibration response of a four-cavity particle damper using two different materials.
(a) Time domain response. (b) Frequency domain response.

FigureAs
19.shown inresponse
Figure
Figure 19. Vibration response19,
of athe time domain
four-cavity particleand frequency
damper using twodomain
differentresponses
materials. of the tub-
Vibration of a four-cavity particle damper using two different materials.
ing with the particle damper made of two different materials were significantly reduced
As
comparedAsshown
shown in Figure
in
to that Figure 19, the
19,
of the bare the time
timedomain
pipeline. domain and
andfrequency
frequency
The first-order domain
domain
frequency responses
of responses of the tub-particle
of the
the four-cavity
ing with
tubing with the particle
the particle damper
damper made of
made of twotwo different
different materials were significantly reduced
dampers made of ABS and aluminum alloy was materials
reducedwere significantly
by 83.66% reduced respec-
and 85.29%,
comparedtotothat
compared thatofofthe
thebare
barepipeline.
pipeline.TheThefirst-order
first-orderfrequency
frequencyofofthethefour-cavity
four-cavityparticle
particle
tively,
dampers
compared
made
to that of the bare pipeline. The first-order amplitude of the four-cavity
dampers made of of
ABSABS andand aluminum
aluminum alloyalloy
waswas reduced
reduced by 83.66%
by 83.66% and 85.29%,
and 85.29%, respec-
respectively,
particle damper made
tively, compared ofofaluminum alloy decreased by about 9.97% compared with that
compared to that oftothe that
bare the bare pipeline.
pipeline. The first-order
The first-order amplitude amplitude of the
of the four-cavity four-cavity
particle
of the damper
particlemade
damper damper made with ABS.
made of aluminum
of aluminum This shows that
alloy decreased
alloy decreased the
by aboutby particle
about
9.97% damper
9.97% compared
compared with these
with thatwith that mate-
two
of the
rials
damper can
of the achieve
damper
made made
with good
ABS.withdamping
ABS.
This Thiseffects,
shows shows
that and thedamper
that the
the particle four-cavity
particle damper
with damper
thesewith made
twothese twoofmate-
materials aluminum
can
alloy
rials has
can better
achieve damping
good effects.
damping effects, and the four-cavity damper
achieve good damping effects, and the four-cavity damper made of aluminum alloy has made of aluminum
alloydamping
better has bettereffects.
damping effects.
4.2.2. Influence of Different Materials of Six-Cavity Dampers on the Vibration Damping
4.2.2.
4.2.2.Influence
ofofof
Influence
Performance Different
DifferentMaterials
Pipeline
Performance of Pipeline
MaterialsofofSix-Cavity
Six-CavityDampers
Dampersononthe
theVibration
VibrationDamping
Damping
Performance of Pipeline
Six-cavityparticle
Six-cavity particle dampers made of ABS or aluminum were alloy were and tested and are
Six-cavity particledampers
dampersmade
madeofofABSABSororaluminum
aluminumalloyalloy weretested
tested andare are
shown
shown in Figure20.20. The damper was filled with steel particlesawith a particle size of 2 mm
shownininFigure
Figure 20.The Thedamper
damperwas
wasfilled
filledwith
withsteel
steelparticles
particleswith
with aparticle
particlesize
sizeofof2 2mm
mm
and
and a filling
anda afilling
rate
fillingrate
of 60%.
60%.
rateofof60%.

(a) ABS. (b) Aluminum alloy.

(a) ABS. (b) Aluminum alloy.
Figure 20. Filling effect of six-cavity particle dampers made of two materials.
Figure 20.Filling
Figure 20. Fillingeffect
effectof of six-cavity
six-cavity particle
particle dampers
dampers mademade
of twoof two materials.
materials.
The ABS and aluminum alloy six-cavity particle dampers were attached to the canti-
The
The
lever ABS
ABSand
pipeline. and
Thealuminum
excitationalloy
aluminum six-cavity
alloy particle
six-cavity
frequencies used weredampers
particle were
83 dampers
Hz, 49 attached
Hz,were to the
and attached
45 Hz, and can-
to the canti-
the
tilever pipeline.
comparative The
time andexcitation
frequency frequencies
domain used were
responses of 83
the Hz, 49 Hz,
pipeline and
system 45 Hz,
before and
and the
after
lever pipeline. The excitation frequencies used were 83 Hz, 49 Hz, and 45 Hz, and the
comparative
the attachmenttimeofandthefrequency
six-cavity domain
particle responses
damper of theofpipeline
made differentsystem before
materials areand afterin
shown
comparative
the attachment
time and frequency domain responses of the pipeline system
of the six-cavity particle damper made of different materials are shown in
before and after
Figure
the 21.
attachment of the six-cavity particle damper made of different materials are shown in
Figure 21.
Figure 21.
Appl.Appl. Sci. 2023,
Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
13, 13217 18 19
17 of of 20

40 20
Bare pipeline Bare pipeline
Six－cavityABS Six－cavity ABS
Six－cavity Aluminum alloy
20 15 Six－cavity
Aluminum alloy

Amplitude/g
Am plitude/g

0 10

-20 5

-40 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 50 100 150 200
Time/s Frequency/Hz
(a) Time domain response. (b) Frequency domain response.
Figure
Figure 21. Vibration
21. Vibration response
response of a of a six-cavity
six-cavity particle
particle damper
damper mademade of two
of two different
different materials.
materials.

As As shown
shown in Figure
in Figure 21, 21, compared
compared withwith
the the
barebare pipeline,
pipeline, the the
time time
andand frequency
frequency
domain responses of the six-cavity particle dampers attached to the pipeline
domain responses of the six-cavity particle dampers attached to the pipeline were greatly were greatly
reduced.
reduced. TheThe frequency
frequency domain
domain amplitudes
amplitudes corresponding
corresponding to the
to the first-order
first-order frequency
frequency
werewere reduced
reduced by 80.35%
by 80.35% andand 84.20%,
84.20%, respectively.
respectively. TheThe frequency
frequency domain
domain amplitude
amplitude of of
the the six-cavity
six-cavity particle
particle damper
damper withwith aluminum
aluminum alloy
alloy material
material addedadded to the
to the pipeline
pipeline waswas
the the smallest
smallest at about
at about 2.912.91 g. Meanwhile,
g. Meanwhile, compared
compared to the
to the ABSABS material
material six-cavity
six-cavity particle
particle
damper,
damper, the the frequency
frequency domain
domain amplitude
amplitude decreased
decreased by about
by about 19.61%.
19.61%. ThisThis indicates
indicates thatthat
the the
six-cavity damper
six-cavity dampermade of aluminum
made alloy
of aluminum hadhad
alloy a better damping
a better damping effect.
effect.

5. Conclusions
5. Conclusions
Particle damping
Particle dampingtechnology
technology was
wasintroduced
introducedintointoaapipeline
pipeline system. Theenergy
system. The energydis-
dissipation mechanism of particle damping was analyzed via numerical
sipation mechanism of particle damping was analyzed via numerical calculations andcalculations and ex-
experimental
perimental testing. The particle damper for pipeline systems was designed, and the the
testing. The particle damper for pipeline systems was designed, and effects
effects of the
of the damper
damper material
material andand structure,
structure, external
external excitation,and
excitation, andother
otherparameters
parameterson on the
the energy
energy dissipation
dissipationcharacteristics
characteristicsofofparticle
particledamping
dampingwerewererevealed.
revealed.The
Thevibration
vibrationsup-
suppression test of the designed particle damper in a pipeline system was
pression test of the designed particle damper in a pipeline system was performed. performed. TheThe
main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
1. 1. TheThe
total energy
total dissipated
energy dissipatedin the particle
in the system
particle systemshows
showsa trend of increasing
a trend andand
of increasing
then decreasing with an increasing filling rate. The highest total energy dissipated by
then decreasing with an increasing filling rate. The highest total energy dissipated by
the particle system was achieved when the filling rate was 60%. When the damper
the particle system was achieved when the filling rate was 60%. When the damper
space is a constant value, the number of particles and energy dissipated in the particle
space is a constant value, the number of particles and energy dissipated in the particle
system decreases with increasing particle size. The total energy dissipated by the
system decreases with increasing particle size. The total energy dissipated by the par-
particle system increases with increasing particle density.
ticle system increases with increasing particle density.
2. The total energy dissipated by the particle system increases with increasing particle
2. The total energy dissipated by the particle system increases with increasing particle
density, increasing particle–particle and particle–container wall friction coefficients,
density, increasing particle–particle and particle–container wall friction coefficients,
and decreasing recovery coefficients. The total energy dissipated in the particle system
and decreasing recovery coefficients. The total energy dissipated in the particle sys-
shows a tendency to increase and then decrease with increasing numbers of damper
tem shows a tendency to increase and then decrease with increasing numbers of
cavities, and the highest total energy dissipated in the particle system was achieved
damper cavities, and the highest total energy dissipated in the particle system was
with a four-cavity structure.
3. Theachieved withdissipated
total energy a four-cavity structure.
by the particle system increases with increasing excitation
3. frequency,
The totalamplitude
energy dissipated
displacement, particle
by the system
and number ofincreases
the damper withstructure.
increasingTheexcitation
fre-
frequency,
quency domainamplitude
amplitudedisplacement,
of the aluminum andalloy
number
damperof the damper
pipeline structure.
decreased The fre-
by 9.97%
andquency
19.61%domain
for the amplitude
four-cavity of andthesix-cavity
aluminum alloy configurations,
damper damper pipelinerespectively,
decreased by
9.97% and 19.61% for the four-cavity and six-cavity damper configurations,
compared with that of the ABS. This indicates that the damping effect of aluminum respec-
tively, compared with that of the ABS. This indicates
alloy particle damper cavities is better than that of ABS dampers. that the damping effect of alu-
4. minum alloy particle damper cavities is better than that of ABS
For both ABS and aluminum alloy damper structures, the frequency domain ampli- dampers.
tudes of the four-cavity damper were smaller than that of the six-cavity ones. This
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13217 18 of 19

indicates that four-cavity particle dampers have a better damping effect on pipeline
systems. Under basic harmonic excitation, the damping effects of the two materials
and two-cavity structures have the same pattern when attached to the pipeline.

Author Contributions: Methodology, R.M. and F.S., Software, T.Y., Validation, J.W., Formal analysis,
J.J., Investigation, R.M., Data curation, F.S., Writing—original draft, R.M., Writing—review and
editing, J.J., Project administration, M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number
ZR2020ME121.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from
the corresponding author upon request. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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